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है”ह”ह

IS 5687 (1970): Glossary of terms relating to welding ofplastics [MTD 11: Welding General]

IS : 5687 - 1970

Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS

RELATING TO WELDING OF PLASTICS

Welding General Sectional Committee, SMDC 14

Chairman SHRI R. Gmni

Members

Representing Indian Oxygen Ltd, Calcutta

SHRI J. K. AHLUWALIA SHRI M. M. GHO~H ( Alternate )

SHRI F. V. BADAMI SKRI N. C. BAOCHI SHRI D. P. CHAT~ERJEE

SHRI B. N. DAS

SHRI S. P. DAXXJPTA

DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCII ( MET-I ), RDSO, CHITTARANJAN

CHEMIST AND METALLURGIST, INTEGRAL COACH FACTORY, PERAMBUR ( Alternate I )

PRODUCTION ENGINEER ( SHELL ), INTEGRAL COACH FACTORY, PERAM~UR ( Alternate II )

DR N. D. DESAI SHRI M. V. MEHTA ( Alternate )

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( DESIGN-I ), B & R BRANCH, CHANDIGARH

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( ELECTRICAL ) , ELECTRICAL DIVXSION No. 1, NEW DELHI

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( ELECTRI- CAL ), CENTRAL ELECTRICAL DIVISION No. 1, CALCUTTA

SHRI N( :;$:te ) SHRI Cl: P. GHOSH SHRI C. K. GOPALAKRI~HNAN

Stewarts & Lloyds of India Ltd, Calcutta

Directorate General of Technical Development National Test House, Calcutta Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals

( Inspection Wing ) National Metallurgical

Jamshedpur Laboratory ( CSLR ),

Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute ( CSIR ), Durgapur

Ministry of Railways

Power Cables Pvt Ltd, Bombay

Public Works Department, Government of Haryana

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Bharat Heavy Plate & Vessels Ltd, Visakhapatnam Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters Publkadyks Department, Government of Tamil

SHRI K. SUBRAMANIAM ( Alternate ) SHRI M. M. GUPTA Ministry of Defence ( DGI ) SHRI S. K. HARI

SHRI A. P. AGIWAL ( Alternate) Malik Electric Works, Bombay )

( Continued on page 2 )

INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION &$4NAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DEtH~ 1

( Continuedfrom page 1 )

Members Representing SHRI M. V. D. KAWATH Indian Bngineering Association, Calcutta

SHIU B. V. SHAH ( Alternate) SHRI T. V. MATHEW Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi

SW-U D. R. MEHTA ( Alternate ) SHRI M. M~TRA Asiatic Oxygen & Acetylene Co Ltd, Calcutta SHRI S. V. NADKARN~ Advani-Oerlikon ( Private ) Ltd, Bombay SHRI S. K. PATHAK Braithwaite & Co ( India) Ltd, Calcutta

SHRI S. BALA~UBRAHMANYAM ( Alternate ) SHRI K. P. PATNA~K Durgapur Steel Plant ( HSL ) , Durgapur COL S. G. PENDSE Directorate General of Employment & Training SHRI H. L. PRABHAKAR Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Tiruchirapalli

SHRI V. G. JAGANNATH ( Alternate ) SHRl G. %MARAO Association of Principals of Technical Institutions

( India ), New Delhi SHRI K. G. K. RAO Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co Ltd, Durgapur SHRI K. MADHAVA RAO Mining -& Allied Machinery Corporation Ltd,

SHRI N. KRISHNAWRTHY ( Alternate 1 Durgapur

SWRI S. C. ROY SHRI N. K. SETH1

SHRI A. N. SWRAHMANYAM SHRI v. R. SUBRAMANIAN

SHRI J. C. ACHARYA ( Alternate) SHRI M. K. THOMAS

SHRI K. THOMAS ( Alternate ) SHRI T. N. VELU Srtm R. K. SRXVASTAVA,

Deputy Director ( Strut & Met)

C&tral Boilers Board, New Delhi BharatHeavy Electricals Ltd, Hardwar Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Bombay Indian Oxygen Ltd, Calcutta

Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, Bangalore

Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Visakhapatnam Director General, ISI ( Ex-o$cio Member )

Secretar), SHRI M. S. NAOARAJ

Assistant Director ( Strut & Met ), IS1

Panel for Welding of Plastics, SMDC 14 : P 25

Convener

SHRI S. H. CHICKARMANE

Member

SHRI G. R. BH~DE

Union Carbide India Ltd, Bombay

Garware Plastics Private Ltd, Bombay

2

IS :5687 - 1970

Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS

RELATING TO WELDING OF PLASTICS

0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 30 December 1970, after the draft finalized by the Welding General Sectional Committee had been approved by the Structural and Metals Division Council.

0.2 In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the application of welding, particularly in the plastics industry. This has resulted in an increase in the number of terms used in the field of welding necessitating standardization of terminology on more exact basis so as to avoid ambiguity and confusion arising out of misinterpretation of terms. This standard has been prepared with a view to king more precise meaning to words relating to welding of plastics.

1. SCOPE ’

1.1 This standard defines the terms relating to welding of plastics.

2. TERMS RELATING TO PLASTIC WELDING PROCESS

2.1 Diehxtric Heating - A form of heating in which an electrically- insulating material is heated by the losses occurring in it when subjected to an alternating electric field.

2.2 Dielectric Welding -A process in which the contacting surfaces of the two parts to be joined, assuming that they are of plastic materials having dipole characteristics, are raised to the required temperature for welding in the capacitance field of a high frequency generator and are welded together under pressure with or without the use of filler material ( see also High-Frequency Welding ) .

2.3 Electrodes ( In Dielectric Welding ) -The metal plates or other devices for applying the electric field to the material to be heated.

2.4 Filler Rod - A rod of thermoplastic material used as a source of softened or molten material to fill a welded joint. Its composition is normally * similar to that of the material being welded.

3

IS : 5687 - 1970

2.5 Flame Sealing - A welding process in which the surfaces to be joined are softened and sealed by the heat of a flame.

2.6 Friction Welding - A welding process in which the surfaces to be joined are softened by the heat generated by spinning at high speed one of the parts in friction with the mating face of the other part and coalescence is effected by the application of pressure.

2.7 Heat Sealing - A term applied particularly in the packing industry to the welding of thin ( generally below 0.5 mm ) thermoplastic material by the application of heat.

2.8 Heated Tool Welding ( Radiant Heat Sealing or Radiant Heat Welding ) - A pressure welding process in which the surfaces to be joined are softened by conduction or radiation of heat from heated tools.

2.9 High-Frequency Heating -A general term covering the whole field of industrial induction and dielectric heating by an alternating field of a frequency above mains frequency.

2.10 High-Frequency Welding - A pressure welding process in which the surfaces to be joined are softened by heat produced by a high-frequency field ( see also Dielectric Welding ).

2.11 Hot-Gas Welding - A process in which the surfaces to be joined are softened by a jet of hot air or inert gas produced by a welding torch.

2.12 Hot-Iron Welding - A welding process in which the contacting surfaces of the parts to be joined are progressively heated by a hot iron which moves forward between them; the parts are welded together under pressure in the yoke of the iron.

2.13 Impulse Sealing - A pressure welding process in which the surfaces to be joined are subjected to rapid heating followed by cooling, pressure being maintained over the whole of the cycle.

2.14 Induction Welding - A process in which the surfaces to be joined are softened or melted by heat transferred from an electrical conductor which is embedded in the thermoplastic and is itself heated by current induced in it by an alternating magnetic field.

2.15 Jig Welding - suitably shaped jigs.

A process of welding thermoplastic material between Heat may be generated in the material by the

application of a radio frequency field, using the jigs as electrodes. Alter- natively, heat may be applied to the material by heating the jigs.

2.16 Molten Bead Sealing - A ljrocess generally used for welding thin sheets in which the thermoplastic material at the joint is melted by the extrusion of molten beads on top of two overlapping medium thickness films.

4

IS : 5887 - 1970

2.17 ‘Plastic Welding -A process of welding thermoplastics that are non- curing, synthetic plastic materials, which may be identical or ~different in kind, by the application of heat and/or pressure with or without the addition of plastic material of the same type ( filler material ).

2.17.1 The welding takes place within the temperature range producing thermoplasticity at the contacting surfaces of the parts to be joined. During the process, the freely movable molecular chains in the edge zones merge into each other and interlink.

2.18 Pressure Butt Welding - A process in which the abutting ends of the two parts to be joined have their temperature raised by a heating element positioned between them. The heating element is then removed and the ends forced together under upset pressure.

2.19 Pressure Welding - Any welding process in which the weld is made by sustained pressure while the surfaces to be joined are in a softened condition.

2.20 Radiant Heat Sealing - See Heated Tool Welding.

2.21 Radiant Heat Welding - See Heated Tool Welding.

z6y$igh-Frequency Heating - Heating at any frequency above about Z.

2.23 High-Frequency Welding ( or k.F Welding, Radio Welding ) - A method of welding thermoplastic materials in which the necessary heat is generated by the application of a radio frequency field to the material.

2.24 Plastic Seam Welding (Including Continuous and Intermit- tent Heating Processes ) - A pressure welding process which forms a continuous welding seam in which the surfaces to be joined are softened either by heat produced by high-frequency field or by conduction of heat from heated roller or bar electrode. The pressure may be applied continu- ously by rollers or progressively as in stitchwelding ( see Plastic Switch Welding ).

2.25 Plastic Spot Welding -A pressure welding process in which a relatively small area of the surfaces to be joined is softened either by heat produced by a high-frequency field or by conduction of heat from heated electrodes.

2.26 Plastic Stitch Welding - A pressure welding process in which the surfaces to be joined are softened either by heat produced by a high- , frequency field or by conduction of heat from heated tools. The pressure

5

IS : 5687 - 1970

is applied progressively along the joint by two mechanically operated metal fixtures.

NOTE -This definition does not include high-frequency welding with patterned electrodes simulating stitch markink.

2.27 Thermal Impulse Welding - A process in which the contacting surfaces of the parts to be joined are heated by thermal impulses from cheating elements resting on the parts which are then welded together under pressure.

2.28 Ultrasonic Welding -A friction welding process in which the friction is intermolecular and is set up by ultrasonic vibration.

2.29 Welding with Heating Elements - A process in which the contact- ing surfaces are raised to the required welding temperature by appropria- tely designed heating elements and are then welded together under pressure with or without the use of~filler material.

2.30 Welding Torch-A device used in hot gas welding to heat air or an inert gas and to direct it in the form of a jet on to the area to be welded. The gas may be heated electrically or by passing it through a tube heated by a gas flame, or the hot gases from the products of reaction of the gas flame.

3. TERMS RELATING TO PLASTIC WELDING TECHNIQUES

3.1 Breakdown Voltage -The voltage required to cause failure of an insulator under specific conditions.

3.2 Dielectric Loss Factor -A measure of dielectric loss defined by the product of the power factor and the permittivity.

3.3 Dielectric Strength

a ) The property of an insulating material which enables it to withstand electric stress. It is the highest electric stress which an insulating material can withstand for a specified time without the occurrence of electrical breakdown by any path through its bulk, and its value is given by the potential difference in volts divided by the thickness of a test specimen in millimetres, that is in volts per millimetre.

b ) The highest potential difference which a specimen of insulating material of given thickness can withstand for a specified time without the occurrence of electrical breakdown by any path through its bulk. It is expressed in kilovolts.

3.4 Minute Value of Electric Strength - The highest electric stress in volts per millimetre of the highest potential difference in kilovolts which the material can withstand for a period of one minute.

*

6

IS : 5687 - 1970

3.5 Permittivity or Relative Permittivity, Dielectric Constant, Specifk Inductive Capacity - It is the ratio of the capacitance of an assembly of two electrodes separated solely by a plastics insulating material to its capacitance when the electrodes are separated by air.

3.6 Power Factor - Power factor of an insulating material is the power factor of an electrical condenser of which the insulating material forms ‘the dielectric, when the electrodes of such a condenser are subjected to an alternating voltage.

INDIAN STANDARDS

ON

Welding

Codes of Practice ( General )

816-1956 Use of metal arc welding for general construction in mild steel . . .

819J957 Resistance spot welding for light assemblies in mild steel . . .

823-1964 Procedure for manual metal arc welding of mild steel . . . ,..

1024.1968 Use of -welding in bridges and structures subject to dynamic loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1261-1959 Seam welding in mild steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1323-1966 Oxy-acetylene welding for structural work in mild steel ( revised )

2751-1966 Welding of mild steel bars used for reinforced concrete construction

3525-1966 Use of metal arc welding for-hull construction of merchant ships in mild steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3600.1966 Procedure for testing of fusion welded joints and weld metal in steel

4944-1968 Procedure for welding at low ambient temperatures . . . . . .

5206.1969 Corrosion-resisting chromium and chromium-nickel steel covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding . . . . . . . . .

S?Jectrodes, Filler Rode and Wires

8141970

815-1966

1278-1967 1395-1964

Covered electrodes for metal arc welding of structural steels ( third revision ) ( under print ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification and coding of covered electrodes for metal arc welding of mild steel and low alloy high-tensile steel ( revised ) . . . . . .

Filler rods and wires for gas welding (first revision ) . . . . . . Molybdenum and chromium-molybdenum low alloy steel electro- des for metal-arc welding ( revised ) . . . . . . .,. ,,.

Rs

7.50 4.50

ll*OO

6.50 2.50 400 5.50

4.00

5.50

2-50

8.00

5*50 7-50

4.50 *

7

IS: Rs

1442-1964 Covered electrodes for the metal arc welding of high tensile structural steel ( revircd ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2680-1964 Filler rods and wires for inert gas tungsten arc welding . . . . . .

4972-1968 Resistance spot welding electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . .

Training and Testing of Welders

817-1966 Code of practice for training and testing of metal-arc welders ( revised ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1181-1967 Qualifying tests for metal-arc welders ( engaged in welding structures other than pipes ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1393-1961 Code of practice for training and testing of oxy-acetylene welders

Safety and Health

5.00

5.00

8.50

8.00

9.50

10.00

818-1968

1179-1967

3016-1965

General

812-1957 813-1961

2811-1964

2812-1964

2927-1964 3023-1965

3613-1966

4353-1967

4943-1968

5139-1969

Handbook

Code of practice for safety and health requirements in electric and gas welding and cutting operations (first revision ) .L. . . .

Equipment for eye and face protection during welding (j&t revision )

Code of practice for fire precautions in welding and cutting operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .

Glossary of terms relating to welding and cutting of metals ,..

Scheme of symbols for welding ( amended ) . . . . . . . . .

Recommendations for manual tungsten inert-gas arc welding of stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Recommendations for manual tungsten inert-gas arc welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . .

Brazing alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Recommended practice for building-up by metal spraying . . .

Acceptance tests for wire flux combinations for submerged arc welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations for submerged arc welding of mild steel and low alloy steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assessment of butt and filled fusion welds in steel sheet, plate and pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Recommended procedure for repair of grey iron castings by oxy- acetylene and manual metal arc welding . . . .., . . .

Handbook of manual metal arc welding for welders . . . .,. lo.00

u-50

6.00

3.00

5.00

6.50

400

4.50

4-50

3.00

4.50

5.00

5.00

8-00