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IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT IN CONFLICT -AFFECTED AREA OF NEPAL: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE. By Smrittee Kala Panta Examination Committee Dr. Bernadette P. Resurreccion(Chairperson) Dr. Philippe Doneys Dr. Edsel E. Sajor Dr. Ganesh Prasad Shivakoti. May 16, 2010. INTRODUCTION - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT IN CONFLICT -AFFECTED AREA OF NEPAL: A
GENDER PERSPECTIVE
May 16, 2010
BySmrittee Kala Panta
Examination Committee Dr. Bernadette P. Resurreccion(Chairperson)Dr. Philippe Doneys Dr. Edsel E. Sajor Dr. Ganesh Prasad Shivakoti
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INTRODUCTION
Gender and irrigation management
Irrigation System as a set of physical and social elements
Institutions and behaviors of FMIS : embedded in society
FMIS :a successful example of participatory irrigation management in Nepal
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INTRODUCTION
Less knowledge about conflict induced changes in
gender and caste practices in irrigated agriculture management
opportunities for men and women water users of different caste in irrigation institutions in post conflict period
Community centered institutions and country’s political and economic circumstances
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• How have gender relations in irrigation water management of FMISs under study influenced by Maoist insurgency ?
Broad Question
• What are the influences of the Maoist insurgency on gender and caste relations related to irrigated agriculture?
• How have the changes in institutional arrangements of irrigation management shaped access to water among men and women water users of different caste within irrigation systems in post conflict period?
• How have the changes in institutional arrangements of irrigation management shaped participation of men and women water users of different caste within irrigation systems in post conflict period?
Specific questions
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RESEARCH APPROACH AND STUDY AREA
• Qualitative• Purposive sampling method
RESEARCH APPROACH
• Andherikhola Farmer Managed Irrigation System of Pawoti VDC of Dolakha District (AFMIS)
• GhyangKhola FMIS (GFMIS) of Pawoti VDC of Dolakha District
STUDY AREA
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DESCRIPTION OF FMIS UNDER STUDY
AFMIS (IS1)• Constructed by farmers in 1934•Perennial rainfed water source•Command Area- 350 ha•Wards Covered -5,6,7,8•Canal Length-4Km•Increasing competition for irrigation water•Unorganized water users and lack of formal committee
GFMIS(IS2)•Constructed under government investment in 1987•Perennial rainfed water source•Command Area- 200 ha•Wards Covered -1,2,3•Canal Length-5.5 Km•Increasing competition for irrigation water•Organized water users and formal committee
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Key Informants Interview
Focus Group Discussion
Semi Structured Interview
Informal Interviews
Officers of DIO , Social Mobilizer of DIO, Local leaders, Lead farmers, WUA Committee members(7 KI from each Irrigation system)
3 FGD with Women and men water users of age above 30 at different location
16 Women and 14 men water users of AFMIS and 20 women and 19 men water users of GFMIS of age above 30 belonging to different location and caste
Men and Women waterUsers, irrigationleaders
DATA COLLECTI
ON METHODS AND DATA SOURCES
Primary data collection
Non Participant Observation
Executive committee meeting of GFMIS, daily interactions of men and women of different caste in community
Secondary data collection
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ARMED CONFLICT IN PAWOTI
VDC
- Untouchability practice and caste attitudes negotiated at public area but still remain in private areaIn public places such as school, Past: water not accepted
Present: drinking tea In private places such as house, restricted entry for lower caste
Voluntary labor system completely replaced by wage system
Increased confidence among caste members
Changes in Caste Relations
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ARMED CONFLICT IN PAWOTI
VDCGendered Land ownership
Lack of Maoist program on women’s rights
Persistent Gender division of labor
Persistent gendered wage rates
Gendered community level participation
Gender Relations Unchallenged
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Changes in institutional arrangement of AFMIS: before and after peace treaty
Lack of stable organizational structure-VDC chairperson, political leaders, contractors
organizing canal maintenance activities-Leadership vacuum during conflict period
Formal committee formation in 2003 through political consensus- inactive after completion of SISP projectPolitical parties as mediators in conflict resolutionRule making process undevelopedInformal groups of politically active upper caste men and previous irrigation leaders after peace treaty
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Gendered access to water in AFMIS in post conflict period
Gender neutral unwritten water right- user title of land within the reach of canal- contribution in canal maintenance activities
Rule in practice: whoever diverts the water first, gets the waterAssociation of acquiring water by force
-Physical confrontation, use of violent means, masculine groupism
-Insecure access to men farmers not practicing masculine traits
-Late transplanting of rice, hiring male labors as strategies
Naturalization of women’s limited access to water
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Changes in institutional arrangements of GFMIS
Institutional arrangements
Constitutional provisionsBefore peace treaty After Peace treaty
Organizational structure
General Assembly and Executive committee
General Assembly, Executive committee with Subcommittee
Membership rule Landowner or tenants of land within command area
Landowner/tenant/sharecropper/ authorized representative of land within command area
Committee members selection criteria
Not specified Representatives of different locations
Conflict Resolution mechanisms
Not specified Mediation of Executive Committee and General Assembly
Water allocation mechanism
Not specified Executive committee responsible
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Gendered access to water before peace treaty in GFMIS
Actual assess of water differed - with location -Ability to verbally and physically confront
competing irrigatorsMonopolization over water use by limited head
section farmersCaste specific gender norm mediating negotiating capacity - Dependence of high caste women irrigators on male kin
and influential men - Tamang women forcefully asserting water right - Better access to water for Tamang women - Other men and women stealing water
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Gendered access to water after peace treaty in GFMIS
Rotation schedule followed in winter Committee actively involved in allocating and distributing water- Access to water of women and men residing at different location improved- Less dependence of women irrigators - Access to water still challenge in rainy season Forceful assertion of water right ---- assertion on the basis of contribution
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Gendered participatio
n in decision making
forum in AFMIS
GENDER AND CASTE WISE COMPOSITION OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF AFMIS
Year of formation of committee
Total Upper casteMiddle caste
(Janajati)Lower caste
(Dalits)
M F M F M F M F
2003 9 2 7 2 2 0 0 0
2004 9 2 6 1 3 1 0 0
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Gendered participation in decision
making forum in
GFMIS(contd..)
Participants attending the general assembly by gender
YearTotal Upper caste Middle caste Lower
caste
M F F (%) M F M F M F
Conflict Period
2001 82 6 6.82 33 2 30 1 19 3
2003 142 9 5.96 54 2 51 4 37 3
Post conflict period
2006 193 30 13.45 75 10 82 13 36 7
2008 105 24 18.6 51 9 33 7 13 8
2009 81 34 29.57 34 11 31 15 16 8
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Gendered participation in decision making forum in GFMIS(contd..)
Composition of Executive Committee According to Caste/Ethnicity and Gender
Year of formation
TotalUpper caste (Brahmin and Chettri)
Middle Caste (Janajati)
Lower Caste
(Dalits)
M F M F M F M F
1991-1998 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 0
Conflict Period
1998-2001 11 0 11 0 0 0 0 0
2001-2006 9 2 8 1 0 0 1 1
Post conflict period
2006-2008 15 2 6 2 3 0 4 0
2008-till 11 2 6 2 1 0 3 0
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SUMMARY
Influence of Maoist insurgencyCaste system gradually relaxingGender hierarchy remain unaddressedDifferent impact on two irrigation systemsIrrigation management remained as male domain
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CONCLUSIONS Political conflict like Maoist insurgency does not immediately translate to gender equality Political change may not ensure cultural changeWell developed institutions more adaptive to wider societal change
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RECOMMENDATIONS Clear Policy provisions - inclusion of water users of different gender, caste and location Emphasis in developing gender sensitive institutional mechanisms and organizational structure at system levelGender awareness training for major actors involved in decision making forums at different levelsCapacity building of women committee members and women irrigators