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IRRIGATION OF DATE PALM AND
ASSOCIATED CROPS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Hussein M. Al-Ghobari
Abdulrasoul M. Alomran
College of Food Sciences and Agric.
King Saud University
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
List of Contents
List of FiguresList of Tables
IntroductionDate palm production in Saudi ArabiaFood UsesOther UsesDate palm varietiesLocation and climateLand and Water ResourcesAgricultural Practices for Date Palm HusbandryPropagation MethodsRoot System
Land and Soil preparationPlantation of offshootsSoil salinity and date palmDate palm spacingFertilization RequirementPest and Diseases in Date Palm
Financial and economic importance of date palm production in Saudi ArabiaFinancial and Economic ImportanceDried dates production in Saudi Arabia2000 Categories of PalmsSaudi Arabia is the biggest producer29 National FactoriesEncouraging investors
Irrigation of Date Palm and
Associated Crops
History of date palm irrigationCurrent Irrigation Management and PracticesIrrigation methodsIrrigation managementIrrigation Water ManagementWater resourcesConventional ResourcesNon-conventional resourcesIrrigation water demand managementSalinity of Irrigation water
Classification of irrigation water quality
Soil salinitySalinity and date palm productionLeaching requirementIrrigation SchedulingIrrigation Scheduling of Date PalmIrrigation Scheduling MethodsEstimation EvapotranspirationEstimating Crop ETEstimating Reference Evapotranspiration (ETr)Crop CoefficientsDeficit Irrigation
Irrigation water use efficiency
Constrains Facing the Development of Date Palm in Saudi ArabiaIrrigation frequency and its variability in timeCritical stages of water stress in the soil and their influence on dates
Institutional responsibilitiesIrrigation Institutions under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture SubsidiesTechnical SupportOperation and Maintenance
Considerations and recommendations
CONCLUSIONS
References
Date palm production in Saudi ArabiaTable 1. Estimated Number of Date Palm Trees by Region for the Years 1999 to 2005.
RegionRegion1999199920022002200320032004200420052005
RiyadhRiyadh4160565416056544934104493410470283047028304941944494194449725294972529
MakkahMakkah1781466178146619239831923983189010018901001773830177383020274312027431
MadinaMadina2299666229966624836392483639270137227013722810870281087028439022843902
QasseimQasseim3120558312055833702033370203318870531887053790032379003239225613922561
Eastern ProvinceEastern Province2579856257985627862442786244290711529071152919608291960825446522544652
AssirAssir2289709228970924728862472886169869116986911900168190016818299331829933
TabukTabuk627595627595677803677803895940895940899863899863870023870023
HailHail1315040131504014202431420243198809119880911780201178020116968041696804
Northern Northern FrontierFrontier
1751175118911891194219421826182620472047
JizanJizan774677468366836611172111728738873873607360
NajiranNajiran437512437512472513472513387136387136443709443709608488608488
AlbahaAlbaha1029561029561111921111928895288952124894124894145177145177
JoufJouf58076858076862722962722986206586206589217489217411550761155076
TotalTotal19305188193051882084960220849602213241112132411122287857222878572262598322625983
Estimated area and production of dates crop by region in Saudi Arabia (Ministry of Agriculture, 2006.)
SeasonsSeasons20052005**20042004200320032002200220012001
RegionRegionPRODPROD..AREAAREAPRODPROD..AREAAREAPRODPROD..AREAAREAPRODPROD..AREAAREAPRODPROD..AREAAREA
RiyadhRiyadh22329022329038409384092130652130653736137361212398212398331283312820993820993833432334322077062077063355233552
MakkahMakkah64680646801068610686690026900297739773681096810989818981697346973490729072633056330591919191
MadenahMadenah10099110099119384193841009061009061881918819986649866418199181999029890298175361753690697906971718117181
QaseemQaseem17286317286334176341761608441608443580835808138470138470342773427713004113004134402344021264511264513372833728
EasternEastern13473513473511221112211297111297111163911639118667118667110431104310426910426911766117661034701034701208512085
AseerAseer502895028965696569726667266671547154804448044483928392828028280280168016809148091480618061
TabukTabuk445824458239523952300783007844374437296912969146784678278162781647154715273002730044644464
HailHail104001104001170001700097284972841488914889851598515913979139796823268232129241292469049690491265312653
NorthernNorthern1011011212696914148484121266668861611717
JazanJazan243243186186221221166166298298205205130130318318147147318318
NajranNajran201312013131463146179221792233903390141251412534383438134621346230453045134261342630783078
BahaBaha502750271253125335473547963963272927297127123006300668068035123512698698
JoufJouf495544955447504750459784597843894389352513525143784378297462974640654065318493184940734073
KingdomKingdom970488970488150744150744941293941293148801148801884088884088141421141421829540829540139979139979817887817887139099139099
Table 3. Means of Area and Production of Date Palm
RegionsRegions
Means for Season 2001 - 2005Means for Season 2001 - 2005
Mean AREAMean AREAMean PROD.Mean PROD.Prod./AreaProd./Area
hectarehectaretontonton hton h-1-1
RiyadhRiyadh35176.435176.4213279.4213279.46.0631396.063139
MakkahMakkah9540.69540.666966669667.0190557.019055
MadenahMadenah18223.818223.896311.296311.25.2849135.284913
QaseemQaseem34478.234478.2145733.8145733.84.2268394.226839
EasternEastern11550.811550.8118170.4118170.410.2304910.23049
AseerAseer7638.47638.473423734239.6123539.612353
TabukTabuk4449.24449.231893.431893.47.1683457.168345
HailHail142891428984745847455.9307865.930786
NorthernNorthern12.612.676.276.26.0476196.047619
JazanJazan238.6238.6207.8207.80.8709140.870914
NajranNajran3219.43219.415813.215813.24.9118474.911847
BahaBaha861.2861.23564.23564.24.1386444.138644
JoufJouf4331433138475.638475.68.8837688.883768
KingdomKingdom144008.8144008.8888659.2888659.26.1708676.170867
Date palm varieties:
Location and climate
Land and Water Resources
Agricultural Practices for Date Palm Husbandry Propagation Methods:
Land and Soil preparation:
Plantation of offshoots
Soil salinity and date palm
Date palm spacing
Fertilization Requirement
Pest and Diseases in Date Palm:
Financial and Economic Importance
Dried dates production in Saudi Arabia
Irrigation of Date Palm and Associated Crops
History of date palm irrigation
Figure 15. Unpaved canals used to carry irrigation water to the field.
Figure. 16. Cement canals used carry irrigation water to field.
Current Irrigation Management and
Practices
Figure17. Irrigation of date palm tree by drip system
using orifice emitter method
Figure18. Irrigation of date palm tree by drip
system using bubbler method.
Figure19. Irrigation of date palm tree using systems
Figure 20. Irrigation of date palm tree by drip system using spray method
Irrigation management
Irrigation Water Management
Water resources
Table 9.Table 9. Growth of Water Use in Saudi Arabia, 1980–Growth of Water Use in Saudi Arabia, 1980–20102010 (millions of cubic meters) (millions of cubic meters)
Domestic and industrial Domestic and industrial (per cent)(per cent)
AgriculturalAgricultural (per cent)(per cent)
TotalTotal
1980198050250221.321.31,8501,85078.778.72,3522,352
199019901,6501,6506.066.0625,58925,58993.9493.9427,23927,239
199219921,8701,8705.95.929,82629,82694.194.131,69631,696
199719972,0632,06311.1711.1716,40616,40688.8388.8318,46918,469
200020002,9002,90020.5720.5711,20011,20079.4379.4314,10014,100
201020103,6003,60019.6719.6714,70014,70080.3380.3318,30018,300
Sources: MOP 1990; Dabbagh and Abderrahman 1997 (agricultural and total use, 1990 and 1992).
Table 10. Water supply in Saudi Arabia, 1990–1997 (millions of Table 10. Water supply in Saudi Arabia, 1990–1997 (millions of cubic meters)cubic meters)
19901990% a% a19921992% a% a19971997% a% a
Surface water and Surface water and shallow aquifers shallow aquifers (renewable)(renewable)
2,100 2,100
13132,1402,140772,1402,1401212
Groundwater (non-Groundwater (non-renewable)renewable)
24,48924,489 838328,57628,576 909015,37615,3768383
DesalinationDesalination540540 33795795 2279579544
Treated wastewater Treated wastewater effluentseffluents
1101100.70.7 1851850.60.618518511
TotalTotal27,23927,239 31,69631,696 18,49618,496
Sources: MOP 1990 estimate; Dabbagh and Abderrahman 1997. Sources: MOP 1990 estimate; Dabbagh and Abderrahman 1997. aaPercentages do not add to 100 due to rounding.Percentages do not add to 100 due to rounding.
Agriculture Area 4,050,490 ha
Traditional irrigation Rain- fed Modren Irrigation
Figure 22. Classification of agriculture holdings per water source (Ministry of Agriculture,1999)
Salinity of Irrigation waterTable13. Salient Features of Different Aquifers (Ministry of agriculture and water, 1985)
AquifersAquifersWater DepthWater Depth
( m )( m )DischargeDischarge
( Ls( Ls-1-1 ) )LocationLocation
(Region of Saudi Arabia)(Region of Saudi Arabia)
Al-SaqAl-Saq150 – 1500150 – 1500100100Central - NorthCentral - North
WajidWajid150 – 900150 – 90040 – 8040 – 80SouthernSouthern
TabukTabuk60 – 250060 – 250015 – 2015 – 20Central - NorthCentral - North
MinjurMinjur1200 – 20001200 – 200060 – 12060 – 120CentralCentral
DhrumaDhruma10010060 – 12060 – 120CentralCentral
BiyadhBiyadh30 – 20030 – 20025 – 5025 – 50NorthernNorthern
WasiaWasia100 – 800100 – 80085 – 11085 – 110Central - EastCentral - East
Umm-ER-Umm-ER-RadhumaRadhuma
160 – 200160 – 20050 – 10050 – 100EasternEastern
DammamDammam50 – 10050 – 1007 – 227 – 22EasternEastern
NeogeneNeogeneNANA50 – 10050 – 100EasternEastern
JilhJilhNANA10 – 1810 – 18West – RiyadhWest – Riyadh
KhuffKhuffNANA7 – 237 – 23East – El-QawayhEast – El-Qawayh
ArumaArumaNANA30 – 3230 – 32Central - EastCentral - East
JubaliaJubaliaNANANANACentralCentral
BasaltBasaltNANANANAWesternWestern
AluuvialAluuvialNANA5050Western - CostalWestern - CostalNA, data not available.
Table 14. Mean Chemical Composition of Ground waters
AquiferAquifer
Mean Composition ( mg LMean Composition ( mg L-1-1 ) )
SamSample ple No.No.
ECECdSmdSm-1-1TDSTDSCaCa22
++MgMg2+2+NaNa++HCOHCO33--ClCl--SOSO442-2-OO33
--CaCa2+2+/Mg/Mg2+2+ClCl--//S0S044
2-2-SARSARadjRadjRNa+Na+Adj Adj SARSAR
ClasClasss
Al-SaqAl-Saq51512.822.82195195002322324949442442129129683683368368----2.842.842.512.516.866.867.187.1813.8613.86C4 C4
S2S2
WajidWajid87872.212.21120120001281282828149149188188269269294294----2.752.751.241.243.103.103.773.776.546.54C3 C3
S2S2
TabukTabuk39391.681.68136136001041044040196196171171305305603603----1.561.560.670.674.134.134.284.288.098.09C3 C3
S2S2
MinjurMinjur54541.561.56139139001621626060204204165165338338419419----1.621.621.091.093.473.474.024.027.087.08C4 C4
S2S2
DhrumaDhruma38382.742.74185185003533531401403583581691696066066536531051051.511.511.251.254.074.076.046.049.289.28C4 C4
S2S2
BiyadhBiyadh1631637.447.44477477008398392082084044041861866406401270127015152.422.420.690.693.233.235.685.688.798.79C4 C4
S2S2
WasiaWasia3473478.248.2448648600535535102102121121
0018918931331385885831313.153.150.490.4912.5312.5313.9513.9531.8331.83C4 C4 S2S2
Umm-Umm-ER-ER-
RadhumRadhumaa
4694693.863.8629529500355355123123547547189189750750703703----1.731.731.441.446.366.367.547.5415.0115.01C4 C4
S2S2
DammaDammamm4414413.973.97266266
0028528511511547147117817842042072172112121.491.490.790.795.935.936.716.7113.9413.94C4 C4 S2S2
NeogeneNeogene5385383.453.452692690025625615715749549518318363063086586538380.980.980.990.995.985.986.496.4913.5113.51C4 C4
S2S2
Jilh*Jilh*61615.075.073793790048148119819853253213913978578519501950----1.461.460.540.545.145.146.166.1612.0312.03C4 C4
S2S2
Khuff*Khuff*67674.894.89385385004574572272275895891501501030103016701670----1.211.210.830.835.605.606.556.5513.2213.22C4 C4
S2S2
Aruma*Aruma*39393.163.1621221200247247939337237218718747347366966956561.591.590.960.965.115.115.925.9211.6511.65C4 C4
S2S2
Jubailia*Jubailia*37373.503.5024724700230230107107296296217217112011206746742072071.291.292.252.254.034.034.774.779.279.27C4 C4
S2S2
Basalt*Basalt*45452.132.1318318300116116878740040022422474674627427440400.800.803.683.686.816.816.626.6214.1014.10C3 C3
S2S2
Alluvial*Alluvial*357357662.602.60168168
0021021010010043743720620627527544944915151.261.260.830.836.196.196.806.8013.7413.74C4 C4 S2S2
Table 17. Physical and chemical properties of some sites in Eastern Oasis of Al-Hassa region under date palm cultivation
DepthDepth(cm)(cm)TextureTexture
sandsandSiltSiltClayClayOrganic Organic CarbonCarbonCaCOCaCO33pHpHECEC
--------------------------- % ---------------------------------------------- % -------------------PastePastedSmdSm-1-1
Site 1 ( 22 yrs palm ) Typic HaplaquollsSite 1 ( 22 yrs palm ) Typic Haplaquolls
00 – – 6565SLSL57.157.127.727.715.215.20.680.6838.338.38.28.22.42.4
6565 – – 130130SLSL57.657.622.722.719.719.70.430.4341.541.58.18.13.03.0
130130++LSLS88.688.61.31.310.210.20.060.0612.612.68.38.32.92.9
Site 2 ( 40 yrs palm + rice ) Aquic TorriorthentsSite 2 ( 40 yrs palm + rice ) Aquic Torriorthents
00- - 3030LL44.144.136.736.719.219.20.310.3154.654.68.08.04.04.0
3030 – – 163163CLCL46.146.125.725.728.228.20.180.1852.652.68.18.15.25.2
Site 3 ( 25 yrs palm ) Typic HaplaquollsSite 3 ( 25 yrs palm ) Typic Haplaquolls
00 – – 4040SILSIL45.645.652.252.22.22.20.830.8330.630.68.38.33.33.3
4040 – – 100100SCLSCL53.653.626.726.719.719.70.380.3844.444.48.38.34.14.1
100100––117117SICSIC3.33.353.853.842.942.90.000.0062.862.88.18.14.74.7
Site 4 ( 30 yrs palm ) Typic HaplaquollsSite 4 ( 30 yrs palm ) Typic Haplaquolls
00 – – 2020SLSL45.645.630.030.015.415.40.620.6239.439.48.48.41.61.6
2020 – – 8080SLSL53.553.527.527.519.019.00.650.6544.144.18.28.22.32.3
8080 – – 116116LL34.634.643.043.022.422.40.320.3260.060.07.57.53.13.1
116116++CC15.015.034.034.051.051.00.250.2550.750.77.87.82.52.5
Site 5 ( 22 yrs palm ) Typical HaplaquentsSite 5 ( 22 yrs palm ) Typical Haplaquents
00 – – 1515LL50.150.130.530.519.419.41.001.0052.852.87.87.84.44.4
1515 – – 7575LL47.147.131.531.521.421.40.680.6856.356.37.67.63.33.3
7575 – – 145145CLCL37.637.629.029.033.433.40.650.6549.649.67.87.83.53.5
145145 – –170170CLCL34.134.127.027.038.938.90.340.3446.546.57.87.85.15.1
Salinity and date palm production
Y = 100- b × (ECe –a) ................[4]
Where:Y = relative yield b = the rate yield declines with increasing salinity. a = threshold salinity value for date palm ( 4 dS/m)ECe = electrical conductivity of root zone
Table 19. Soil salinity (ECe) and irrigation
water salinity (ECw) date palm
(Ayers and Westcot, 1985 )
water salinity
(EC dSm-1)
Yield PotentialYield Potential
100100%%
9090%%
7575%%
5050%%
maximum maximum ECEC
ee
ECECee ( dSm ( dSm-1-1 ) )446.86.810.910.917.917.93232
ECECww ( dSm ( dSm-1-1 ) )2.72.74.54.57.37.312.012.0----
Leaching requirement
LR = ECw /(5 ECe –ECw)…………[5]
WhereLR = leaching requirement ECw = electrical conductivity of irrigation water (dS/m)ECe = electrical conductivity of the soil in root zone (dS/m)
Table 20. Leaching requirement as related to the electrical conductivities
of irrigation and drainage water.
ECECww
( dSm( dSm-1-1 ) )
ECECee ( dSm ( dSm-1-1 ) )
4488121216162020
% ----------------------------- % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.01.05.265.262.562.561.701.701.271.271.001.00
1.51.58.118.113.903.902.562.561.911.911.521.52
2.02.011.1111.115.265.263.453.452.562.562.042.04
2.52.514.2814.286.666.664.344.343.223.222.562.56
3.03.017.6417.648.118.115.265.263.903.903.093.09
4.04.025.0025.0011.1111.117.147.145.265.264.164.16
5.05.033.3333.3314.2814.289.099.096.666.665.265.26
Estimation Evapotranspiration
Estimating Crop ET
Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration (ETr)
Crop Coefficients
Deficit Irrigation
Table 22. Date Palm means yield for 1991-1994 as affected by different levels of water and water use efficiency under various irrigation methods and irrigation levels (adapted from Al-Amoud et al., 1999 )
IrrigationIrrigationMethodMethod
IrrigationIrrigationlevellevel
YieldYield( Kg /Tree )( Kg /Tree )
Water Water appliedapplied
( m( m3 3 /Tree )/Tree )
WUEWUE(Kg/m(Kg/m33))
BubblerBubbler
50% E50% E133.7133.71201201.141.14
100% E100% E154.5154.52202200.700.70
150% E150% E182.5182.53253250.560.56
BasinBasin
50% E50% E162.0162.01201201.351.35
100% E100% E178.0178.02202200.810.81
150% E150% E165.5165.53253250.510.51
TrickleTrickle
50% E50% E203.7203.71201201.701.70
100% E100% E191.7191.72202200.870.87
150% E150% E188.3188.33253250.580.58
Table 23. Consumption use of water in some regionof Saudi Arabia ( Al-Khatib et al., 2006 ).
RegionsRegions
mm33 h h-1-1
Irrigation SystemsIrrigation Systems
surfacesurfacebubblerbubblerdripdrip
RiyadhRiyadh343433434325046250462060220602
MakkahMakkah344513445125095250952066720667
MadenahMadenah433054330531545315452597825978
QaseemQaseem352043520425647256472112121121
EasternEastern347823478226120261202086520865
AseerAseer251072510718289182891506115061
TabukTabuk321573215723424234241929019290
HailHail352543525425680256802114821148
NorthernNorthern349763497625647256472112121121
NajranNajran288682886821028210281731717317
ABahaABaha251072510718289182891506115061
JoufJouf352043520425647256472112121121
Table 24. Comparison of yield, water consumption and water use efficiency for 17 year old date palm tree
SeasonSeason200020002001200120022002AverageAverage
Total Yield - kgTotal Yield - kg78737873125371253717003170031247112471
Average Yield - kgAverage Yield - kg75.575.5120.25120.25163.1163.1119.616119.616
77
Average Water Consumption - Average Water Consumption - mm33/tree/year/tree/year
86.486.486.086.0102.5102.591.633391.6333
33
Water Use Efficiency- Kg/rnWater Use Efficiency- Kg/rn330.870.871 .431 .431.591.590.820.82
Table 25. Water Use Efficiency for Date Palm tree (WUE Kg m-3) in some region
RegionsRegions
WUE Kg mWUE Kg m-3-3
Irrigation SystemsIrrigation Systems
surfacesurfacebubblerbubblerdripdrip
RiyadhRiyadh0.1770.1770.2420.2420.2940.294
MakkahMakkah0.2040.2040.2800.2800.3400.340
MadenahMadenah0.1220.1220.1680.1680.2030.203
QaseemQaseem0.1200.1200.1650.1650.2000.200
EasternEastern0.2940.2940.3920.3920.4900.490
AseerAseer0.3830.3830.5250.5250.6380.638
TabukTabuk0.2230.2230.3060.3060.3720.372
HailHail0.1680.1680.2310.2310.2800.280
NorthernNorthern0.1730.1730.2360.2360.2860.286
NajranNajran0.1700.1700.2340.2340.2840.284
BahaBaha0.1650.1650.2260.2260.2750.275
JoufJouf0.2520.2520.3460.3460.4210.421
Considerations and recommendations
•
Thank you
•