Irrigation Engineering Part 3

Compiled By:

Muhammad Farooq Zia (2005-CE-44) Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-

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INDUS WATER TREATY:

ISSUE:Lack of water-sharing agreement leads India to stem flow of tributaries to Pakistan on 1 April 1948.

OBJECTIVE:Negotiate an equitable allocation of the flow of the Indus River and its tributaries between the riparian states.

DATES OF NEGOTIATION: 1951-1960

PARTIES INVOLVED IN NEGOTIATION:The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between the Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the then President of Pakistan Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan. The World Bank is a signatory as a third party.

PROVISIONS:

INDUS & TRIBUTRIES

The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi; and with minor exceptions, the treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and

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their tributaries before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water from the Eastern Rivers.

The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country.

The treaty is considered controversial as the state of Jammu and Kashmir was deprived of control of its water while benefitting the Indian state of Punjab. Kashmiri farmers or businesses cannot use the water of their rivers as a result of this treaty. The government of Jammu and Kashmir has time and again demanded compensation for decades. This aspect is downplayed by the governments of India as well as Pakistan.

ORIGIN OF INDUS RIVER:

The waters of the Indus basin begin in the Himalayan Mountains of disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. They flow from the hills through the arid states of Punjab and Sind, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi. Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres - the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world.

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND:

The partition of the Indian subcontinent created a conflict over the plentiful waters of the Indus basin. The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage the water resources of Indus basin. Furthermore, the geography of partition was such that the Source Rivers of the Indus basin were in India. Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin. Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land.

INTER-DOMINION ACCORD:

During the first years of partition the waters of the Indus were apportioned by the Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948. This accord required India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual payments from the government of Pakistan. The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and was followed by negotiations for a more permanent solution. Neither side, however, was willing to compromise their respective positions and negotiations reached a stalemate. Pakistan wanted to take the matter to the International Court of Justice but India refused, arguing that the conflict required a bilateral resolution.

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INDUS WATER TREATY:

By 1951, the two sides were no longer meeting and the situation seemed intractable. As one anonymous Indian official said at the time, "India and Pakistan can go on shouting on Kashmir for all time to come, but an early settlement on the Indus waters is essential for maintenance of peace in the sub-continent". Despite the unwillingness to compromise, both nations were anxious to find a solution, fully aware that the Indus conflict could lead to overt hostilities if unresolved.

In this same year, David Lilienthal, formerly the chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority and of the US Atomic Energy Commission visited the region to write a series of articles for Colliers magazine. Lilienthal had a keen interest in the subcontinent and was welcomed by the highest levels of both Indian and Pakistani governments. In his journals he insisted the World Bank to be the part of dispute and resolve it in the best interest of both the nations.

Lilienthal's idea was well received by officials at the World Bank, and, subsequently, by the Indian and Pakistani governments. Eugene R. Black, then president of the World Bank told Lilienthal that his proposal "makes good sense all round". Black wrote that the Bank was interested in the economic progress of the two countries and had been concerned that the Indus dispute could only be a serious handicap to this development. India's previous objections to third party arbitration were remedied by the Bank's insistence that it would not adjudicate the conflict, but, instead, work as a conduit for agreement.

Black also made a distinction between the "functional" and "political" aspects of the Indus dispute. In his correspondence with Indian and Pakistan leaders, Black asserted that the Indus dispute could most realistically be solved if the functional aspects of disagreement were negotiated apart from political considerations. He envisioned a group that tackled the question of how best to utilize the waters of the Indus Basin - leaving aside questions of historic rights or allocations.

Black proposed a Working Party made up of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers. The World Bank delegation would act as a consultative group, charged with offering suggestions and speeding dialogue. In his opening statement to the Working Party, Black spoke of why he was optimistic about the group's success:

Black's hopes for a quick resolution to the Indus dispute were premature. While the Bank had expected that the two sides would come to an agreement on the allocation of waters, neither India nor Pakistan seemed willing to compromise their positions. While Pakistan insisted on its historical right to waters of all the Indus tributaries, the Indian side argued that the previous distribution of waters should not set future allocation. Instead, the Indian side set up a new basis of distribution, with the waters of the Western tributaries going to Pakistan and the Eastern tributaries to India. The substantive technical discussions that Black had hoped for were stymied by the political considerations he had expected to avoid.

The World Bank soon became frustrated with this lack of progress. What had originally been envisioned as a technical dispute that would quickly untangle itself became an intractable

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mess. India and Pakistan were unable to agree on the technical aspects of allocation, let alone the implementation of any agreed upon distribution of waters. Finally, in 1954, after nearly two years of negotiation, the World bank offered its own proposal, stepping beyond the limited role it had apportioned for itself and forcing the two sides to consider concrete plans for the future of the basin. The proposal offered India the three eastern tributaries of the basin and Pakistan the three western tributaries. Canals and storage dams were to be constructed to divert waters from the western rivers and replace the eastern river supply lost by Pakistan.

While the Indian side was amenable to the World Bank proposal, Pakistan found it unacceptable. The World Bank allocated the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan. This new distribution did not account for the historical usage of the Indus basin and repudiated Pakistan's negotiating position. Where India had stood for a new system of allocation, Pakistan felt that its share of waters should be based on pre-partition distribution. The World Bank proposal was more in line with the Indian plan and this angered the Pakistani delegation. They threatened to withdraw from the Working Party and negotiations verged on collapse.

But neither side could afford the dissolution of talks. In December of 1954, the two sides returned to the negotiating table. The World Bank proposal was transformed from a basis of settlement to a basis for negotiation and the talks continued, stop and go, for the next six years.

One of the last stumbling blocks to an agreement concerned financing for the construction of canals and storage facilities that would transfer water from the eastern Indian rivers to Pakistan. This transfer was necessary to make up for the water Pakistan was giving up by ceding its rights to the eastern tributaries. The World Bank initially planned for India to pay for these works, but India refused. The Bank responded with a plan for external financing supplied mainly by the United States and the United Kingdom. This solution cleared the remaining stumbling blocks to agreement and the Treaty was signed by the Prime Ministers of both countries in 1960.

The Indus Waters Treaty is the only agreement that has been faithfully implemented and upheld by both India and Pakistan. Although its negotiation was often arduous and frustrating for the World Bank and for the Indian and Pakistani delegations, the final outcome was amenable to all parties. The Indus waters are the life blood of Pakistan and much of western India; functional cooperation was necessary for both sides to survive and prosper. The example of the Indus Waters Treaty suggests that cooperation between India and Pakistan is possible in cases where the benefits of agreement are plentiful and pressing, overwhelming the political hedging that prevents other forms of reconciliation.

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SALIENT FEATURES OF INDUS WATER TREATY:

After nine years of negotiations, the Indus Waters Treaty was finally signed on September 19, 1960, with the cooperation of the World Bank.

The salient features of the Indus Waters Treaty are:

Three Eastern rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej and Beas were given to India.

Three Western rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were given to Pakistan.

Pakistan to meet the requirements of its Eastern river canals from the Western rivers byconstructing replacement works.

Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure unrestricted flow of waters in the Western rivers.

Both parties were to regularly exchange flow-data of rivers, canals and streams.

A permanent Indus Waters Commission was constituted to resolve the disputes between the parties. The Treaty sets out the procedure for settlement of the differences and disputes. It also provides for settlement of disputes through the International Court of Arbitration.

Thus, future prospects persuaded the two countries to agree to a partition of the Indus Basin waters. Both countries were expected to exploit their respective water shares with the help of an Indus Basin Development Fund to be administered by the World Bank.

Engineering Construction Work In Pakistan As Part Of IWT:

The Indus Basin Project involved construction of two large dams, five barrages, one siphon and seven link canals as detailed below in Tables, to transfer 14 MAF of water from the Western rivers. There are three systems of link canals. Two of the systems, the Rasul-Qadirabad-Balloki-Suleimanki System (R.Q.B.S.) and the Trimmu-Sidhnai-Mailsi-Bahawal System (T.S.M.B) connect the Jhelum River through to the Sutlej and the third system Chashma-Jhelum System (C.J) connects the Indus with the Jhelum.

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ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION WORK IN PAKISTAN AS PART OF IWT – CANALS

Link Canals Constructed in Pakistan under the IWT

From -To Rivers

Link Canal Name Description

1. Jhelum –Chenab

Rasul-Qadirabad 30 miles long; provides 19,000 cusecs Jhelumwater to Chenab

2. Chenab –Ravi

Qadirabad-Balloki 104 miles long; provides 18,600 cusecs water to Ravi

3. Ravi – Sutlej

Balloki-Suleimanki II

39 miles long; provides 6,500 cusecs water toSutlej

4. Indus –Jhelum

Chashma-Jhelum 63 miles long; provides 21,700 cusecs water to Jhelum

5. Indus – Ravi

Trimmu-Sidhnai 44 miles long; provides 11,000 cusecs water to Ravi

6. Ravi – Sutlej

Sidhnai-Mailsi 60 miles long; provides 10,000 cusecs water to Sutlej

7. Indus – Panjnad

Taunsa-Panjnad 38 miles long; provides 100,000 cusecs water to Sutlej

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION WORK IN PAKISTAN AS PART OF IWT - RESERVOIRS

Reservoirs Constructed in Pakistan under IWT

Mangla On Jhelum at Mangla, Mirpur Distt.; completed in 1968

Tarbela On Indus ; completed in 1977; Gross storage 11.62 MAF; Live storage 9.7 MAF; Generates 3478 MW power

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ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION WORK IN PAKISTAN AS PART OF IWT - BARRAGES & SYPHONS

Barrages Constructed in Pakistan under IWT

Marala On Chenab ; completed in 1968; Max. discharge 1.1 Million cusecs

Qadirabad

On Chenab ; completed in 1967; Max. discharge 900,000 cusecs

Sidhnai On Ravi ; completed in 1965; Max. discharge 167,000 cusecs

Rasul On Jhelum ; completed in 1967; Max. discharge 876,000 cusecs

Chashma On Indus ; completed in 1971; also has a reservoir of 0.75 MAF; Max. discharge 1,176,000 cusecs

Mailsi On Sutlej ; a gated siphon; Max. discharge 429,000 cusecs

OTHER ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS ON THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

Other Important Engineering Structures

Jinnah Barrage Constructed 1946; Max. discharge 950,000 cusecs

Taunsa Barrage Constructed 1959; Max. discharge 750,000 cusecs

Guddu Barrage Constructed 1962; Max. discharge 1,200,000 cusecs

Sukkur Barrage Constructed 1932; Max. discharge 1,500,000 cusecs

Kotri Barrage Constructed 1955; Max. discharge 750,000 cusecs

Ghazi Barotha Constructed 2004; Max. discharge 500,000 cusecs; Power generation 1450 MW

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INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMORIGIN OF INDUS BASIN:

The waters of the Indus basin begin in the Himalayan Mountains of disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. They flow from the hills through the arid states of Punjab and Sind, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi. Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres - the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world.

INDUS RIVER SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN

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RIVERS IN PAKISTAN

RIVER RAVIThe River Ravi originates from the Himalayas near Chamba in Himachal Pradesh State, Northern India. The Ravi River is a river in India and Pakistan. It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its name. The total length of the river is about 720 km. Near Bahawalpur it joins the Chenab River. The river skirts the ancient and historic city of Lahore, Pakistan.

BEAS RIVER The Beas River is the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab, a tributary of Indus River. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 470 km (290 miles) to the Sutlej River in western Punjab state. The river begins at the Rohtang Pass in the state of Himachal Pradesh, merges with the Sutlej at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab, India VIA Mandi. The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch to form the Panjnad River; the latter joins the Indus River at Mithankot.

SUTLEJ RIVERThe Sutlej River is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan.The Sutlej is sometimes known as the Red River. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The Sutlej joins with the Beas River in Hari-Ke-Patan, Amritsar, Punjāb, India, and continues southwest into Pakistan to unite with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River south of ancient Multan. The Panjnad joins the Indus River at Mithankot. Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur, flows through the fertile plains region of Sindh, and terminates in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Pakistan. The total length of the river is about 1550 km of which 529 km is in Pakistan.

RIVER CHENABThe Chenab River is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, India. It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab. It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu and then by the Ravi River. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif, Pakistan to form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Sutlej near Ferozepur, India. The Chenab then joins the Indus at Mithankot, Pakistan. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometers.

JHELUM RIVER Jhelum River is a river that flows in India and Pakistan. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 480 miles (774 kilometers).

INDUS RIVERThe Indus River is the longest river in Pakistan and the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. It is often considered the life-line of Pakistan. Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar in China, the National River runs a course through the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir and then enters Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan), flowing through the North in a southerly direction along the entire length of the country, to merge into the Arabian Sea near Pakistan's port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 kilometers (1,976 miles). The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 square kilometers (450,000 square miles). The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometers. Beginning at the heights of the world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. Together with the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas and two tributaries from the North West Frontier and Afghanistan, the Indus forms the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) delta of Pakistan.

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S.NO. RIVER LENGTH WATER ALLOCATION

01 Beas 470 km India

02 Ravi 720 km India

03 Sutlej 1550 km India

04 Chenab 960 km Pakistan

05 Jhelum 774 km Pakistan

06 Indus 3180 km Pakistan

DETAILS OF RIVERS FALL UNDER IBIS

PHYSICAL SYSTEMPakistan has a unique irrigation system which comprises of five main rivers, i.e. the Indus, the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi and the Sutlej River. The network of Indus basin Irrigation System consists of the Dams, Barrages, Headworks, Canals and Interlinks. This system includes Link Canals that were built with a concept to transfer water from the Western Rivers i.e. Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to the Eastern Rivers, i.e. Ravi and Sutlej after the Indus water treaty of 1960. Whereas, the feeder canals taken out from different head works are meant mainly to irrigate the agricultural lands throughout. The waters of the Indus Basin Rivers are diverted through reservoirs/barrages into canals, classified as the Main Canals. These main canals then distribute the irrigation water into their command areas through a network of branch canals.

WATER ABILITY OF THE IBISthere are three main sources of water availability in the Indus Basin:

A. Surface Water:

The average annual flow of Western Rivers of Indus Basin is approximately 142 million acre feet (MAF). About 104 MAF of this water is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea.

B. Rain Water: Another source of water is the rain fall. Irrigated areas of Indus Basin receive on average 40 million acres feet of water annually.

C. Ground Water: The third source of water is the ground water. It provides approximately 40 percent of crop water requirements of the country.

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INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

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DETAILS OF INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

S.#

RIVER HEADS/BARRAGES DAMS CANALS

01 Sutlej SulemankiPakpattan CanalFordwah Canal

Eastern Sadiqia Canal

IslamQaim CanalMailsi Canal

Bahawal Canal

PunjnadPanjnad CanalAbbassia Canal

02 Ravi BallokiLower Bari Doab Canal

Balloki-Sulemanki Link Lower Depalpur Canal

SidhnaiSidhnai Mailsi Link Canal

Sidhnai Canal

03 Chenab Marala

Marala RaviLinkU.C.C.(Upper chenab canal)---

BRBD(Bambawala-Ravi-Bedian-Dipalpur Canal)---

CBDC(Central bari doab canal)---UDC(Upper Depalpur

Canal)

Khanki

LCC(Lower chenab canal) Upper Gogera Lower Gogera

BuralaMain LCC Jhang Branch.

Rakh Branch.Qadirabad Qadirabad .Baloki Link

TrimmuRangpur CanalHavali Canal

Trimmu Sidhni Link

04 Jhelum RasulRasul Qadirabad Link Canal

Lower Jehlum Canal

ManglaUpper Jehlum Canal up stream

Khanki Headworks05 Indus Jinnah Thal canal

ChashmaChashma Jhelum link

Chashma reservoir bank canal

Taunsa

Kachhi CanalD.G. Khan Canal

Muzaffargarah CanalTaunsa Panjnad Link Canal

Guddu

Pat feederDesert Feeder

Begari Sindh FeederGhotki canal

Sukkur

Nara CanalMirwah CanalRohri CanalAbul Wah

& right side canals areDadu CanalRice Canal

Khirthar Canal

Kotri(Ghulam Muhammad Barrage)

Kotri Baghar feederPhuleliPinjari

Akram WahTerbela Right Bank canal

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Left Bank Canal

WarsakRight Bank CanalLeft Bank Canal.

Kalabagh dam (proposed)

Thal reservoirSehwan reservoir

(proposed)

LINK CANALS IN PAKSITAN:

i. Chashma-Jhelum Link - Indus-Jhelum

ii. Taunsa-Punjnad Link - Indus-Chenab

iii. Rasul-Qadirabad Link - Jhelum-Chenab

iv. Marala-Ravi Link - Chenab-Ravi

v. Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian Link - Chenab-Ravi-Sutlej

vi. Upper Chenab-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravi

vii. Qadirabad-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravi

viii. Trimmu-Sidhnai Link - Chenab-Ravi

ix. Balloki-Sulaimanke Link - Ravi-Sutlej

x. Sidhnai-Mailsi Link - Ravi-Sutlej

RIVERS IN PAKISTAN AND BARRAGES/HEADWORKS ON THEM:

i. Indus: Chashma, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur, Kotri

ii. Jhelum: Rasul

iii. Chenab: Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad, Trimmu

iv. Ravi: Balloki, Sidhnai

v. Sutlej: Sulaimanke, Islam, Punjnad

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MAJOR DAMS IN PAKISTAN

THE MANGLA DAM is located in Mirpur District, is the twelfth largest dam in the world. It was built from 1961 to 1967 with funding from the World Bank. The project was designed and supervised by Binnie & Partners of London, and it was built by Mangla Dam Contractors, a consortium of 8 U.S. construction firms, sponsored by Guy F. Atkinson Company of South San Francisco. Mangla Dam Contractors employed Pakistanis, Americans, British, Canadians, Germans, and Irish.

TARBELA DAM is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan. It is located in Haripur district of Hazara Division of North-West Frontier Province about 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Islamabad, at height of 485 ft (148 m) above the river bed. Reservoir size of some 95 sq mi (250 km2) makes it the largest earth filled dam in the world. The dam was completed in 1974 and was designed to store water from the Indus River for irrigation and flood control, and for the generation of hydro-electric power.

HUB DAM is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River on the arid plains north of Karachi. It is located on the provincial border between Baluchistan and Sind, Pakistan. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in Lasbela District of Baluchistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. The Hub reservoir can grow up to 32 square miles (83 km2) and provides for angling.

MIRANI DAM is located in Gwadar District, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Mirani Dam multipurpose project, is located on Dasht River, about 30 miles west of Turbat in Makran Division of Balochistan, it envisages provision of dependable irrigation supplies on the two banks of the river. The project was completed in November 2006 and was inaugurated by Pervez Musharraf who was president of Pakistan at that time.

NAMAL DAM was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city. The lake has a surface area of 5.5 km². There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the other two sides are agricultural areas.

WARSAK DAM The gignatic multi-purpose Warsak Dam is situated 30 kms north-west of Peshawar in the heart of tribal territory. It has a total generating capacity of 240,000 kw and will eventually serve to irrigate 110,000 acres of land.

RAWAL DAM is an artificial reservoir that provides the water needs for the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. This artificial lake covers an area of 8.8 km². It is built on river sawan. Rawal Lake is located within an isolated section of the Margalla Hills National Park. It fulfills the needs of domestic water of Islamabad and Rawalpindi & also irrigate 500 acres of agricultural area.

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PROPOSED DAMSAKHORI DAM Project is one of the projects of Water Vision 2025, which is proposed by the former Pakistan Muslim League (Q)'s Government. The dam will stored about 8.6 billion cubic meters of water that is split filling the Tarbela reservoir during the monsoon season.

BUNJI HYDROPOWER PROJECT is run of a river project proposed to be located on Indus River, with dam and powerhouse 85 and 60 km respectively from Gilgit city in Northern Areas of Pakistan. A 190 m high dam with crest length of 400 m would create 22 km long reservoir. Five 7.8 km long power tunnels would divert a design discharge of 1900 m3/s to an underground powerhouse which will house 20 Francis turbines and generators with an installed capacity of 7,100 MW.

THE KALABAGH DAM was a mega water reservoir that the Government of Pakistan was planning to develop across the Indus River, one of the world's largest rivers. The proposed site for the dam was situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the north-west Punjab province, bordering the North-West Frontier Province.The dam project was highly controversial and had been since its inception. In December 2005, General Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan, announced that he would definitely build the dam in the larger interest of Pakistan. In May 26, 2008, Federal Minister for Water and Power of Pakistan, Raja Pervez Ashraf, said that the Kalabagh Dam would not be constructed. He said due to the opposition from NWFP, Sindh and other stakeholder, the project was no longer feasible.

DIAMER-BHASHA DAM is the name of a dam that has been planned in the Northern Areas of Pakistan on the River Indus. Diamer Basha Dam Project will be the highest Roller Compacted Concrete Dam in the world, height of 272 meters spillway with fourteen (14) gates each 11.5 m x 16.24 m. The gross capacity of the reservoir will be 8.1 MAF, with a live storage of 6.4 MAF. Two underground power houses are being proposed, one on each side of the main dam having six turbines on each side with total installed capacity 4500 MW. Scheduled completion period of the project is w.e.f. 2009 to 2016, at a tentative cost of US $ 12.6 Billion.

OTHER SMALL DAMS: There are many other small dams built on different rivers of Pakistan some of them are, sabak zai dam, windar dam, munda dam, gomal zam dam, the shakidor dam, karoonjhar dam etc.

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Irrigation Engineering Part 3