Irish workplacebehaviour study

Report submitted to the IOSH Research Committee

Hodgins M, Pursell L, & Hogan V. NUI Galway

MacCurtain S, & Mannix-McNamara P.University of Limerick

Lewis D.Plymouth University

www.iosh.co.uk/workplacebehaviour Research report

IOSH, the Chartered body for health and safety professionals, is committed toevidence-based practice in workplace safety and health. We maintain a Research and Development Fund to support research and inspire innovation as part of our work as a thought leader in health and safety.

All recipients of funding from our Research and Development Fund are asked to compile a comprehensive research report of their findings, which is subject to peer review.

For more information on how to apply for grants from the Fund, visit www.iosh.co.uk/getfunding, or contact:

Mary OgungbejeResearch and Development Co-ordinatormary.ogungbeje@iosh.com

Ivan WilliamsResearch and Development Adviserivan.williams@iosh.com

Acknowledgement: IOSH would like to thank the peer reviewers of this report.

www.iosh.co.uk/workplacebehaviour Research report

Irish workplacebehaviour study

Report submitted to the IOSH Research Committee

Hodgins M, Pursell L. & Hogan V.NUI Galway

MacCurtain S. & Mannix-McNamara P.University of Limerick

Lewis D.Plymouth University

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Contents

IRISHWORKPLACEBEHAVIOURSTUDY.................................................................................................1Acknowledgements 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 12 Survey Methodology ........................................................................................ 3

2.1SamplingFrame...............................................................................................................................................................32.2SampleDesignandDataCollection.................................................................................................................................32.3SurveyInstrument...........................................................................................................................................................42.4SampleWeights...............................................................................................................................................................5

3 Survey Outcomes ............................................................................................. 73.1ResponseRate..................................................................................................................................................................73.2SampleProfile..................................................................................................................................................................83.3OriginalandConfirmedReportofExperienceofIllTreatmentItems(Unweighted)......................................................9

4 Results: Experience, Witness and Perpetration of Ill Treatment in the Workplace .......................................................................................................... 11

4.1ExperienceofIllTreatmentintheWorkplace...............................................................................................................124.1.1ConfirmedIllTreatmentExperiencedintheWorkplace(Weighted)....................................................................134.1.2RelationshipsbetweenExperienceofIll-TreatmentFactorsandDemographicFactors.......................................134.1.3RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceCharacteristicsandExperienceofIllTreatment............................................164.1.4RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceRoleandExperienceofIllTreatment............................................................174.1.5RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceConditionsandExperienceofIllTreatment..................................................184.1.6PredictorsforExperiencingIllTreatment..............................................................................................................22

4.1.6.1ModelsincludingFAREItems...............................................................................................................234.1.6.2ModelsincludingWorkPositiveItems.................................................................................................25

4.2WitnessingIllTreatmentintheWorkplace...................................................................................................................294.2.1IllTreatmentWitnessedintheWorkplace............................................................................................................304.2.2RelationshipsbetweenWitnessingofIll-TreatmentFactorsandDemographicFactors.......................................304.2.3RelationshipsbetweenOrganisationalCharacteristicsandWitnessingofIllTreatment......................................324.2.4RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceRoleandWitnessofIllTreatment.................................................................344.2.5RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceConditionsandWitnessofIllTreatment.......................................................344.2.6PredictorsofWitnessingIllTreatment..................................................................................................................36

4.3PerpetratingIllTreatmentintheWorkplace.................................................................................................................384.3.1IllTreatmentPerpetratedintheWorkplace.........................................................................................................394.3.2RelationshipsbetweenPerpetrationofIllTreatmentandDemographicFactors.................................................394.3.3RelationshipsbetweenOrganisationalCharacteristicsandPerpetrationofIllTreatment...................................414.3.4RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceRoleandPerpetrationofIllTreatment..........................................................424.3.5RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceConditionsandPerpetrationofIllTreatment...............................................434.3.6PredictorsofPerpetratingIllTreatment...............................................................................................................45

4.4RelationshipsbetweenExperience,WitnessandPerpetrationofIllTreatment...........................................................475 Items Followed Up ......................................................................................... 49

5.1PercentageofEachIll-TreatmentItemFollowedUp.....................................................................................................495.1.1RelationshipbetweentheGenderofthoseExperiencingIllTreatmentandtheGenderofReportedPerpetrators........................................................................................................................................................505.1.2RelationshipbetweenEthnicityofThoseExperiencingIllTreatmentandEthnicityofReportedPerpetrators...515.1.3PerceivedReasonsforIllTreatment.....................................................................................................................51

6 Educational Sessions .................................................................................... 566.1Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................566.2RecruitmentProcess......................................................................................................................................................56

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6.3AimsandObjectives.......................................................................................................................................................566.4WorkshopStructure.......................................................................................................................................................576.5Feedback........................................................................................................................................................................576.6Attendees.......................................................................................................................................................................58

7 Case Study Methodology .............................................................................. 607.1Sample...........................................................................................................................................................................607.2Procedure.......................................................................................................................................................................607.3ApproachtoAnalysis.....................................................................................................................................................617.4PolicyAnalysis................................................................................................................................................................61

8 Case Study 1: VORG1 .................................................................................... 628.1PolicyandProcedure.....................................................................................................................................................628.2Interviews......................................................................................................................................................................64

9 Case Study 2: PBS2 ....................................................................................... 709.1PolicyandProcedure.....................................................................................................................................................70

10 Case Study 3: STH3 ..................................................................................... 7710.1PolicyandProcedure...................................................................................................................................................7710.2Interviews....................................................................................................................................................................77

11 Discussion .................................................................................................... 8411.1SurveyFindings:IllTreatmentPrevalenceandPatterns.............................................................................................8411.2CaseStudies:PolicyandPractice,EffectivenessandImplementation........................................................................87

12 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 92APPENDIX 1: IWBS SURVEY INSTRUMENT ................................................... 95APPENDIX 2: TOPIC GUIDE FOR INTERVIEWS ........................................... 111APPENDIX 3: CALL TO PARTICIPATE IN INTERVIEWS .............................. 112APPENDIX 4: EDUCATIONAL SESSIONS FLYER ........................................ 113

LISTOFTABLES:Table2.1:CalibrationTotalsUsedForConstructionofWeightson2015WorkplaceBehaviourSurvey.......................................6Table3.1:SurveyOutcomeDetails.................................................................................................................................................7Table3.2:PercentagewithinEachAgeGroupbyGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted).........................................................8Table3.3:SampleEthnicity(Unweighted).....................................................................................................................................8Table3.4:PercentageReportingEthnicity,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted).............................................................8Table3.5:PercentageReportingReligiousAffiliation,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)............................................9Table3.6:PercentageReportingEducationalStatus,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)..............................................9Table3.7:PercentageReportingDisabilities,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)..........................................................9Table3.8:ExperienceofIllTreatmentOriginal,ConfirmedandPercentageReductioninResponses(Unweighted).................10Table4.1:FactorsofIllTreatmentPresentedinEachSection.....................................................................................................11Table4.1.1:PercentageWhoExperiencedIllTreatmentItemswithinEachGender...................................................................13Table4.1.2:PercentageExperiencingIllTreatmentamongDemographicGroups......................................................................14Table4.1.3:ExperienceofIllTreatmentbyTypeofOrganisation,Sector,OrganisationSizeandPresenceofaTradeUnionor

StaffAssociation.....................................................................................................................................................15Table4.1.4:ExperienceofIllTreatmentbyCompositionofStaffinTermsofEthnicity,GenderandAge..................................17Table4.1.5:PercentageofThoseWhoExperiencedIllTreatmentbyOccupationGroup,ManagerialorSupervisoryDutiesand

JobPermanence.....................................................................................................................................................18Table4.1.6:PercentageofThoseWhoExperiencedIllTreatmentbyFAREItems.......................................................................19Table4.1.7:PercentagesforEachWorkPositiveItem.................................................................................................................21

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Table4.1.8:FAREItemsOddsRatios(95%CI)forExperiencingIll-TreatmentFactors................................................................24Table4.1.9:WorkPositiveFactorsOddsRatios(95%CI)forExperiencingIll-TreatmentFactors...............................................25Table4.2.1:PercentageWhoWitnessedIllTreatmentItemswithinEachGender......................................................................30Table4.2.2:PercentageWhoWitnessedIll-TreatmentFactorsamongDemographicGroups....................................................31Table4.2.3:PercentageWhoWitnessedIllTreatmentbyTypeofOrganisation,Sector,OrganisationSizeandPresenceofa

TradeUnionorStaffAssociation............................................................................................................................32Table4.2.4:WitnessedIllTreatmentbyCompositionofStaffinTermsofEthnicity,GenderandAge.......................................33Table4.2.5:PercentageWhoWitnessedIllTreatmentbyOccupationGroup,ManagerialorSupervisoryDutiesandJob

Permanence...........................................................................................................................................................34Table4.2.6:FactorLevelORs(95%CI)forWitnessedIllTreatment.............................................................................................37Table4.3.1:PercentageWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentwithinEachGender.............................................................................39Table4.3.2:PercentagesamongDemographicGroupsWhoPerpetratedIll-TreatmentFactors................................................40Table4.3.3:PercentageWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentbyTypeofOrganisation,Sector,OrganisationSizeandPresenceofa

TradeUnionorStaffAssociation............................................................................................................................41Table4.3.4:PerpetratedIllTreatmentbyCompositionofStaffinTermsofEthnicity,GenderandAge.....................................42Table4.3.5:PercentageWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentbyOccupationalGroup,ManagerialorSupervisoryDutiesandJob

Permanence...........................................................................................................................................................43Table4.3.6:PercentagesWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentbyFAREItems....................................................................................44Table4.3.7:FactorLevelORs(95%CI)forPerpetratedIllTreatment...........................................................................................45Table4.4.1:CorrelationsbetweenExperiencing,WitnessingandPerpetratingIllTreatment....................................................48Table5.1:FactorLevelFrequenciesandPercentagesofItemsFollowedUpinEachRoundofQuestions..................................49Table5.2:PercentageofIllTreatmentItemsFollowedUp,TotalandbyGender.......................................................................50Table5.3:PercentageofThoseResponsibleforIllTreatmentwithinaSpecificGender,byGenderofthePersonExperiencing

theBehaviour.........................................................................................................................................................51Table5.4:EthnicityofPerpetratorbyEthnicityofthePersonExperiencingtheIllTreatment....................................................51Table5.5:PercentageReportingReasonsforExperiencedIllTreatment....................................................................................52Table5.6:OtherReportedReasonsforIllTreatment..................................................................................................................52Table5.7:LikelihoodofPerceivedReasonforIll-TreatmentFactorsExperienced......................................................................54Table5.8:RoleofPerpetratorbyIll-TreatmentFactorsExperienced..........................................................................................55Table5.9:LikelihoodofPerpetratorRoleforIll-TreatmentFactorsExperienced........................................................................55Table8.1:VORG1Policy...............................................................................................................................................................63Table8.2:VORG1InterviewParticipants......................................................................................................................................65Table9.1:PBS2Policy...................................................................................................................................................................70Table9.2:PBS2InterviewParticipants.........................................................................................................................................72Table10.1:STH3Policy.................................................................................................................................................................78Table10.2:STH3InterviewParticipants.......................................................................................................................................79LISTOFFIGURES:Figure4.1.1:PercentageswithinEachIll-TreatmentFactorExperienced....................................................................................12Figure4.1.2:PercentagePointsAboveorBelowOverallPercentagesforThoseExperiencingIllTreatmentforEachFactorby

Sector.....................................................................................................................................................................16Figure4.1.3:DifferenceinPercentagePointsfromOverallPercentagesforThoseExperiencingEachIll-TreatmentFactorby

FAREItems(NegativelyOriented)..........................................................................................................................20Figure4.1.4:PercentagePointsDifferenceComparedtoOverallPercentagesforThoseExperiencingEachIll-TreatmentFactor

byWorkPositiveFactors(NegativelyOriented)....................................................................................................22Figure4.1.5:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforDemandbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperienced..................26Figure4.1.6:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CisforControlbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperienced....................27Figure4.1.7:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforManagerSupportbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperienced...27Figure4.1.8:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforPeerSupportbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperienced...........28Figure4.1.9:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforRelationshipsbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperienced..........28Figure4.2.1:PercentageswithinEachFactorofIllTreatmentWitnessed...................................................................................29

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Figure4.3.1:PercentageswithinEachCategoryofIllTreatmentPerpetrated............................................................................38Figure4.4.1:ComparisonofPercentageReportedforExperiencing,WitnessingandPerpetratingIllTreatment......................47

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ExecutiveSummaryThisstudyreplicatedtheBWBSinIreland,employingthesamequestionnaireandsamplingmethodology,inordertoestablishtheprevalenceofnegativeactsintheworkplaceinanationallyrepresentativesampleofIrishemployees.Thefocusofthestudyisworkplaceilltreatmentreceivedatleastonceovertheprevioustwoyears.Workplaceilltreatmenttakesmanyforms.Workplacebullyingisperhapsthemostwellresearchedaspectofworkplaceilltreatment,andhasbecomethedominantwayofconceptualisingtroubleatwork.Workplacebullyingisaproblemforpractitioners,academics,andmostsignificantly,itisaproblemforthosewhoexperienceorwitnessit.Thereisincontrovertibleevidencethatilltreatment,impactsnegativelyonworkerhealth.Manystudiescumulativelyattesttothetoxiceffectsofilltreatmentinworkonbothphysicalandmentalhealthandwellbeing.Despitethis,illtreatmentremainsprevalentinworkplacesinmanycountriesandorganisationalresponseistypicallypoor.In20011and20072,nationalsurveysonworkplacebullyingwereconductedinIreland.Thesestudiesfoundprevalenceratesof7%and7.9%respectively,employingaselflabellingmethod,inwhichrespondentswereasked,followingthepresentationofadefinition,tostatewhetherornottheyhavebeenbulliedinthepastsixmonths.Anumberofcontextualfactorsmakeanewsurveytimely.TheBritishWorkplaceBehaviourSurvey(BWBS)wasadministeredbyface-to-facestructuredinterviewtoarepresentativesampleofUKemployeesbetween2007and2008,gatheringdataondemographicfactors,jobandworkplacecharacteristics,respondents’viewsabouttheirlevelsofcontroloverthepaceandnatureoftheirwork,andaboutwhypeoplethinktheyareill-treatedintheirworkplaces.Thesurveyemployedabehaviouralchecklist,amendedfollowingcognitivetesting,andincludingeightitemson‘unreasonablemanagement’,11itemsmeasuring‘incivilityanddisrespect’andtwoitemson‘physicalviolence’.Thecognitivetestingelementwascriticaltoimprovingthevalidityoftheinstrument,andminimisedthepossibilityoferrorsinconceptualisationandinterpretationofitems.Respondentswerealsoaskediftheyhadwitnessedorperpetratedanyofthe21items.SurveyMethodologyAsurveyonanationalprobabilitysampleofemployeesaged18andoverwhohadworkedasemployeesintheprevioustwoyearswasundertaken.Acompletedsamplesizeof1,500withboostsfornon-Irishnationalsandpersonswithadisabilityresultedin1,764completingthesurvey.Thisrepresentedaresponserateof74%.Thesurveyresponseratewashighforasurveyofthisnature,comparingfavourablywithothernationalsurveysonworkplaceilltreatmentorbullying.Forexample,twopreviousIrishstudieshadresponseratesof23%3,55%4and36%5,whilesimilarUK-basedstudieshadratesof57%6and43%7.

1ReportoftheTaskForceonthePreventionofWorkplaceBullying.(2004).GovernmentPublications,Dublin2O’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocialResearchInstitute3O’Moore,M.,Lynch,J.,NicDaeid,N.,&Cahill,K.(2002).TheEffectsofBullyingBehaviourintheWorkplace:TheUseofResearchDatabasesandVictimImpactStatementsintheLegalProcess.ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonBullyingatWork.UniversityofLondon,England,23-24September20024ReportoftheTaskForceonthePreventionofWorkplaceBullying.(2004).GovernmentPublications,Dublin5O’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocialResearchInstitute6Fevre,R.,Lewis,D.,Robinson,A.&Jones,T.(2011).InsightintoIlltreatmentintheWorkplace:Patterns,CausesandSolutions.Cardiff:SchoolofSocialSciences,CardiffUniversity7Hoel,H.,Cooper,C.L.&Faragher,B.(2001).TheExperienceofBullyinginGreatBritain:TheImpactofOrganizationalStatus.EuropeanJournalofWorkandOrganizationalPsychology,10(4),443-465,DOI:10.1080/13594320143000780

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Thesampleprofilewasclosetonationalfigures,comprising51.5%malesand48.5%females,predominantly

Christian(84%)andofwhiteethnicity(89%).Amongbothmalesandfemales,6%reportedhavingadisability,

slightlyabovenationalfigures(4%),asaresultoftheboostappliedtopermitsubgroupanalysis.

TheBWBSscaleofilltreatmentitemswasinitiallypresentedatthestartoftheinterview,andthenre-presented

laterduringtheinterviewwhenparticipantswereaskedtoconfirmtheitemstheyhadinitiallyselected.Allitems

showedareducedresponseonconfirmationandtheaveragereductionwas35%.Thisisconsiderablyhigherthan

occurredintheUKsurvey,wheretheaveragereductionwasintheregionof13%.Thestudydemonstratesthat

themeasurementofworkplaceilltreatmentisculturallysensitiveandprevalenceneedstobeinterpretedinthis

light.

Experience,WitnessandPerpetrationofIllTreatmentIll-treatment(asmeasuredbyatleastoneitemonthe21itembehaviouralchecklist)wasexperiencedby43%of

participantswithintheprevioustwoyears.Unreasonablemanagementwasexperiencedby37%,incivilityor

disrespectby31.3%andphysicalviolenceby2.6%.Overlapoccurredbetweenthesefactors,particularlybetween

unreasonablemanagementandincivilityordisrespect(25.0%),and2%ofsurveyparticipantsexperienceditemsin

allthreecategories.ThefactorstructureobtainedintheBWBSwasconfirmedinthisstudy.TheBWBSprevalence

findingsofferadirectcomparison,andshowthatthelevelsinIrelandareslightlylowerthantheUK.Overall,the

UKstudy,conductedin2008,found54%ofparticipantshadexperiencedatleastoneaspectofilltreatment(one

item),with47%experiencingunreasonablemanagement,40%incivilityordisrespectand6%physicalviolence.

Theresultsforwitnessingilltreatmentindicatehigherlevelsthandirectexperience,consistentwithmostother

studiesthatmeasurewitnessingofilltreatment.Overall,48%ofrespondentswitnessedatleastonenegativeact,

with42%witnessingunreasonablemanagement,38%incivilityordisrespect,and5%witnessingviolence.The

levelsofwitnesswerelowerintheBWBSfortwofactors(overall38%,unreasonablemanagement28%,incivility

ordisrespect,32%).

Fewstudiesmeasureperpetration.Herewefoundthat17%reportedperpetratingatleastoneitemofill

treatment;14%admittoperpetratingunreasonablemanagement,9.5%incivilityordisrespect,0.5%perpetrating

physicalviolenceand0.5%allthreetypesofilltreatment.ThiscomparesunfavourablytotheBWBSwhereonly

12%overalladmittedperpetration,andonly7%admittedperpetrationofunreasonablemanagement,both

significantdifferences.

WorkplaceBullyingThedegreeof‘illtreatmentexperienced’isnotdirectlycomparabletopreviousnational(Irish)studies,which

measuredbullyingspecifically.ThetwopreviousIrishstudiesfoundlevelsof7%8

and7.9%9

ofrespondents

experiencedworkplacebullying,employingselflabellingmethods.Estimatesofbullyingarelowestwhenthe

methodemployedrequiresrespondentstoindicateiftheyhavebeenbulliedinadirectquestion(i.e.selflabel)

withadefinitionofbullying,andhigherwithbehaviouralchecklists.Theprevalenceoftwonegativeactsweekly,

takenasanindicatorofbullying,was9%,higherthanthe2007findingof7.9%andthe2001studyof7%10

,thus

implyinganincreaseinnegativeexperienceatwork,differencesinmeasurementnotwithstanding,andis

consistentwithexpectationsinthelightofthepressuresonemployeesduringandintheimmediateaftermathof

therecession.ThefindingreinforcesaUS-basedstudythatreportedthreateningandintimidatorycommunication

8

ReportoftheTaskForceonthePreventionofWorkplaceBullying.(2004).GovernmentPublications,Dublin

9

O’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocial

ResearchInstitute

10

ReportoftheTaskForceonthePreventionofWorkplaceBullying.(2004).GovernmentPublications,Dublin;O’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&

Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocialResearchInstitute

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andacultureoffearexperiencedduringtheeconomiccrises11,althoughtherearesurprisinglyfewstudiesoftheimpactofeconomiceventsorcyclesonworkplaceilltreatment.Theprevalenceoftwoitemsdaily,at2%isconsistentwithotherestimatesofseverebullying.12,13

RelationshipswithDemographicsandSectoralRiskFactorsGenderAlthoughwomenreportedslightlyhigherlevelsofbothexperiencingandwitnessingformostofthe21items,differenceswereonlysignificantinrelationtoexperienceforfouritemsandwitnessingforeightitems,andwhencomparedbyfactor(unreasonablemanagement,incivilityordisrespect,physicalviolence),genderdifferenceswerenotsignificant.Therewasagenderdifferenceobserved,wherewomenweremorelikelytoexperienceatleastanytwoitemsofilltreatmentdaily,whichcouldbeclassifiedasseverebullying.Inthemultivariateanalysiswomenweremorelikelytowitnessunreasonablemanagement.Theseresultsarebroadlyconsistentwithotherstudies.Whilesomestudiesshowgenderdifferencesthatfavourmen(i.e.menlesslikelytobebullied),overrepresentationofwomenastargetsofbullyingcanbeduetooverrepresentationofwomeninthesample14.Largerscale,representativestudiestypicallydonotreportgenderdifferencesacrosstheworkingpopulation.GenderwasnotadeterminantofbeingbulliedinthepreviousIrishnationalstudy15.Therewerenogenderdifferencesforperpetration.However,forasubsampleofrespondentswhomhadexperiencedthreeormorenegativeacts,andwhomwereaskedabouttheperpetratorofthoseacts,therewasastrongeffectforthepersonexperiencingilltreatmenttobethesamegenderastheperpetrator.EthnicityEthnicityshowedasignificantassociationwithboththeexperienceofandthewitnessingofeachofthethreeill-treatmentfactors.Thoseofblackormixedethnicityexperiencedthehighestriskforexperienceofunreasonablemanagement,andalsothehighestlevelsofwitnessingviolence.Asiansaremorelikelytoexperienceincivilityanddisrespectandalsophysicalviolence,aremorelikelytowitnessincivilityordisrespectandunreasonablemanagement,andmostlikelytoperpetrateunreasonablemanagement.ThemultivariateanalysisshowsthattheoddsofexperiencingviolenceareseventimesgreaterforAsiansworkersinIrelandthatotherethnicgroups.Forasubsampleofrespondentswhomhadexperiencedthreeormorenegativeacts,andwhomwereaskedabouttheperpetratorofthoseacts,therewasastrongeffectforthepersonexperiencingilltreatmenttobeofthesameethnicityastheperpetrator.AgeThetwopreviousIrishstudiesreportslightincreasedriskwithage,butdecliningwitholderworkingage(i.e.over55).Generally,therelationshipwithageisnotconclusive.Useofthethreefactorsorformsofilltreatmentpresentsamorenuancedpicture.Theresultsheredemonstratethatthose25-34yearsofageareatgreatestriskforexperience,witnessandperpetrationofunreasonablemanagement,andtoexperienceseverbullying(i.e.atleasttwonegativeactsdaily),whereasyoungerworkers(under25years)areatgreatestriskforexperienceofincivilityordisrespectandthoseaged35-44areatgreatestriskforexperiencingviolence.Thoseaged25-34weremostlikelytoperpetrateunreasonablemanagementandthose25-34weremorelikelytowitnessilltreatmentinanyofitsforms.

11Rouse,R.&Schuttler,R.(2009).CrisisCommunication.UniversityofPhoenix12Zapf,D.,Escartin,J.,Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.&Vartia,M.(2011).EmpiricalFindingsonPrevalenceandRiskGroupsofBullyingintheWorkplace.In:Einarsen,S.,HoelH.Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.)BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace.London:TaylorandFrancis13Nielsen,M.,Notelaers,G.,&Einarsen,S.(2011).MeasuringExposuretoWorkplaceBullying.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds).BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace:DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice.London:TaylorandFrancis14Zapf,D.,Escartin,J.,Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.&Vartia,M.(2011).EmpiricalFindingsonPrevalenceandRiskGroupsofBullyingintheWorkplace.In:Einarsen,S.,HoelH.Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.)BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace:DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice.London:TaylorandFrancis15O’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocialResearchInstitute

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EducationThosewithhigherlevelsofeducationalattainmentwereatsignificantlygreaterriskfordirectexperienceofviolence,butweremorelikelytowitnessbothviolenceandunreasonablemanagement.ThepreviousIrishsurveys(2001and2007)bothfoundhigherlevelsofselflabellingbullyingforthosewithhighereducationalattainment.DisabilityTherewasnoassociationwithdisability,eitherexperiencedorwitnessedindirectcontrasttotheBWBS,whichfoundsignificantassociationswithdisability,althoughthelimitationsofsamplesizearenoted.Only7%ofthesamplereportedhavingadisability.LocationTherearecuriousregionaleffects,withthoseinConnaughtorUlster16beingalmostfourtimesmorelikelytoexperienceviolenceorinjurycomparedtoDublinresidentsandthoseinalltheruralprovincesmorelikelytoexperienceallformsofilltreatmentthanthoseinDublin,exceptingviolenceandinjuryinMunster.Theeffectsarenotpresentforwitnessingilltreatment,exceptforsignificantlyhigherlevelsofwitnessofunreasonablemanagementinMunster17.TradeUnionTherewasanassociationbetweenthosewhoexperiencedunreasonablemanagementandviolenceorinjurywiththepresenceofatradeunionintheirworkplace,butnotforincivilityordisrespect.Allthreeformsofilltreatmentweremorelikelytobewitnessedinorganisationswithtradeunions.Althoughnotdirectlycomparable,thisisinterestingtonoteinthecontextofthefindingfromtheFairTreatmentstudyintheUK,thattradeunionmembersweremorelikelytoreportbullying18.OrganisationSizeTheexperienceofbothunreasonablemanagementandincivilitywasgreatestinsmallorganisations(10-49employees),butbothweremorelikelytobewitnessedinmedium-sizedinorganisations(50-249employees).Violencewasmostlikelytobeexperiencedandwitnessedinlarge(greaterthan250employees)organisations.Thispresentsamorenuancedpicturetothecommonlyreportedfindingthatbullyingismoreprevalentinlargeorganisations.SectorTheexperienceofIlltreatmentwasmoreprevalentinthevoluntarysectorintheformofunreasonablemanagementbutinthepublicsectorforviolenceandinjury.Themultivariateanalysisconfirmsthisforviolence,whichisalmostfivetimesmorelikelytobeexperiencedinthepublicsector.Theonlyrelationshipbetweenwitnessingilltreatmentandsectorwasforviolenceinthepublicsector.Unreasonablemanagementwas2.5morelikelytobeperpetratedinthepublicsector.Thesectoraleffectsdemonstratedinotherstudies,wereseenhereonlyfortheexperienceofunreasonablemanagementwhichwasmostcommoninhealthandsocialservices,followedbyfinancialservicesandconstruction,andlesslikelytobeexperiencedintheagriculturalsector.BothoftheearlierIrishstudiesfoundHealthandSocialservicestobewellaboveaverageintermsofreportedbullying.However,theeducationalsectorshowedlowerlevelsofilltreatmentcomparedtothelevelsofbullyingfoundinthepreviousIrishstudies.Thehealthandsocialservicesectoralsodisplayedthehighestlevelsofwitnessedilltreatmentfollowedbypublicadministration/defenceandfinancialservices.Witnessing,however,alsohadsignificantsectoralassociationsforviolence,withhealthandsocialserviceagainhavinghigherlevels,butfollowedbyagriculture,whichislowforexperiencingotherformsofilltreatment.

16WesternandNortherncounties;Galway,Leitrim,Roscommon,Mayo,Sligo,Fermanagh,MonaghanandDonegal17SouthWestandSouthEastcounties:Clare,Cork,Kerry,Limerick,TipperaryandWaterford18Fevre,R.,Lewis,D.,Robinson,A.&Jones,T.(2011).InsightintoIlltreatmentintheWorkplace:Patterns,CausesandSolutions.Cardiff:SchoolofSocialSciences,CardiffUniversity

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BullyingWorkplacebullying,asmeasuredbyatleast2itemsweeklyonthe21-iteminstrumentwasmeasuredfordirectexperienceonlyandmorelikelytobeexperiencedbythosewithmanagerialorsupervisorydutiesandthoseinmedium-sizedorganisations(50-249employees).Severebullying(atleasttwoitemsdaily)wasmorelikelytobeexperiencedbywomen,bythoseinlargeorganisations(greaterthan250employees)andthoseagedbetween25and34years.ManagerialWorkThosehavingmanagerialdutiesreportedhigherlevelsofwitnessingallill-treatmentfactorsandtheseweresignificantforunreasonablemanagementandincivility.Similarly,workerswithmanagerialdutiesweremorelikelytoperpetrateunreasonablemanagementandincivility.Significantlyhigherpercentagesofthoseinprofessionaloccupations,thoseinpersonalservicesandthosewithpermanentjobsreportedwitnessingviolence.OrganisationCultureThedegreetowhichanorganisationisseentotreatpeopleasindividuals,putstheneedsoftheorganisationbeforetheneedsofpeopleanddoesordoesnotrequireemployeestocompromisetheirprinciplesiscalledtheFAREscore(akatheBWBSreport).Allrelationshipsbetweentheseitemsandboththeexperienceofilltreatmentandthewitnessingofilltreatment,intheformsofunreasonablemanagementandincivilityordisrespectweresignificant.Participantsstatingthattheneedsoftheirorganisationalwayscomefirstare3.5timesmorelikelytoexperienceunreasonablemanagementandthosewhofeeltheirprinciplesarecompromisedinworkareoverfourtimesmorelikelytoexperienceincivilityanddisrespect.Perpetrationofunreasonablemanagementandincivilitywasassociatedwiththeneedsoftheorganisationcomingfirst,havingtocompromiseone’sprinciples,perceivingpeoplenotbeingtreatedasindividuals,andhavinglesscontroloverworkorpaceofwork.TheBWBSalsofoundsimilarrelationshipswithFAREitems,providingstrongevidencefortheimportanceoftheworkenvironmentasadeterminantofthewayinwhichpeoplearetreatedinwork.Bothstudiesshowclearrelationshipsbetweennegativeworkingconditionsandhigherlevelofilltreatment.ExperiencingandwitnessingviolenceandinjurywasassociatedwithonlysomeFAREitems:havingtocompromiseyourprinciples,notbeingtreatedasanindividual,controlofworkpaceandqualitystandardswereassociatedwithdirectexperienceofviolence.Theweakerrelationshipswithviolenceareborneoutinthemultivariateanalysisforbothexperienceandwitnessingilltreatment.Thosewhoreportthepaceoftheirworkhasincreasedoverthepastyearareninetimesmorelikelytoexperienceviolence.TheresultsareconsistentwiththeBWBS.AsimilarpatternofrelationshipswasalsodemonstratedwiththeWorkPositiveitems,althoughthemultivariateanalysisshowedstrongerrelationshipsbetweentheexperienceofunreasonablemanagementandofincivilityanddisrespectthanviolence.Whereparticipantsreportedthreeormoreitemsamoredetailedanalysisofperpetrationofilltreatmentwasenabledbyfollowingtheseupwithafurtherthreeroundsofquestions.Thisanalysishighlightedthatthoseexperiencingilltreatmentweremorelikelytobetargetedbyindividualsoftheirowngenderandtheirownbroadethnicgroup.Unreasonablemanagementwassignificantlymorelikelytobereportedasbeingperpetratedbysuperiorsandlesslikelybyco-workersandclients.Incivilityanddisrespectwasmorelikelyfromco-workersandclients.Violencewaslesslikelyfromsuperiorsandco-workersbut17timesmorelikelyfromclients.Clientsweremorelikelytohavebeenreportedasperpetratorsbymanagersthannon-managers,however,althoughnotstatisticallysignificant,thisisreversedforincidencesofviolencewithnonmanagersmorelikelytoreportclientsasresponsible.Perceivedreasonsforilltreatmentvariedacrosstheill-treatmentfactors.Significantreasonsforincivilityincludedexclusionbyagrouporclique,theperpetrator’sattitudeorpersonality,thenationalitythepersonexperiencingthebehaviour,theirethicgroup,ortheiraccent,addressorsocialclass.Havingalong-termillnessorhealthissue

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wasasignificantperceivedreasonforviolence.Otherperceivedreasonsforviolencewereit’sjustthewaythingsareatwork,thegenderofthepersonexperiencingtheilltreatment,andtheirethnicgroup.Casestudies:PolicyandPractice,EffectivenessandImplementationThecasestudyphaseoftheprojectaimedtoexploretheexperiencesofpeoplewithinkeysectorswhereilltreatmentisparticularlyprevalentandwithasubstantialimpactonhealth,inordertoinformmeaningfulandworkablesolutions.Thecasestudiesaimedtoidentifyrelevantpoliciesinplaceinthesampledorganisations(aspertheBWBS,theorganisationswerelargeorganisations(i.e.250-500employees),toexplorethepracticesthatderivefromandaroundthesepolicies,andtheimplementationofpoliciesontheground.IntheBWBS,thepublicsectorwasclearlyatgreaterriskforbothviolenceandincivility,andthevoluntarysectorforviolence.Healthandsocialworkweresimilarlyathighriskforallthreetypesofilltreatment.Therefore,itwasdecidedtopurposivelyidentifythreeorganisations,atleastonefromthepublicsector,atleastonevoluntaryorganisation,andatleastoneofthesebeingahealth/socialserviceprovider.Inthiswaythreeorganisationswereidentified.Staffmemberswhowereinterestedinbeinginterviewed,followingonopencallmadebytheresearchteam,madedirectcontactwiththeresearcherconductingtheinterviews,andthisconfidentialAllinterviewswereconductedinperson(face-to-face)andrecorded(withpermission),transcribedandsubjectedtoathematicanalysis.Audiotapeswerethentranscribedverbatim.Eachorganisationalsoprovidedrelevantcopiesofrelevantpolicies:theDignityatWorkpolicyinadditiontosupportingpolicies(forexampleDisciplinary,Grievance,CodeofConduct).Inthefirstorganisation,VORG1,anon-statutory,voluntaryorganisationthathasprovidedsocialcaresupportsandservicestoclientswhomexperienceawiderangeofdisabilities,sevenstaffparticipated.Theoverallthrustofthepolicyanalysisandtheinterviewdatawasthattheorganisationhasacommitmenttoprotectingemployeesfromilltreatmentandnoflagrantexamplesofseriousilltreatment,forexample,intimidationorpredatorybullying,weredescribedoralludedto.However,therewereissuesinrelationtoworkingrelationshipsandprotectionofstaff.Themainthemesthatemergedwere‘Reluctancetomanage,reluctancetoreport’,‘Overpolicedyetunderprotectedand‘Returntocorevaluestomoveforward’.TheparticipantsinVORG1feltthatilltreatmentrevolvedaroundmanagementdifficulties,forexamplemanagersnotmanagingwellandstaffbeingresistanttobeingmanaged.Whiletherewassomereferenceto‘difficultconversations’takingplace,therewerealsomanyreferencestoissuesthatwerenotdealtwithadequatelyoratall.Additionally,therewerereferencestostaffbeingreluctanttotakeill-treatmentissuesforwarddespitepolicycoverage.Itwasconsideredthatilltreatmentwouldbebetteraddressedwithintheorganisationbyimprovedmanagementtechnique,andnotjustleavingthingstofesterortobeignored.Itwasagreedbyallintervieweesthatpolicywasplentiful.Policywasseentobebroadlyspeaking,accessible,theretoprovidenecessarysafeguards,anddescribedashavingbeendevisedinpartnershipwithtradeunions.However,thecommentsaboutpolicywerenotwhollypositive,withsomesignificantgapsincoverage,forexampleprotectionfromverbalabusebyfamiliesofclients.Theethosoftheorganisationpresentedconflictsforstaffinthisrespect,beingtheretosupportfamiliesandclients,yetfindingthemselveshavingtolooktopolicytodealwithnegativebehavioursfromthegroup.

Thesecondorganisation,PBS2,isoneof31publicserviceorganisationsprovidinglocalgovernment,administrationandarangeofservices.Itconsistsofelectedmembersandpaidstaffnumbering1,200,overseenbyoneCEOwho,withamanagementteamoften,isexpectedtoimplementpolicyaslaiddownbylocallyelectedrepresentatives.Eleveninterviewstookplacehere.Allelevenparticipantshadnodifficultydescribingilltreatmentintheworkplace.Interpersonalilltreatmentsuchasverbalaggression,lackofmanners,physicalabuseandrudenesswereallcatalogued.Physicalviolenceandintimidationwasacknowledgedasilltreatment,withsomeparticipantswitnessingsuchbehaviours.Directpredatorybullyingwasalsomentioned,interpretedasanabuseofpositionsofauthority.Participantsalsorecognisedwork-relatedilltreatment,forexamplebeingpassedoverforpromotion,nothavingajobdescription,notbeinggiventasksappropriatetoskills,underminingpeers,unreasonablesupervision,andwithholdinginformation.Withoneexception,allparticipantsperceivedill

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treatmenttobeveryprevalent,evennormalised,inPBS2.Datawassortedintothreethemes:‘Culture:Demi-Godsandspinningtops’,‘Theskilledmanagerhavingtheskilledconversation’and‘Youcan’tunringarungbell’.Inthissetofinterviews,allparticipantseitherexplicitlymentionedoralludedtothecultureintheorganisationwhentalkingaboutilltreatment.Anautocraticcultureofconformityandobediencewasobserved,seentobeoutdatedandpunitive.Theculturewasdescribedasonewherepowerandstatustookprecedenceoverfunctionandutility.Itwasrecognisedthatthereisaneedforearlyandproactiveintervention,predominately,butnotexclusively,intheinterviewswithmembersofmanagement.Participantswerestronglysupportiveofthenotionthattrainingformanagersisneededindealingeffectivelywithilltreatment.Thethirdthemewastherecognitionofthefactthatilltreatment,inparticularpredatorybullying,isinherentlyproblematic.AcceptingthatitcantaketimeandcouragetoraiseanissuewithHR(informallyorformally)aboutacolleague,thatthetargetmaywellbeinfearof,theproceduresthenmustallowfortheallegedperpetratortorespond.Participantscouldseethattherewasatensionbetweentheprincipleofnaturaljusticeandtheintentunderpinningtheinformalandformalprocedurestoprotectworkersfromilltreatment.Theprocessisunavoidablyadversarialandaccordingtotheparticipantsfrommanagement‘therearenowinners’.Little,however,wasofferedbywayofanalternativesetofprocedures.Thethirdorganisation,STH3,isastatutoryhealthserviceproviderforarangeofhealthservicesforacatchmentareaofonemillionpeople.Theorganisationispartofthewidergroupofacuteproviders,allofwhomare,inturn,partofthenationalacutehealthcarestructure.Anexecutivegroupcouncilmanagesthewidergroup,andthetwositesinvolvedinthisstudyareunderthedirectionofonegeneralmanager.Elevenparticipantswereinterviewed,understandingilltreatmentasbothinterpersonalaggressionandwork-related.Participantsgavevaryingaccountsregardingprevalenceandimpact.Fourthemescouldbefoundinthedata:Contrastingperspectives,cliques,andthe(un)caringorganisation,‘It’sallaboutthehierarchy’,‘Thedifficultyiswedon’timplementthemwell’and‘Wellno,that’stobeaddressedbythelinemanager’.AverydiversepictureemergedfromSTH3withregardtotheprevalenceofilltreatment.Fivepeoplebelievedilltreatmenttobeveryprevalent,even‘endemic’,fivethatitwasn’tprevalent,withoneuncertain.Theperspectivesthatilltreatmentwasn’tprevalentcamemainly,butnotexclusively,frommanagement.Thecompetingperspectiveswereatleastpartiallyexplainedbytheperceptionofwhatconstitutedilltreatment.Sowhilesomeparticipantssawinterpersonalconflictasilltreatment,othersdidnot.ThosewhoworkedinHRacknowledgedthatthereare‘disagreements’betweenlinemanagersandemployeesalthoughdidnotclassifythisasilltreatment.Alsosomework-relatedilltreatment,whileidentifiedasilltreatment,wasnotthoughttooccuronanyregularbasis.Acutehospitalserviceshaveaverywiderangeoffunctionalunits,teamswithinunits,professionalgroups,andcross-disciplinaryteams.One’sperceptionregardingilltreatment,bothwhatitisandhowprevalentitis,dependsonwhereapersonworksintheservice,andwhomtheyworkwith.Consistentlyacrossallinterviews,gender,age,socialclass,disabilityandsexualorientationweredismissedasreasonsfororflashpointsforilltreatment.Equallyconsistently,theexistenceof‘cliques’wasacknowledged,eitherinthecontextofdifferentprofessionalgroupings,orwithinworkunits.Relatedly,participantssawilltreatmenttooccurinthecontextofpositionalpower,andsawthistobeunsurprising,eveninevitableinahierarchical,traditionalorganisation.Staffareexpectedtodowhatthoseabovetheminthehierarchytellthem,andpositionismoreimportantthanrespectfultreatment.Mostintervieweeswerefamiliarwiththepolicyandproceduresdealingwithworkplacebullying,andconsideredthepoliciestobeaccessible.However,therewereclearlyimplementationissues.Participantsspokeoffear:fearoffurthervictimisationorilltreatment,fearofbeingperceivedasatroublemaker,andfearthatconfidentialitywaslacking.PeopledowanttobringtheissuetotheattentionofamanagerorHRbutthendonotwishtoriskexposure.Anotherconcernwasthatthatifaformalissuewasraised,whiletheemployeewouldbelistenedto,noactionwouldbetaken.FinallytherewasevidenceoftensionbetweenlinemanagersandHR.Confusionaboutrolesandresponsibilitieswerenoted,withlinemanagersreferringdifficultiestoHR,andHRmaintaininglinemanagerswereresponsibleforsolvingproblems.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the work of the following contributors to this research:

Steering GroupDr M Hodgins, NUI GalwayDr L Pursell, NUI GalwayDr V Hogan, NUI GalwayDr S MacCurtain, University of LimerickDr P Mannix-McNamara, University of LimerickProfessor D Lewis, Plymouth UniversityP Murray, Health & Safety AuthorityDr V Batt, HPRCProfessor M Sheehan (Jan 2014–Jul 2014)Professor T Dundon (Jan 2014–Oct 2014)

Research AssistantsK Fox (Part-time) Jun–Sept 2015C Slattery (Part-time) Apr–Jun 2016C Silke (Part-time) May–Jul 2016A Gallagher (Full-time) Oct 2016A Beckwith (Full-time) Oct–Dec 2016

Fieldwork and data collectionAmárach Research

Sampling design, data weighting and sampling technical reportDr Dorothy Watson, ESRI

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IRISHWORKPLACEBEHAVIOURSTUDY

1IntroductionWorkplacebullyingisaproblem.Itisproblemforpractitioners,suchasoccupationalhealthorworkplacehealthpromotionspecialists,whohavetodevelopsuitablepoliciesandinterventionstopreventormanageitontheground.Itisaproblemforacademics,whodebateandargueabouthowtodefineit,measureit,andunderstandwhatcausesit.And,mostparticularly,itisaproblemforthosewhoexperienceorwitnessit,giventheclearevidenceofdeleteriouseffectsonbothphysicalandmentalhealthandwell-being,leadingoneoftheprimaryresearchersinthefieldtoclaimthatexposuretobullyinginworkisamorecripplingproblemforemployeesthanallotherkindsofwork-relatedstressputtogether.19In200120and200721,nationalsurveysonworkplacebullyingwereconductedinIreland.Thesestudiesfoundprevalenceratesof7%and7.9%respectively,employingaselflabellingmethod,inwhichrespondentswereaskedfollowingthepresentationofadefinitiontostatewhetherornottheyhavebeenbulliedinthepastsixmonths.Anumberofcontextualfactorsmakeanewsurveytimely.Irelandwasoneofthefirstcountriestoentertheglobalrecessionin2008.Followingunprecedentedeconomicgrowthinthe1990s,whichledtopropertydevelopment,housebuildingandrisingpricesandloans,Irelandwaslefthighlyexposedwithconsequentbankinglossesandfiscaldeficit.Irelandsaw,in2008,aGDPcontractionof1.5%andfurtherquarter-on-quarterdeclinesleadingtoacumulativefallof10%,22alongsiderecordunemploymentlevelsandincreasesinunderemploymentandprecariousemployment.23Economicrecessionisassociatedwithincreasedworkpressure,increasesinresponsibilityandautonomy,andthereforeonemightreasonablyexpect,changesinworkplacebullying.Since2007theliteratureonmeasuringworkplacebullyinghasburgeoned.Whilemanyprevalencestudieshavebeenconducted,therehasbeenapreponderanceofstudiesemployingopportunisticsamples,lowresponserates,orusingnon-standardisedinstruments.Therecontinuestobeaneedforstudiesthataremethodologicallyrigorous,employingrepresentativesamplesandvalidatedinstruments.Further,itisnowapparentthatthe

19Zapf,D.,Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.&Vartia,M.(2003).EmpiricalFindingsonBullyingintheWorkplace.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.).BullyingandEmotionalAbuseintheWorkplace.London:TaylorandFrancis20ReportoftheTaskForceonthePreventionofWorkplaceBullying.(2004).GovernmentPublications,Dublin21O’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocialResearchInstitute22Barret,A.&McGuinness,S.(2012).TheIrishLabourMarketandtheGreatRecession.https://www.esri.ie/pubs/JACB201234.pdf23SocialJusticeIreland:https://www.socialjustice.ie/content/policy-issues/long-term-unemployment-crisis-and-precarious-employment-problematic

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frequenciesreportedinprevalencestudiesdependonhowworkplacebullyingismeasured.Estimatesarelowestwhenthemethodemployedrequiresrespondentstoindicateiftheyhavebeenbulliedinadirectquestion(i.e.selflabel)withadefinitionofbullying;higherwithbehaviouralchecklistsandhighestagainwithselflabellingwherenodefinitionissupplied24.Behaviouralchecklistsaremorecommonlyusedinthiscontextsincetheyavoidthedifficultieswithselflabelling,forexampledifferentpersonalthresholdsforlabelling,whichareinfluencedbypersonalityandemotionalfactors.Researchershavelargelymovedawayfromtheselflabellingmethod,makinganewstudytimely.Finally,ithasbecomeapparentthattheconstructof‘bullying’maybetoonarrowtocapturethedamagedoneinworkplacestoemployeesinrelationtohowtheyaretreatedandhowtheytreatoneanother.Thereisconsiderableoverlapbetweenbullyingandconstructssuchasincivility,psychologicalharassmentandabusivesupervision,whichalsohavebeendemonstratedtohavenegativeeffectsonhealth.Witnessingbullyinghasbeenshownalsotoaffecthealthinanadversemanner.Thisandthepossiblepsychologicaldefencesthatcomeintoplaywhenapersonisaskedtorespondtothequestion‘haveyoubeenbullied’,callsfortheuseofavalidatedquestionnaireintheformofabehaviouralchecklist,whichincludesarangeofnegativeactsorbehaviours.TheBritishWorkplaceBehaviourSurvey(BWBS)wasadministeredbyface-to-facestructuredinterviewtoarepresentativesampleofUKemployeesbetween2007and2008,gatheringdataondemographicfactors,jobandworkplacecharacteristics,respondents’viewsabouttheirlevelsofcontroloverthepaceandnatureoftheirwork,andaboutwhypeoplethinktheyareill-treatedintheirworkplaces.Thesurveyemployedabehaviouralchecklist,amendedfollowingcognitivetesting,andincludingeightitemson‘unreasonablemanagement’,11itemsmeasuring‘incivilityanddisrespect’andtwoitemson‘physicalviolence’.Thecognitivetestingelementwascriticaltoimprovingthevalidityoftheinstrument,andminimisedthepossibilityoferrorsinconceptualisationandinterpretationofitems.Respondentswerealsoaskediftheyhadwitnessedorperpetratedanyofthe21items.ThisstudyaimstoreplicatetheBWBSinIreland,employingthesamequestionnaireandsamplingmethodology,inordertoestablishtheprevalenceofnegativeactsintheworkplaceinanationallyrepresentativesampleofIrishemployees.Specificobjectivesforthesurveyinclude:1.TomeasuretheprevalenceofthedirectexperienceofnegativeactsinarepresentativesampleofIrishemployees,employingthesamedesign,measurementinstrumentandsamplingstrategyasusedintheBWBS.2.Tocompareprevalenceacrossvarioussubgroupswithintheworkingpopulation:menandwomen,youngerandolderworkers,andbetweenworkersandgroupsfoundintheBWBStobevulnerabletoilltreatment,(forexamplepeoplewithdisabilitiesandlong-termhealthconditions).3.Tocompareprevalenceacrossoccupationalgroupsandsectors.4.Toexploretherelationshipbetweenexperienceofilltreatmentandriskfactorsforworkplacestress5.TomeasuretheprevalenceofthewitnessingofnegativeactsinarepresentativesampleofIrishemployees.6.TomeasuretheprevalenceoftheselfreportedperpetrationofnegativeactsinarepresentativesampleofIrishemployees.

24NielsenMB.,MatthiesenSB.&Einarsen,S.(2010).TheImpactofMethodologicalModeratorsonPrevalenceRatesofWorkplaceBullying:Ameta-analysis.JournalofOccupationalandOrganizationalPsychology,83(4):955-79

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2SurveyMethodologyThisprojectinvolvedasurveyofanationalprobabilitysampleofemployeesfocusingonworkplacebehaviour.Thepopulationforthesurveyconsistsofpeopleaged18andoverwhohadworkedasemployeesintheprevioustwoyears,withacompletedsamplesizeof1,500.Inadditiontothegeneralsampleatleast200non-Irishnationalsand74personswithadisabilityweresampled.

2.1SamplingFrameThereisnonationalregisterofemployeesorofpersonsinIreland.SurveysofthegeneralpopulationlivinginprivatehouseholdsrelyonsamplesdrawnfromtheGeoDirectory.ThisisajointprojectofAnPostandOrdnanceSurveyIreland,andlistsalladdressesinIrelandwithanidentifierforresidentialaddresses.TheGISco-ordinatesofeachaddressareavailableontheGeoDirectory,aswellasotherregionalidentifierssuchascounty,electoraldivisionandtownland.OneaspectoftheGeoDirectoryrelevantforthecalculationofgrosssamplesizeisthatitdoesnotidentifyallvacantaddresses.AccordingtoCensus2011,15.05percentofresidentialaddressesinIrelandarevacant.TheGeoDirectory(Q22014release)identifiesonly5.65percentofresidentialaddressesasvacantorholidayhomes.Thus,itwouldbeexpectedthatapproximately9.4percentofsampledaddressesselectedwouldbevacant.Thereisnowaytoidentifytheseinadvanceoffieldwork,thereforethiswasallowedforincalculatingthegrosssamplesize.

2.2SampleDesignandDataCollectionThesamplerequiredwasaprobabilisticorstatisticalsampleofprimarysamplingunits,orclustersofaddresses,withfourstartingaddressesselectedineachclusterfromwhichfiveresponseswouldbegeneratedusingarandomroutemethodology.Theclusteringandrandomroutemethodwaschoseninordertomaximisetheefficiencyoffieldwork–reducingthetimeandcostofinterviewertravel.Thestagesinsampleselectionwere:Stage1:Selectionof160clustersorprimarysamplingunits(PSUs).Clustersconsistofgeographicallycontiguousaddressesthatliewithintheboundariesofcountiesingroupswithaminimumof500residentialaddresses.Clustersareselectedinproportiontothenumberofresidentialaddressesinthecluster.Priortoselection,theclustersweresortedbylocation(countyandlocationwithincounty)andsocio-economicstatus(socio-economicgroup,matchedonfromtheCensus2011smallareapopulationstatistics).Thisprovidedanimplicitstratificationbylocation(whichiscorrelatedwithpopulationdensity)andsocio-economicstatus.Clusterswereselectedusingsystematicsamplingfollowingarandomstart.Stage2:Selectionoffourstartaddresseswithineachcluster.Sincetheclustersthemselveswereselectedwithprobabilityproportionaltosize,theselectionofanequalnumberofstartaddresseswithineachclusterresultsineachaddresshavinganequalprobabilityofselection.Inthefield,interviewersfolloweddetailedinstructionsinordertogenerateuptofiveinterviewsfromeachstartingaddress.Stage3:Selectionoftheindividualforinterviewinthehousehold.Inlinewithbestpractice,oneemployeeaged18oroverwasselectedforinterviewineachhousehold,usingarandomproceduresuchasthe‘lastbirthday’rule.Thenumberofclustersandthenumberofaddressesperclusterwereselectedsoastoensurethemostefficientuseoffieldworkresourceswhilstachievingasufficientlylargesamplesize.AllfieldworkwasconductedbymarketresearchcompanyAmárachResearchbetweenMay-September2015.Face-tofaceinterviewswereconductedinparticipant’shomes.

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2.3SurveyInstrumentThequestionnaireincluded:

• Screeningquestionsrelatedtoworkingstatus• Demographicquestions(age,gender,educationalstatus,income,ethnicity,religion,mainlanguage,etc.)25• BWBSScale(modifiedNegativeActsQuestionnaire)comprising21itemsofilltreatment:

- Experienceofthe21itemswithscaledresponseoptions(never,justonce,nowandthen,monthly,daily)

- Confirmedexperienceofthe21items(yes/no)- Witnessingthe21items(yes/no)- Perpetratingthe21items(yes/no)

• Roleatwork(managerialduties,jobpermanence,occupation)• Sector,occupationalgroup,public/private• Natureoftheworkplace(sizeoforganisation,staffcomposition)• Workconditions(controlatwork,paceandintensityofwork)• Predictorsofworkplacestress(WorkPositivemeasure,31items)

ScreeningquestionsAnumberofscreeningquestionswereemployedatthestartofthequestionnaire:workingstatus,employee/employerstatus;full/parttimestatus,inordertoscreenoutthoseneveremployed,notemployedinpasttwoyearsorselfemployed.DemographicquestionsandworkplacecharacteristicsParticipantswereaskedabouttheirgender,theirage,ethnicity,education,disability,placeofresidence(province)andtheirincomecategory.Participantsalsoprovidedinformationonthetypeandsizeoforganisationtheyworkedin(currentormostrecent),thecompositionoftheworkforce,theirstatus(managerialornot),theirjobpermanenceandtheirmembershipofatradeunion.BWBSscale-Experiencing,witnessingandcarryingoutilltreatmentitemsThequestionnaireincludedascalefromasurveyconductedinBritain(BWBSsurvey)26thatcomprisedamodifiedversionoftheNegativeActsQuestionnairedevisedbyEinarsenetal(2009)27Participantswereaskedtorespondwhethertheyhadexperienced21items(Q1)describingilltreatmentona5-pointscale(1:Never;2:Justonce;3:Nowandthen;4:Monthly;5:Weekly;6:Daily)thiswasfollowedbyaskingiftheyhadwitnessed(Q2)thesameitems(responseoptions:1=Yes/0=No)andtheniftheyhadperpetrated(Q3)thesameitemsofbehaviour(responseoptions:1=Yes/0=No).Theoriginalquestion(Q1)askingparticipantstorespondiftheyhadexperiencedtheitemswasrepeatedusingayes/noresponseoption(Q4)toconfirmtheoriginalreportofexperiences.These‘confirmatoryresponses’weretheonesemployedinthedataanalysis.FAREitemsParticipantswereaskedaseriesofquestionsconcerningtheirperceptionoftheirworkplaceandtheirwork,basedonitemsusedintheUKbasedFairTreatmentatWorksurvey28,andalsoemployedintheBWBSsurvey,termed25SexualorientationwascoveredintheBWBSbutnotintheIWBS,itwasconsideredtoosensitiveasubjecttoincludeinaface-to-facesurveyinIrelandatthetime.26Fevre,R.,Lewis,D.,Robinson,A.&Jones,T.(2011).InsightintoIlltreatmentintheWorkplace:Patterns,CausesandSolutions.Cardiff:SchoolofSocialSciences,CardiffUniversity27Einarsen,S.&Raknes,B.I.(1997).HarassmentintheWorkplaceandtheVictimisationofMen.ViolenceandVictims.12(3),247-263andEinarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,&Notelaers,G.(2009).MeasuringBullyingandHarassmentatWork:Validity,FactorStructure,andPsychometricPropertiesoftheNegativeActsQuestionnaire-Revised.Work&Stress,23(1),24-4428Fevre,R.,Nichols,T.,Prior,G.&Rutherford,I.(2009).FairTreatmentatWorkReport:Findingsfromthe2008Survey.EmploymentRelationsResearchSeriesNo.103.DepartmentforBusiness,InnovationandSkills,London

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theFAREitems29.Theyexplorethedegreetowhichindividualworkersperceivetheymatterinanorganisationandalsotheircontroloverpaceandintensityofwork.WorkPositiveitemsWorkPositiveisariskassessmenttoolthatmeasuresriskfactorsforwork-relatedstress.IthasbeendevelopedbytheHealthandSafetyAuthority30,basedontheHSE(UK)managementtool31,whichinturnisbasedonanevidencereviewthatidentifiedandisolatedkeycausalfactorsforwork-relatedstress.Thesixfactorsaredemands,control,support,relationshipsandrolechange.Anadaptedversionwasincludedinthequestionnaire.Themeasurecomprises35questions,andtheadaptedversionusedherecontains31items(Allitems,seeAppendix1).

2.4SampleWeightsDatafromallsamplesurveysmustbereweightedorstatisticallyadjustedpriortoanalysis.Thepurposeofthisadjustmentistocompensateinthecompletedsampleforanypotentialbiasesthatmayoccurduetosamplingerrorordifferentialresponseratesamongsub-groupsofthepopulation.Thisprocessensuresthatthecompletedsampleisrepresentativeofthetargetpopulationfromwhichithasbeenselected.Theweightingofthedatainvolvedcalibratingthesampletopopulationcontroltotalsusinganapproachbasedonaminimuminformationlossalgorithm.ThepopulationcharacteristicsusedascontrolswerederivedfromtheQuarterlyNationalHouseholdSurvey(QNHS)fromQ2,2015.TheQuarterlyNationalHouseholdSurveyisdesignedtoprovideinformationonthelabourforceandisthemostreliableandup-to-datenationalsourceofdataforthispurpose.Therewere16,446employeesinthesecondquarteroftheQNHSin2015.Theweightingparameters,asshowninTable2.1,included:

• Genderbyagegroup• Genderbypresenceofdisability• GenderbywhetheranIrishnational• Genderbyeducation• Genderbyoccupation• Genderbynumberofchildren• Region

There-calibrationisconductedusingtheReGeneseesprogrammeinR,developedattheItalianNationalInstituteofStatistics.32Thisisanopen-sourceprogrammefordesign-basedandmodel-assistedanalysisofcomplexsamplingsurveys,whichincorporatesasub-routineforcalibrationofsamples(Zardetto,2014)33.There-calibrationinvolvedconstructingweightssothatthedistributionofthesecharacteristicsinthesample(showninthelastcolumnofTable2.1)matchedthoseoftheQNHS(showninthesecondcolumnoffigures).Inconstructingtheweights,the‘logit’distancefunctionwasusedandweightswereconstrainedtorangefrom0.2to5timestheaverageweight.

29Fevre,R.,Lewis,D.,Robinson,A.&Jones,T.(2011).InsightintoIlltreatmentintheWorkplace:Patterns,CausesandSolutions.Cardiff:SchoolofSocialSciences,CardiffUniversity30WorkPositiveProject,HealthandSafetyAuthorityhttp://www.hsa.ie/eng/Workplace_Health/Workplace_Stress/Work_Positive/Work_Positive_Project_2008-2009/31HSEindicatortoolwww.hse.gov.uk/stress/standards/pdfs/indicatortool.pdf32ReGeneseeswasdevelopedasanopen-sourcesubstitutionfortheSAS-basedversionofGENESEES,tocalibratesampleobservationsandtocalculatesamplingvariance.IthasbeenusedatISTATsince2007.ReGeneseesisavailableatJOINUP—theEuropeanCommissionopensourcesoftwarerepositoryhttps://joinup.ec.europa.eu/software/regenesees/description.Furtherinformationcanbefoundat:http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/display/msis/ReGenesees

33Zardetto,D.(2014).PackageReGenesees:RevolvedGeneralizedsoftwareforsamplingestimatesanderrorsinsurveys.Availableathttp://www.istat.it/en/files/2014/03/ReGenesees.pdf

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AscanbeseenbycomparingthepercentagesfromtheQNHStothepercentagesfromthesample,thesampleisgenerallyquiteclosetothenationalfigures.Themainadjustmentneededwastooccupationalcategory.Amongfemales,employeesinsalesandcustomerserviceswereoverrepresentedcomparedtotheQNHSwhilemalesinelementary(unskilled)occupationswereoverrepresentedcomparedtothenationalfigures.Twoweightingvariableswereprovidedonthedataset:‘Weight’sumstothesamplesize(1764)andhasameanof1;‘Gross’sumstothepopulationsize(1,551,601)andhasameanof880.‘Weight’=Gross/880.Table2.1:CalibrationTotalsUsedForConstructionofWeightson2015WorkplaceBehaviourSurvey

QNHSQ22015,Employees WorkplaceSurvey

(N,‘000s) %employees Ncases%of

sample

Sexbyage Male,15-24 53.7 3% 55 3%Male,25-34 209.2 13% 251 14%Male,35-44 231.5 15% 255 14%Male,45-54 168.0 11% 189 11%Male,55andup 103.0 7% 158 9%Female,15-24 45.4 3% 75 4%Female,25-34 227.1 15% 249 14%Female,35-44 225.1 15% 245 14%Female,45-54 179.8 12% 149 8%Female,55andup 108.7 7% 138 8%

Disability Nodisability 1502.1 97% 1667 95%Male,withdisability 24.0 2% 50 6%Female,withdisability 25.4 2% 47 6%

Sexbyeducation

Male,Lower2ndlevelorless 121.6 8% 130 7%Male,Higher2ndlevel 206.7 13% 329 19%Male,Certordiploma 179.3 12% 174 10%Male,Degreeorhigher 257.9 17% 275 16%Female,Lower2ndlevelorless 68.9 4% 90 5%Female,Higher2ndlevel 185.9 12% 231 13%Female,Certordiploma 229.8 15% 235 13%Female,Degreeorhigher 301.6 19% 300 17%

Sexbyoccupation

Male,Managers&SeniorOfficials 62.4 4% 96 5%Male,Professionals 125.5 8% 67 4%Male,Assoc.Profess.&Technical 114.3 7% 114 6%Male,Administrative&Secretarial 39.6 3% 49 3%Male,SkilledTrades 150.4 10% 93 5%Male,PersonalServices 23.0 1% 20 1%Male,Sales&CustomerServices 46.1 3% 135 8%Male,Process,Plant&MachineOp. 96.8 6% 54 3%Male,ElementaryOccupations 107.3 7% 280 16%Female,Managers&SeniorOfficials 37.8 2% 53 3%Female,Professionals 187.2 12% 117 7%Female,Assoc.Profess.&Technical 81.5 5% 113 6%Female,Administrative&Secretarial 155.7 10% 144 8%Female,SkilledTrades 18.0 1% 30 2%Female,PersonalServices 114.9 7% 95 5%Female,Sales&CustomerServices 94.5 6% 187 11%Female,Process,Plant&MachineOp. 18.9 1% 8 0%Female,ElementaryOccupations 77.8 5% 109 6%

Ethnicity Irishnational 1207.4 78% 1348 76%Male,Non-Irish 178.9 12% 250 14%Female,Non-Irish 165.4 11% 166 9%

SexbynumberChildren

Nochildren 845.3 54% 1047 59%Male,1child 120.4 8% 121 7%Male,2+children 227.9 15% 243 14%Female,1child 148.5 10% 116 7%Female,2+children 209.5 13% 237 13%

Region Dublin 495.9 32% 612 35%Border,Midlands&West 377.2 24% 490 28%SouthandEast 678.5 44% 662 38%

7

3SurveyOutcomesThissectionpresentsthesurveyresponserateanddemographicprofileofthesample.Allestimatesinthesampleprofile(section3.2)areunweightedtopresentsampledemographics.

3.1ResponseRateTable3.1belowshowsthesurveyoutcomesandthecalculationoftheresponserate.Ofthegrosssampleof3200addresses,interviewswerecompletedat1764.Theresponserateisdefinedbythepercentageofeligibleaddresseswhereaninterviewwasconducted.IncalculatingthefinalresponseratetwoadjustmentsweremadetotherawoutcomesasshownintheTable3.1.

1. Thefirstadjustmentistotakeaccountofvacantaddresses.FromCensus2011dataitisknownthat9.4percentofaddressesinaGeoDirectorysamplewillbevacant,or301inthepresentsample.However,interviewersarenotabletoidentifyallvacantaddresses(only52wereclassifiedasvacantbyinterviewersasshowninthefirstcolumn),withtheremaindercodedas‘no-contact’.Thefirstadjustmentinvolvesmovingthedifferencebetweenthesetwofigures(249cases)intothe‘vacant’categoryandsubtractingthemfromthe‘non-contacts’.

2. Thesecondadjustmentinvolvesestimatingthenumberofcasesofunknowneligibility(becausenocontactwasmadeorbecauseofalanguagebarrier)thatwerelikelytohavebeeneligible.Thiswasdonebyusingtheinformationontheeligibilityrateofthenon-vacantcontacts(i.e.(B+N)/(B+N+D)or82%).Thiscalculationledtoanexpectationthat330ofthe401‘unknowneligibility’caseswouldbeeligible.

Theseadjustmentsgivetherevisednumberofeligibleaddresses(1764+623)andtheresponseratewascalculatedasthetotalcompleted(1764)dividedbythetotaleligible(1764+623)or74%.

Table3.1:SurveyOutcomeDetails

RawOutcomes Adjustment1 Adjusted1 Adjustment2 Adjusted2

A GrossSample(160clustersof4X5addresses) 3200 3200 3200

B CompletedInterviews 1764 1764 1764

Ineligibleaddresses

C Vacant(incl.derelict/demolished) 52 249 301 301

D Noemployee 441 441 441

E Totalineligible 493 742 71 813

UnknownEligibility(unknownifemployeeinhousehold)

F HouseholdRefusal(noopportunitytoaskforeligible)respondent).

183 183

G Languagebarrier 54 54

H Noncontact(noreply,couldnotgainaccess) 413 -249 164

I Totalunknowneligibility 650 401 -401

Eligiblenon-respondingaddresses

J Respondentrefused. 221 221 221

K Respondenttemp.absentthroughoutfieldwork 45 45 45

L Respondentphysically/mentallyillorincapacitated. 13 13 13

M Otherreason 14 14 14

N Totaleligiblenon-respondents 293 293 330 623

O ResponseRateB/(B+N) 74%Note:Adjustment1correctsfortheexpectednumberofvacantdwellingswhileadjustment2estimatesthenumberofcasesof‘unknowneligibility’whoarelikelytohavebeeneligible.

8

3.2SampleProfileThosesurveyedcomprised51.5%malesand48.5%females.Themajorityofthesamplereportedwhiteethnicity(89%)andthenextlargestethnicgroupwasofAsianbackground(6.2%).Christianwasthelargestreligiousgroup(84%)followedbyhavingnoreligion(10%).AmongmalestherewerehigherpercentageswithinAsianandBlackethnicgroupsthanamongfemales(chi=18.3,p=0.001).Amongbothmalesandfemales6%reportedhavingadisability.Table3.2:PercentagewithinEachAgeGroupbyGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)

Agegroup Male%(n)

Female%(n)

Total%(n)

18-24 6.1(55) 8.8(75) 7.4(130)

25-34 27.6(251) 29.1(249) 28.3(500)

35-44 28.1(255) 28.6(245) 28.3(500)

45-54 20.8(189) 17.4(149) 19.2(338)

55+ 17.4(158) 16.1(138) 16.8(296)

Table3.3:SampleEthnicity(Unweighted)Ethnicity %(n)

WhiteIrish 76.4(1348)

WhiteBritish 1.9(33)

AnyotherWhitebackground(IncludingeasternEU) 10.3(182)

Mixedbackground(White&BlackCaribbean,White&BlackAfrican,White&Asian) 1.4(24)

Asianbackground(IncludingBangladeshi,Pakistani,Indian,Chinese) 6.2(110)

BlackAfrican 1.9(34)

AnyotherBlackbackground(IncludingBlackCaribbean) 0.3(6)

Anyother 1.5(27)

Table3.4:PercentageReportingEthnicity,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)

Ethnicity Male(n=908)%(n)

Female(n=856)%(n)

Total(n=1764)%(n)

White 84.7(769) 92.8(794) 88.6(1563)

Mixed 1.5(14) 1.2(10) 1.4(24)

Asian 8.9(81) 3.4(29) 6.2(110)

Black 3.3(30) 1.2(10) 2.3(40)

Other 1.5(14) 1.5(13) 1.5(27)

chi 18.28

p 0.001

9

Table3.5:PercentageReportingReligiousAffiliation,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)

Religion Male(n=908)%(n)

Female(n=856)%(n)

Total(n=1764)%(n)

Christian 81.4(739) 86.9(744) 84.1(1483)

Buddhist 0.4(4) 0.1(1) 0.3(5)

Hindu 2.3(21) 1.4(12) 1.9(33)

Jewish 0.1(1) 0.2(2) 0.2(3)

Muslim 3.6(33) 0.7(6) 2.2(39)

Sikh 0.1(1) 0.1(1) 0.1(2)

Anyotherreligion 0.3(3) 0.6(5) 0.5(8)

Noreligion 10.9(99) 9.5(81) 10.2(180)

Refused 0.8(7) 0.5(4) 0.6(11)

Table3.6:PercentageReportingEducationalStatus,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)

Education Male%(n)

Female%(n)

Total%(n)

Higherdegree 12.0(108) 14.5(124) 13.2(232)

Primarydegree 16.8(152) 19.6(167) 18.2(319)

Diploma 19.2(173) 27.5(235) 23.2(408)

Uppersecondary 21.0(190) 20.2(172) 20.6(362)

Vocational 15.6(141) 6.9(59) 11.4(200)

Lowersecondary 11.7(106) 8.4(72) 10.1(178)

Primary 2.4(22) 2.1(18) 2.3(40)

None 1.2(11) 0.7(6) 1.0(17)

Table3.7:PercentageReportingDisabilities,byGenderandSampleTotals(Unweighted)

Disability Male%(n)

Female%(n)

Total%(n)

Deafnessorseverehearingimpairment 1.1(10) 0.2(2) 0.7(12)

Blindnessorseverevisualimpairment 0.1(1) 0.4(3) 0.2(4)

Aconditionthatsubstantiallylimitsoneormorebasicphysicalactivities

0.9(8) 1.1(9) 1(17)

Alearningdifficulty 0.8(7) 0.9(8) 0.9(15)

Along-standingpsychologicaloremotionalcondition 0.8(7) 0.5(4) 0.6(11)

Other,includinganylong-standingillness 2.3(21) 2.8(24) 2.6(45)

Nodisability 93.3(847) 92.8(794) 93(1641)

Refused 0.8(7) 1.2(10) 1(17)

Don’tknow 0.4(4) 0.6(5) 0.5(9)

3.3OriginalandConfirmedReportofExperienceofIllTreatmentItems(Unweighted)TheBWBSscaleofilltreatmentitemswasinitiallypresentedtoparticipantswitharangeofresponsesforeachitem.Laterduringtheinterviewthesameitemswerepresentedandparticipantswereaskedtoconfirmtheitemstheyhadinitiallyselected.Table3.8showsthepercentagechangebetweentheoriginalandconfirmatoryresponsesforeachitemintheBWBSscale.Allitemsshowedareducedresponseonconfirmationandtheaveragereductionwas35%.

10

Table3.8:ExperienceofIllTreatmentOriginal,ConfirmedandPercentageReductioninResponses(Unweighted)

BWBSilltreatmentitemsexperienced

Originalresponse Revisedresponse Reduction*

n % n % n%of

originalresponse

Someonewithholdinginformationwhichaffectsperformance 206 11.7 126 7.2 80 39

Pressurefromsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence 228 12.9 142 8.1 86 38

Havingopinionsandviewsignored 491 27.9 344 19.5 147 30

Someonecontinuallycheckinguponworkwhenitisnotnecessary 324 18.4 199 11.3 125 39

Pressurenottoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightstaffareentitledto 136 7.7 89 5.0 47 35

Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines 488 27.6 342 19.4 146 30

Employersnotfollowingproperprocedures 333 18.9 232 13.2 101 30

Employeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace 287 16.3 189 10.7 98 34

Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwiththeirwork 178 10.1 122 6.9 56 31

Gossipandrumoursbeingspreadorallegationsmadeagainstothers 173 9.8 106 6.0 67 39

Insultingoroffensiveremarksmadeaboutpeopleinwork 260 14.7 178 10.1 82 32

Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway 410 23.2 289 16.4 121 30

Peopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroup 222 12.6 148 8.4 74 33

Hintsorsignalsthattheyshouldquittheirjob 139 7.9 92 5.2 47 34

Persistentcriticismofworkorperformancewhichisunfair 220 12.5 124 7.0 96 44

Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar 251 14.2 162 9.2 89 35

Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemper 360 20.4 265 15 95 26

Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork 296 16.8 183 10.4 113 38

Feelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork 186 10.5 125 7.1 61 33

Actualphysicalviolenceatwork 63 3.6 38 2.1 25 40

Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork 53 3 28 1.6 25 47

N=1764(unweighteddata) Average%reduction 35

*Therewerenocasesinwhicharespondentaddedabehaviouritem;allchangeswereintermsofmakingreductionsratherthanadditions.

11

4Results:Experience,WitnessandPerpetrationofIllTreatmentintheWorkplaceThefollowingsectionspresenttheextenttowhichilltreatmentwasexperienced,witnessedandperpetratedintheworkplaceinIreland.Participantswereinitiallyaskedtorespondtotheseriesof21itemsofilltreatmentwith5responseoptionsthatrangedfromnevertodaily.Inthisinitialpartofthesurveyrespondentswereaskediftheyhadexperiencedtheseitems,thiswasfollowedbyaskingforconfirmationofresponsestothesameitemswithyes/nooptionsforeach.Theitemswerepresentedasecondtime,askingifrespondentshadwitnessedany,withayes/nooptionforeach.Athirdpresentationoftheitemsaskedrespondentsiftheyhadperpetratedany(yes/nooptions).TheBWBSsurveyclassifiedthe21individualilltreatmentitemsintothreefactors,unreasonablemanagement(UM),incivilityanddisrespect(ID)andviolenceandinjury(VI),basedonfactoranalyses.AcomparativefactoranalysiswasconductedontheIrishdata,andthethreefactorstructurewasconfirmed34.Overalloutcomesforthesethreefactorsarepresentedinthefollowingsectionsandrelationshipsbetweentheseandvariousrespondentdemographicandworkplacecharacteristicsareexaminedunderthefollowingheadings:

• Relationshipsbetweenill-treatmentfactorsanddemographics(gender,ethnicity,age,education,areaofresidence,disabilityandincome),

• Relationshipsbetweenill-treatmentfactorsandorganisationalcharacteristics(sizeoforganisationandemployeecomposition,occupationalsector,public/private,presenceoftradeunion),

• Relationshipsbetweenill-treatmentfactorsandworkrole(managementduties,jobpermanence,tradeunionmembership)

• Relationshipsbetweenill-treatmentfactorsandworkplaceconditions(FAREitemsforexperience,witnessandperpetrationofilltreatment,andWorkPositiveitemsforexperienceofilltreatment)

TestingofunivariaterelationshipswasfollowedbymultivariateanalysistodeterminethemainpredictorsofilltreatmentoutcomesasoutlinedinTable4.1.Table4.1:FactorsofIllTreatmentPresentedinEachSection

Factorofilltreatment Description Experienced* Witnessed Perpetrated

Unreasonablemanagement Reportofatleastoneofthe8itemswithinthisfactor x x x

Incivilityordisrespect Reportofatleastoneofthe11itemswithinthisfactor x x x

Physicalviolenceorinjury Reportofatleastoneofthe2itemswithinthisfactor x x x

Atleastoneitem Reportofatleastoneofall21items x x x

Atleast2itemsweekly Reportedatleast2weeklyderivedfromresponsestoQ1andconfirmedatQ435 x

Atleast2itemsdaily Reportedatleast2dailyderivedfromresponsestoQ1andconfirmedatQ4 x

*Forexperienceditemsthiswasderivedfromconfirmedreportoftheitem(Q1&Q4)

34PrincipalaxisfactoringusingobliminrotationandKaisernormalisation.Rotationconvergedon21iterationswiththepatternmatrixshowingthe3distinctgroupsofitemsasusedintheBWBS35Criterionfrequentlyusedasanindicatorofbullying(PersonalCommunicationfromM.O’Driscoll,2016)

12

4.1ExperienceofIllTreatmentintheWorkplace AVenndiagramshowingpercentageswithineachill-treatmentfactorandforoverlapbetweenfactorsispresentedinFigure4.1.1.Atleastoneitemofilltreatmentwasexperiencedby43%ofparticipants.Itemsclassifiedasunreasonablemanagementwereexperiencedby37%,with31%reportingexperienceofincivilityordisrespectand2.6%,violenceorinjury.Overlapoccurredbetweenthesefactors,particularlybetweenunreasonablemanagementandincivilityordisrespect(25.0%).Therewasa2.3%overlapbetweenthoseexperiencingincivilityandviolence,a2.2%overlapbetweenthoseexperiencingviolenceandunreasonablemanagementand2.0%experienceditemsinallthreecategories.

Figure4.1.1:PercentageswithinEachIll-TreatmentFactorExperienced

Unreasonablemanagement:36.7%n=647

Incivilityordisrespect:31.3%n=552

Violence2.6%n=45

25.1%n=442

2.3%

All:2.0%2.2%

13

4.1.1ConfirmedIllTreatmentExperiencedintheWorkplace(Weighted)Percentagesofconfirmedresponsestoindividualitemswithinthethreeill-treatmentfactors,unreasonablemanagement,incivilityordisrespectandviolenceorinjuryarepresentedinTable4.1.1intheTotalcolumnandarealsopresentedbygender.Forthemajorityofitems(17),femalesreportedhigherpercentagesofilltreatment.Fourofthe21itemsshowedsignificantly(p<0.05,Pearson’schisquare)higherpercentagesforfemales:Havingopinionsandviewsignored(1.4x),Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway(1.4x),Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork(1.8x)andInjuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork(2.5x).Table4.1.1:PercentageWhoExperiencedIll-TreatmentItemswithinEachGender

Illtreatmentitemexperienced Female%

Male%

Total% chi p OR

Unreasonablemanagement

Someonewithholdinginformationwhichaffectsperformance 7.4 7.0 7.2 0.095 0.758 1.1(0.7-1.5)

Pressurefromsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence 8.3 7.8 8.0 0.137 0.711 1.1(0.8-1.5)

Havingopinionsandviewsignored 21.9 17.0 19.5 6.778 0.009 1.4(1.1-1.7)

Someonecontinuallycheckinguponworkwhenitisnotnecessary 11.7 10.8 11.3 0.39 0.533 1.1(0.8-1.5)

Pressurenottoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightstaffareentitledto 4.7 5.4 5.0 0.457 0.499 0.9(0.6-1.3)

Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines 19.0 19.8 19.4 0.161 0.689 1.0(0.8-1.2)

Employersnotfollowingproperprocedures 12.5 13.8 13.2 0.604 0.437 0.9(0.7-1.2)

Employeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace 11.6 9.7 10.7 1.812 0.178 1.2(0.9-1.7)

Incivilityordisrespect

Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwiththeirwork 7.7 6.1 6.9 1.811 0.178 1.3(0.9-1.9)

Gossipandrumoursbeingspreadorallegationsmadeagainstothers 6.9 5.1 6.0 2.752 0.097 1.4(0.9-2.1)

Insultingoroffensiveremarksmadeaboutpeopleinwork 10.5 9.7 10.1 0.359 0.549 1.1(0.8-1.5)

Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway 18.5 14.3 16.4 5.687 0.017 1.4(1.1-1.8)

Peopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroup 9.6 7.2 8.4 3.251 0.071 1.4(1.0-1.9)

Hintsorsignalsthattheyshouldquittheirjob 5.4 5.2 5.3 0.036 0.849 1.0(0.7-1.6)

Persistentcriticismofworkorperformancewhichisunfair 7.5 6.6 7.0 0.610 0.435 1.2(0.8-1.7)

Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar 8.5 9.9 9.2 0.998 0.318 0.8(0.6-1.2)

Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemper 15.9 14.1 15.0 1.073 0.300 1.1(0.9-1.5)

Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork 13.1 7.6 10.4 14.411 0.001 1.8(1.3-2.5)

Feelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork 7.9 6.2 7.1 2.016 0.156 1.3(0.9-1.9)

Violenceorinjury

Actualphysicalviolenceatwork 2.7 1.6 2.2 2.441 0.118 1.7(0.9-3.3)

Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork 2.2 0.9 1.6 4.900 0.027 2.5(1.1-5.6)

*OR=Howmanytimesmorelikelyfemalesreportedexperiencingthebehaviourthanmales.Greyshadinghighlightssignificantrelationshipsbetweenthebehaviouritemsandgender.

4.1.2RelationshipsbetweenExperienceofIll-TreatmentFactorsandDemographicFactorsSummarytablesforexperienceofill-treatmentfactorsbydemographicfactors(gender,ethnicity,age,education,placeofresidenceanddisability)arepresentedinTables4.1.2–4.1.5below.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceineachofthethreefactorsofilltreatmentbythegenderofthoseexperiencingit(Table4.1.2).However,thereweresignificantly(p=0.032,chisquaretest)morefemales(2.7%)experiencingatleasttwoitemsofilltreatmentdailythanmales(1.3%).

14

Table4.1.2:PercentageExperiencingIllTreatmentamongDemographicGroups Unreasonable

management%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleastoneitem%

Atleasttwoitemsweekly

%

Atleasttwoitemsdaily

%

TOTAL 36.68 31.27 2.55 43.06 8.96 1.98

Gender

Female 36.73 33.00 3.13 43.74 9.73 2.68

Male 36.62 29.51 1.95 42.37 8.16 1.26

P 0.963 0.114 0.117 0.561 0.248 0.032

Ethnicity White 35.75 29.96 2.14 42.16 9.00 1.95

Asian 44.83 47.13 6.90 52.33 4.65 0.00

BlackorMixed 46.07 39.33 5.68 50.00 12.36 4.49

P 0.040 0.001 0.004 0.072 0.200 0.099

Age

18-24 33.93 35.71 1.77 46.02 12.39 1.79

25-34 42.14 35.69 2.82 47.78 12.10 3.43

35-44 34.87 31.98 5.01 41.43 8.48 2.12

45-54 32.41 25.06 0.25 37.88 7.09 0.51

55+ 37.34 29.05 0.83 43.98 4.98 0.83

P 0.031 0.010 <0.001 0.042 0.007 0.019

Education

Primary&Secondary 33.88 29.87 1.34 40.71 8.02 1.19

Undergraduate&Higher 38.49 32.04 3.31 44.42 9.58 2.49

P 0.051 0.338 0.011 0.127 0.268 0.058

Region Dublin 31.38 28.42 2.48 35.64 7.10 1.60

Leinster(ExclDublin) 38.38 33.89 1.40 44.1 11.52 2.24

Munster 41.18 29.60 2.02 47.61 8.64 2.57

Connacht&Ulster 36.33 36.67 5.00 47.33 9.70 1.33

P 0.007 0.045 0.021 <0.001 0.137 0.535

Disability

Yes 30.36 26.79 3.57 36.84 12.28 3.57

No 36.85 31.40 2.52 43.27 8.90 1.93

P 0.321 0.464 0.623 0.335 0.380 0.387

Income

Under€10,000 38.10 32.38 1.90 48.08 12.40 4.80

€10,000-€19,000 38.08 31.67 1.26 44.77 9.20 1.70

€20,000-€29,000 38.32 36.96 2.99 45.38 10.30 2.40

€30,000-€39,000 36.92 29.50 1.08 43.01 11.20 1.10

€40,000-€49,000 44.51 25.00 2.44 47.24 6.70 3.00

€50,000ormore 37.23 31.39 5.15 44.12 9.60 2.90

P 0.714 0.122 0.122 0.941 0.654 0.330

pvaluesderivedfromchisquaretests.Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey

15

Ethnicityshowedasignificantassociationwitheachofthethreeofill-treatmentfactors,withthoseofblack/mixedethnicityexperiencingthehighestlevelsofunreasonablemanagementandAsianemployeesreportingthegreaterlevelsofincivilityandviolence.Ahigherpercentageofunreasonablemanagementwasexperiencedbythosebetween25-34yearsandbythoseover55,whiletheexperienceofincivilityanddisrespectdecreasedwithage.Violencewasexperiencedbyahigherpercentageatmidcareer(35-44years).Allthreetypesofilltreatmentwereexperiencedbyahigherpercentageofthosewiththirdleveleducation.UnreasonablemanagementwasexperiencedmorecommonlyinMunsterwhileincivilityordisrespectandviolenceorinjurywasmorecommonlyexperiencedinConnaught/Ulster.Althoughpercentagesamongthosewithdisabilitieswerehigherforviolenceandforatleast2itemsweeklyanddaily,differenceswerenotsignificant(p>0.05,Pearson’schisquare)comparedtothosewithoutdisabilities,althoughlimitationsofsmallsamplesizeshouldbenoted.Table4.1.3:ExperienceofIllTreatmentbyTypeofOrganisation,Sector,OrganisationSizeandPresenceofaTradeUnionorStaffAssociation

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleastoneitem%

Atleasttwoweekly

%

Atleasttwodaily%

TOTAL 36.68 31.27 2.55 43.06 8.96 1.98

Typeoforganisation

Private 34.51 29.99 1.18 40.99 8.33 1.77

Public 40.36 33.80 6.15 45.92 10.54 2.58

VoluntaryorOther 50.88 31.58 0.00 58.93 5.26 1.75

P 0.006 0.302 <0.001 0.009 0.215 0.547

Sector

Agriculture 23.33 25.81 0.00 38.71 10.00 0.00

Industry 37.56 30.73 0.00 41.95 7.80 1.95

Construction 39.58 20.83 0.00 42.71 9.38 0.00

Wholesale,Retail,Food&Accommodation(WRFA) 31.79 35.16 1.45 42.94 7.23 2.02

Transport 34.23 26.13 0.90 37.84 11.71 0.90

Financialservices 44.38 30.63 0.63 48.13 10.63 1.88

Publicadmin.&Defence(PAD) 35.00 25.18 5.04 40.00 10.00 0.72

Education 33.61 34.03 2.94 39.92 7.14 2.52

Health&Socialservices 45.15 35.07 7.46 51.12 12.64 2.99

Otherservices 32.32 29.27 1.82 38.18 6.10 3.03

P 0.010 0.110 nv 0.140 0.310 nv

Sizeoforganisation

<10 26.29 24.78 0.65 34.48 6.03 0.86

10-49 42.11 35.54 2.56 48.64 10.09 2.26

50-249 37.50 31.91 3.72 43.09 11.17 2.13

>250 41.56 31.60 3.90 45.89 7.79 3.46

P <0.001 0.002 0.013 0.000 0.036 0.122

PresenceofTradeunion

Yes 40.68 33.07 4.66 46.27 10.42 2.33

No 34.43 29.8 1.31 40.62 8.26 1.88

P 0.009 0.156 <0.001 0.022 0.131 0.521

pvaluesderivedfromchisquaretests.Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.nv:Chisquaretestswereinvalidduetolowexpectedcellcount.

16

4.1.3RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceCharacteristicsandExperienceofIllTreatmentOrganisationalcharacteristicssurveyedincludedsector,size,type(public/private/voluntary)andpresenceoftradeunion(s)intheworkplace.Illtreatmentwasexperiencedbyahigherpercentageofemployeesinsmallorganisations,forunreasonablemanagementandincivilityordisrespect(Table4.1.3,p.15)Largeorganisationsweremorelikelytoexperienceviolenceandaseverelevelofbullying.Thoseinvoluntaryandinpublicsectorworkplacesweremorelikelytoexperienceilltreatmentintheformofunreasonablemanagementandviolenceorinjury.Thepresenceofatradeunionwasassociatedwithhigherlevelsofunreasonablemanagementandviolenceandinjury.Figure4.1.2revealstheextenttowhichill-treatmentfactorswereexperiencedinthedifferentsectorsaboveorbelowtheiroveralllevelsbypresentingthepercentagepointsaboveandbelowthoselevels.Itshowsthatthehighestexcessforallthreefactorsoccurredinthehealthandsocialservicessectorandthegreatestdecreasesoccurredinagriculture.

Figure4.1.2:PercentagePointsAboveorBelowOverallPercentagesforThoseExperiencingIllTreatmentforEachFactorbySectorTable4.1.4presentspercentagesofthosereportingill-treatmentfactorsbyethnic,genderandagecompositionoftheworkplacestaffandalsopresentsoutcomesofSpearman’scorrelationsforeachfactor.Significant(p<0.05)butweakpositivecorrelationswerefoundbetweenallill-treatmentfactorsandincreasingpercentageofethnicemployeesexceptforincivility.Withincreasingpercentageoffemaleemployeestherewerealsosignificantbutweakpositivecorrelationswithallill-treatmentfactorswiththeexceptionofunreasonablemanagement.Therewerenosignificantcorrelationsbetweenagecompositionofstaffandilltreatment.

-13.3

0.9

3.0

-4.8

-2.4

7.7

-1.6

-3.0

8.5

-4.3

-5.4

-0.5

-10.4

3.9

-5.1

-0.6

-6.0

2.8

3.9

-1.9

-2.5

-2.5

-2.5

-1.1

-1.6

-1.9

2.5

0.4

5.0

-0.7

-20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Unreasonablemanagement36.7%

Incivilityordisrespect31.3%

Violenceorinjury2.6%

Agriculture

Publicadministraton

Constructon

Wholesale,retail,food&accommodaton

Transport

Financialservices

Industry

Educaton

HealthandSocialservices

Otherservices

17

Table4.1.4:ExperienceofIllTreatmentbyCompositionofStaffinTermsofEthnicity,GenderandAge

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleastoneitem%

Atleasttwoweekly

%

Atleasttwodaily%

TOTAL 36.68 31.27 2.55 43.06 8.96 1.98

Compositionofstaffintermsofethnicity(%blackorethnicminorities)

None(0%) 31.54 27.56 1.54 37.95 6.41 1.41

Afew(5-10%) 42.27 33.10 2.92 47.77 11.68 2.74

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 34.23 34.23 4.07 42.79 8.56 1.80

Abouthalf(about50%) 41.56 40.26 3.90 50.65 12.82 1.30

Morethanhalf(about60%) 80.00 65.00 0.00 80.00 20.00 15.00

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 37.50 42.86 0.00 42.86 0.00 0.00

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 25.00 25.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00

All(100%) 0.00 16.67 0.00 16.67 0.00 0.00

Spearman’srho(pvalue) 0.04(0.006) 0.03(0.082) 0.05(0.001) 0.03(0.035) 0.04(0.010) 0.03(0.029)

Compositionofstaffintermsofgender(%female)

None(0%) 30.85 22.77 1.00 35.82 4.98 0.00

Afew(5-10%) 39.36 33.33 1.61 45.78 8.43 0.40

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 41.27 31.75 4.21 46.84 11.58 1.58

Abouthalf(about50%) 35.05 28.87 0.77 41.75 6.17 2.06

Morethanhalf(about60%) 38.46 39.19 3.15 46.85 9.46 3.15

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 40.41 31.44 4.15 46.11 13.92 3.09

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 42.33 42.68 7.36 50.31 15.95 4.88

All(100%) 24.37 21.85 0.00 29.41 3.36 2.52

Spearman’srho(pvalue) 0.01(0.490) 0.04(0.006) 0.05(<0.001) 0.03(0.034) 0.04(0.009) 0.02(0.201)

Compositionofstaffintermsofage(%ofyoungpeopleunder25)

None(0%) 28.62 26.71 2.90 35.14 6.88 0.72

Afew(5-10%) 40.50 32.50 2.66 47.25 9.59 1.95

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 40.51 33.08 3.28 46.08 7.85 2.53

Abouthalf(about50%) 33.70 30.40 2.56 41.03 10.62 2.93

Morethanhalf(about60%) 41.18 36.27 1.96 43.14 6.86 0.98

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 35.19 35.85 1.85 42.59 12.96 3.77

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 34.78 45.45 0.00 52.17 13.04 8.70

All(100%) 10.00 30.00 0.00 40.00 9.09 0.00

Spearman’srho(p-value) 0.01(0.667) 0.01(0.406) -0.01(0.326) -0.003(0.850) -0.01(0.690) 0.02(0.096)

Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

4.1.4RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceRoleandExperienceofIllTreatment

Table4.1.5presentsthepercentagesofthosewhoexperiencedilltreatmentbytheiroccupationgroup,whethertheyheldmanagerialorsupervisorydutiesandtheirjobpermanence.Higherbutnon-significant(p>0.05,Pearson’schisquare)percentagesofthoseamongtheoccupationalgroupofmanagersandseniorofficialsexperiencedunreasonablemanagement(40.1%)andviolence(4.4%).Violencewasalsoexperiencedbyahigherbutnon-significantpercentageofthoseoccupiedinpersonalservice(35.6%).Unreasonablemanagementwasexperiencedbythoseinprocessplants(40.1%)andassociateprofessionalandtechnicalstaff(43.2%)andincivilitybythoseinsalesandcustomerservice(6.8%).

18

Significantly(p<0.05,Pearson’schisquare)higherpercentagesofunreasonablemanagement(42.2%)andincivility(36.5%)werereportedbythosewithnon-permanentjobs.However,higherreportingofviolenceamongthoseinpermanentpositions(2.8%)wasnotsignificant.Thosehavingmanagerialorsupervisorydutiesreportedasignificantly(p<0.05,Pearson’schisquare)higherpercentageforexperienceofatleast2itemsweekly(12.3%).Table4.1.5:PercentageofThoseWhoExperiencedIllTreatmentbyOccupationGroup,ManagerialorSupervisoryDutiesandJobPermanence

Unreasonablemanagement

Incivilityordisrespect

Violenceorinjury

Atleastoneitem

Atleast2itemsweekly

Atleast2itemsdaily

TOTAL 36.68 31.27 2.55 43.06 8.96 1.98

Occupationgroup

Managersandseniorofficials 40.88 35.77 4.35 46.38 14.49 2.17

Professionaloccupations 34.56 28.33 3.97 38.53 6.52 1.70

Associateprofessionalandtechnical 43.17 35.24 3.08 49.78 11.89 1.76

Administrativeandsecretarial 35.02 23.61 0.92 39.81 8.33 0.93

Skilledtrade 34.97 33.33 0.55 43.72 9.29 2.73

Personalservice 35.57 33.78 6.76 44.30 10.81 3.36

Salesandcustomerservice 34.13 36.90 1.20 46.11 7.19 2.38

Processplantandmachine 40.48 29.13 0.00 44.09 10.32 3.94

Elementary 33.99 30.05 0.99 39.41 5.45 0.50

p 0.406 0.083 nv 0.225 0.060 nv

Managerialorsupervisoryduties

Yes 40.04 31.39 2.01 45.88 12.27 2.41

No 35.35 31.05 2.79 41.85 7.72 1.83

p 0.066 0.891 0.355 0.124 0.003 0.43

Haveapermanentjob

Yes 35.12 29.62 2.78 41.24 8.76 2.29

No 42.19 36.54 1.33 49.83 9.63 0.66

p 0.020 0.018 0.144 0.006 0.629 0.067

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

4.1.5RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceConditionsandExperienceofIllTreatmentPercentagesofparticipantsthatrespondedtotheFAREItemsarepresentedinTable4.1.6.ThefirstcolumnpresentstheoverallpercentageinthesamplereportingyesornotoeachFAREitemstatementaspresentedtothem.TheremainingcolumnspresentthepercentagesamongFAREitemresponsesthatexperiencedeachill-treatmentfactor,atleast1itemofilltreatmentandatleast2itemsweeklyandatleast2daily.AllrelationshipsbetweenFAREitemsandill-treatmentfactorsweresignificantwiththeexceptionoftheexperienceofviolencewiththeneedsoforganisationcomingfirst,whereemployeeshavelesscontrolthanayearagoandwheretheirmanagerdecidesspecifictasks.Beingemployedwherethemanagerdecidesspecifictaskswasalsonotsignificantlyrelatedtoexperiencingatleasttwoitemsdaily.OverallTable4.1.6showsthatnegativecircumstancesintheworkplacewassignificantlyrelatedtohigherexperienceofilltreatment.AmorenuancedanalysisagainstthethreefactorsofilltreatmentispresentedinFigure4.1.3.ThefigurepresentsallFAREitemsorientedasnegativestatementsandshowsthedifferenceinpercentagepointsfromoverallpercentagesofthoseexperiencingeachill-treatmentfactor.Forexampletheoverallpercentageexperiencingunreasonablemanagementwas36.7%,incivilityordisrespect31.3%andviolence

19

orinjury2.6%.However,amongthoseworkinginanorganisationwhereindividualsdonotdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichtheywork,experienceofthesebehavioursincreasedby22.4,29.6and4.9percentagepointsrespectively.Table4.1.6:PercentageofThoseWhoExperiencedIllTreatmentbyFAREItems

Overall

%

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury

%

Atleastoneitem

%

Atleast2items

weekly%

Atleast2itemsdaily%

Total 36.68 31.27 2.55 43.06 8.96 1.98

WhereIwork:

Theneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirst 16.10 69.47 57.39 3.52 75.00 22.18 4.58

No 83.90 30.34 26.23 2.30 36.92 6.42 1.49

p <0.001 <0.001 0.226 <0.001 <0.001 0.001

Youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples 8.84 69.03 66.67 5.13 72.26 26.92 5.77

No 91.16 33.52 27.86 2.30 40.24 7.21 1.62

p <0.001 <0.001 0.032 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Peoplearetreatedasindividuals 92.12 32.98 28.04 2.28 39.73 7.02 1.41

No 7.88 79.71 69.06 5.76 82.01 31.65 8.70

p <0.001 <0.001 0.013 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

IdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIwork 92.63 34.52 29.36 2.33 40.92 7.65 1.71

No 7.37 63.57 55.81 5.38 70.00 25.58 5.43

p <0.001 <0.001 0.033 <0.001 <0.001 0.004

MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIdo 20.69 52.88 40.82 2.19 59.73 13.15 1.92

No 79.31 32.45 28.81 2.64 38.74 7.86 2.00

p <0.001 <0.001 0.625 <0.001 0.002 0.919

IdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork 94.73 35.43 29.62 2.27 41.69 8.32 1.62

No 5.27 59.14 60.87 7.53 67.74 20.43 8.60

p <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Ihavelesscontrolovermyworkthanayearago 7.43 67.69 50.00 4.62 70.99 27.69 7.63

No 92.57 34.17 29.76 2.33 40.78 7.47 1.53

p <0.001 <0.001 0.107 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense 13.10 59.13 50.22 6.52 63.64 28.14 7.36No 86.90 33.27 28.42 1.89 39.92 6.07 1.17p <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Thenatureofmyworkchangedoverthepastyear 21.60 50.13 38.85 4.20 54.21 14.44 3.94No 78.40 32.97 29.21 2.10 39.99 7.45 1.45p <0.001 <0.001 0.020 0.020 <0.001 <0.001

Thepaceofworkinmyjobhasincreasedyear 23.53 46.27 39.28 6.99 51.69 16.39 4.58No 76.47 33.73 28.84 1.11 40.40 6.74 1.19p <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

20

Figure4.1.3:DifferenceinPercentagePointsfromOverallPercentagesforThoseExperiencingEachIll-TreatmentFactorbyFAREItems(NegativelyOriented)Inadditiontotheworkplacecharacteristic(FARE)items,riskfactorsforwork-relatedstresseswereexploredandforthisrespondentscompleted31itemsfromtheHSEWorkPositivequestionnaire.ThesixfactorsderivedfromitemsintheWorkPositivequestionnairearedemands,control,support,relationships,roleandchange.Forthispopulation-basedsurveythesefactorswerecalculatedacrossitemsforeachindividual.PercentagesexperiencingthefactorsarepresentedinTable4.1.7.Relationshipsbetweenthesixworkpositivefactorsandthethreeill-treatmentfactors(unreasonablemanagement,incivilityandviolence)weretested.FromtheseFigure4.1.4presents,foreachworkpositivefactor(negativelyoriented,experiencedoftentoalways),thepercentagepointsaboveandbelowtheoverallpercentagesofthoseexperiencingill-treatmentfactorsunreasonablemanagement,incivilityandviolence.Percentagepointdifferenceswerecalculatedfromtheaveragedifferenceforeachiteminthesixfactors(withtheexceptionofrelationship,forwhichonlyoneitemwasreported).TheFigureshowsthatinhighdemandlowsupportenvironmentsandparticularlywheretherearepoorrelationshipsbetweencolleaguestherewerehighpercentagepointdifferencesfromoveralllevelsforallthreeill-treatmentfactors.

0.9

2.5

3.2

2.8

-0.4

4.9

2.0

3.9

1.6

4.4

26.1

35.4

37.8

24.5

9.5

29.6

18.7

18.9

7.5

8.0

32.8

32.3

43.0

26.9

16.2

22.4

31.0

22.4

13.4

9.6

-5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0

Unreasonablemanagement36.7%

Incivilityordisrespect31.3%

Violenceorinjury2.6%

Thepaceofworkinmyjobhasincreasedoverthepastyear

Thenatureofmyworkhaschangedoverthepastyear

Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense

InowhavelesscontrolovermyworkthanIdidayearago

IdonotdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork

MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIwilldofromdaytoday

IdonotdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIwork

Peoplearenottreatedasindividuals

Youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples

Theneedsoftheorganisaponalwayscomefirst

21

Table4.1.7:PercentagesforEachWorkPositiveItem

Demand Never%

Seldom–Sometimes

%

Often–Always

%Differentgroupsatworkdemandthingsfrommethatarehardtocombine 42.35 48.29 9.36

Ihaveunachievabledeadlines 42.81 45.56 11.63

Ihavetoworkveryintensively 12.31 48.09 39.60

IhavetoneglectsometasksbecauseIhavetoomuchtodo 33.88 53.65 12.47

Iamunabletotakesufficientbreaks 45.74 45.56 8.69

Iampressuredtoworklonghours 42.92 43.10 13.98

Ihavetoworkveryfast 17.09 49.95 32.96

Ihaveunrealistictimepressures 35.90 51.80 12.31

Control Icandecidewhentotakeabreak 12.90 32.26 54.85

IhaveachoiceindecidinghowIdomywork 13.14 35.02 51.84

IhaveachoiceindecidingwhatIdoatwork 19.19 44.38 36.43

IhavesomesayoverthewayIwork 6.09 35.24 58.66

Myworkingtimecanbeflexible 22.20 45.69 32.11

Managersupport IamgivensupportivefeedbackontheworkIdo 6.02 36.96 57.02

Icanrelyonmylinemanagertohelpmeoutwithaworkproblem 6.95 30.51 62.54

Icantalktomylinemanageraboutsomethingthathasupsetorannoyedmeatwork 5.42 26.67 67.91

Peersupport Ifworkgetsdifficult,mycolleagueswillhelpme 4.61 27.58 67.82

IgetthehelpandsupportIneedfromcolleagues 2.90 28.04 69.06

IreceivetherespectatworkIdeservefrommycolleagues 1.95 18.58 79.47

Mycolleaguesarewillingtolistentomywork-relatedproblems 3.41 30.62 65.97

Relationships

Thereisfrictionorangerbetweencolleagues 49.31 43.89 6.80

Role Iamclearwhatisexpectedofmeatwork 1.68 7.99 90.33

Iknowhowtogoaboutgettingmyjobdone 1.94 8.00 90.07

Iamclearwhatmydutiesandresponsibilitiesare 1.19 9.90 88.91

Iamclearaboutthegoalsandobjectivesformydepartment 2.51 13.22 84.27

Iunderstandhowmyworkfitsintotheoverallaimoftheorganisation 1.77 14.00 84.23

Change Ihavesufficientopportunitiestoquestionmanagersaboutchangeatwork 8.83 39.87 51.30

Staffarealwaysconsultedaboutchangeatwork 7.85 36.47 55.68

22

Figure4.1.4:PercentagePointsDifferenceComparedtoOverallPercentagesforThoseExperiencingEachIll-TreatmentfactorbyWorkPositiveFactors(NegativelyOriented)

4.1.6PredictorsforExperiencingIllTreatmentHavinglookedatrelationshipsbetweenvariousdemographicandworkplacecharacteristicsthissectionexploreswhichofthesearemostlikelytobeassociatedwiththeexperienceofilltreatment.Fortheoutcomesofmultivariatelogisticregressionmodels,eachill-treatmentfactor(violence,unreasonablemanagementandincivilityordisrespect)ispresentedshowinghowmuchmorelikelysomecharacteristicsareassociatedwithilltreatmentthanothers.DemographicandworkplacerelatedcharacteristicsthatwereincludedinthesemodelsareshowninTables4.1.8and4.1.9withestimatesofhowmuchmoreorlesslikelyabehaviouristobeexperiencedforeach(oddratiosand95%confidenceintervals).Enteringarangeofdemographicandworkplacecharacteristicsinasinglemodelcanprovideapictureofwhichhasmoreorlessinfluenceinitsassociationwitheachoftheill-treatmentfactors.Suchmodelscanshowwhethertheinclusionmodifiesoutcomescomparedtowhenthesecharacteristicsareanalysedaloneagainsttheill-treatmentfactors.ForthispurposethefirstsetofmodelswithoutcomespresentedinTable4.1.8includetheFAREitemsaspredictorsofilltreatmentandthesecondsetofmodelswithoutcomespresentedinTable4.1.9includetheWorkPositiveitems.Thetablesreportoddsratios(theseareExp(B)valuesderivedfromlogisticregressionmodels)andtheir95%confidenceintervals.Anodds-ratio(OR)of2.0meansthedemographicorworkplacecharacteristicincreasesexperienceofthebehaviourbyafactorof2,ormakesittwiceaslikely(markedinpinkintable).AnORof0.5meansthecharacteristicdecreasesthebehaviourby50%,ormakesitlesslikely(markedingreenintable).Forcharacteristicsenteredascovariates(i.e.Income),iftheORisabove1,asthischaracteristicincreases,thelikelihoodofthebehaviouroccurringincreases;iftheORisbelow1,asthischaracteristicincreases,thelikelihoodofthebehaviouroccurringdecreases.ForanORbelow1,todeterminehowmuchmorelikelythebehaviourisinthereferencegroup,usetheformula:1/OR.

19.8

9.3

24.4

21.7

9.8

22.6

39.8

16.6

10.2

23.9

21.3

11.1

20.2

37.5

3.4

1.1

3.1

2.3

-0.4

2.4

5.1

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Unreasonablemanagement36.7%

Incivilityordisrespect31.3%

Violenceorinjury2.6%

Highdemand

Lowcontrol

Lowmanagersupport

Lowpeersupport

Lowroleclarity

Lowcontrolofchange

Poorrelaponship

23

4.1.6.1ModelsincludingFAREItemsExperiencingatleastoneitem

Employeesweresignificantlymorelikelytoexperienceatleastoneitemofthe21illtreatmentitemsiftheylivedoutsideofDublin(Leinster2.3x,Munster3x,ConnaughtorUlster2.9x),workedinthevoluntarysector(3.6x),wheretherewasahigherpercentageofblackorotherethnicemployees(1.1x)wheretheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst(3.2x),principleshavetobecompromised(2.7x),everydaytasksaredecidedbymanagement(1.8x),thepaceofworkhasbecometoointense(2.5x)andthenatureofworkhaschangedoverthepastyear(1.5x).Experienceofatleastoneilltreatmentwassignificantlyreducedwheretherearehigherpercentagesoffemalesandyoungpeopleemployed(-8%and-16%foreachincreaserespectively)andwhereorganisationstreatemployeesasindividuals(-68%).Experiencingviolenceorinjury

ExperiencingviolenceorinjuryintheworkplacewassignificantlymorelikelyforthoseofAsianethnicity(8x),livinginConnaughtorUlster(4x),workinginthepublicsector(6x),wherethepaceofworkhasincreasedinthepastyear(3x)andthepaceofworkhasincreasedoverthepastyear(9x).Beingagedbetween45-54years(-90%),workinginanorganisationwithahigherpercentageofyoungpeople(-45%foreach25%increase)andwhereindividualsareabletodecidethestandardsbywhichtheywork(-83%)significantlydecreasedthelikelihoodofexperiencingviolence.Experiencingunreasonablemanagement

ExperienceofunreasonablemanagementwasmorelikelyforthoselivingoutsideofDublin,workinginthevoluntarysector,inanorganisationwith10-49employeeswheretheneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirstandprincipleshavetobecompromised,managementdecidesdaytodaytasks,thepaceofworkhasbecometoointenseandthenatureofworkhaschangedoverthepastyear.Experienceofunreasonablemanagementwassignificantlyreducedwithincreasesinthepercentageoffemalesandyoungpeopleemployed(-10%and-16%foreachincreaserespectively),whereemployeesaretreatedasindividuals(-68%)andareabletodecidethequalitystandardsbywhichtheywork(-52%).Experiencingincivilityordisrespect

IncivilityanddisrespectwasmorelikelyforthosewholiveoutsideofDublin,inorganisationswheretheneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirst,principleshavetobecompromised,managementdecidesdaytodaytasksandthepaceofworkhasbecometoointense.Experienceofincivilityanddisrespectweresignificantlyreducedamongemployeesagedbetween45-54years(-56%),workinginanorganisationwithahigherpercentageofyoungpeople(-16%foreach25%increase),whereemployeesaretreatedasindividuals(-71%)andareabletodecidethequalitystandardsbywhichtheywork(-62%).

24

Table4.1.8:FAREItemsOddsRatios(95%CI)forExperiencingIll-TreatmentFactors

Independentvariables(referencecategory) Unreasonablemanagement

Incivilityordisrespect Violence Atleast1ofthe

21items

Female(Male) 1.1(0.8-1.5) 1.3(0.9-1.8) 1.5(0.5-4.6) 1.2(0.9-1.6)

Age(18-24)

25-34 1.5(0.8-2.8) 0.8(0.4-1.4) 1.0(0.1-16.4) 1.2(0.6-2.1)

35-44 0.8(0.4-1.5) 0.7(0.4-1.3) 1.9(0.1-29.9) 0.7(0.4-1.3)

45-54 0.9(0.5-1.7) 0.4(0.2-0.8) 0.1(0.0-2.8) 0.7(0.4-1.3)

55+ 1.0(0.5-2.0) 0.6(0.3-1.1) 0.1(0.0-4.4) 0.9(0.5-1.7)

Ethnicity(White)

Asian 0.9(0.4-1.9) 1.2(0.5-2.6) 7.8(1.6-38.8) 0.9(0.4-2.0)

Black,mixed&other 1.3(0.6-2.5) 1.5(0.7-2.9) 2.3(0.1-46.1) 1.1(0.6-2.2)

Higherqualification(Secondaryandbelow) 1.4(1.0-1.9) 1.3(0.9-1.8) 0.7(0.2-2.5) 1.4(1.0-1.9)

Disability(None) 0.8(0.4-1.9) 1.1(0.5-2.5) 2.2(0.2-23.0) 0.9(0.4-2.0)

Income(increasingincome) 1.0(0.9-1.1) 0.9(0.8-1.1) 0.8(0.5-1.2) 1.0(0.9-1.1)

Region(Dublin)

Leinster(excludingDublin) 2.2(1.4-3.3) 1.8(1.2-2.8) 0.8(0.2-3.1) 2.3(1.6-3.5)

Munster 2.7(1.8-4.0) 1.5(1.0-2.3) 0.6(0.1-2.6) 3.0(2.0-4.4)

ConnaughtorUlster 2.6(1.6-4.0) 2.4(1.5-3.7) 3.9(1.2-13.4) 2.9(1.9-4.5)

Managerialposition 1.3(0.9-1.7) 1.2(0.9-1.7) 0.5(0.2-1.9) 1.4(1.0-1.9)

Permanentposition 0.7(0.5-1.1) 0.9(0.6-1.4) 1.6(0.3-7.0) 0.8(0.6-1.2)

Tradeunionoperatesintheorganisation 0.9(0.6-1.3) 0.9(0.6-1.4) 1.2(0.3-5.1) 0.9(0.6-1.3)

Typeofsector(Private)

Public 1.3(0.9-1.9) 1.2(0.8-1.8) 5.7(1.4-22.4) 1.3(0.9-1.8)

Voluntaryorother 3.0(1.3-6.9) 1.2(0.5-2.7) 1.1(0.0-26.0) 3.6(1.5-8.7)

Workplacesize(lessthan10)

10to49 1.6(1.1-2.2) 1.4(1.0-2.0) 2.6(0.5-13.8) 1.5(1.1-2.2)

50to249 1.2(0.8-1.9) 1.1(0.7-1.7) 4.1(0.7-23.8) 1.1(0.7-1.6)

250ormore 1.3(0.8-2.2) 1.2(0.7-2.0) 4.6(0.6-34.7) 1.2(0.7-2.0)

Workplacecomposition–ethnicity(increasing%ethnic) 1.1(1.0-1.2) 1.0(0.9-1.1) 1.0(0.7-1.4) 1.1(1.0-1.2)

Workplacecomposition–gender(increasing%female) 0.9(0.8-1.0) 1.0(0.9-1.1) 1.0(0.7-1.4) 0.9(0.9-1.0)

Workplacecomposition–age(increasing%younger) 0.8(0.8-0.9) 0.8(0.8-0.9) 0.6(0.4-0.9) 0.8(0.8-0.9)

FAREitems

Theneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirst 3.5(2.4-5.1) 2.0(1.4-2.9) 0.3(0.1-1.3) 3.2(2.1-4.7)

Youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples 2.7(1.6-4.6) 4.3(2.6-7.0) 6.5(1.7-25.2) 2.7(1.6-4.7)

Peoplearetreatedasindividuals 0.3(0.2-0.6) 0.3(0.2-0.5) 1.0(0.2-4.5) 0.3(0.2-0.6)

IdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIwork 0.9(0.5-1.5) 0.7(0.4-1.2) 0.7(0.2-2.5) 0.7(0.4-1.2)

MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIwilldo 1.8(1.3-2.5) 1.1(0.8-1.6) 0.5(0.2-1.8) 1.8(1.3-2.5)

IdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork 0.5(0.3-0.9) 0.4(0.2-0.7) 0.2(0.01-0.7) 0.5(0.3-1.0)

Inowhavelesscontrolovermyworkthanayearago 1.7(1.0-3.0) 0.7(0.4-1.3) 0.3(0.0-1.8) 1.5(0.8-2.6)

Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense 2.5(1.6-3.8) 1.9(1.3-3.0) 2.9(0.9-9.8) 2.5(1.6-3.9)

Thenatureofmyworkhaschangedoverthepastyear 1.5(1.1-2.2) 1.3(0.9-1.8) 0.5(0.1-1.6) 1.5(1.0-2.1)

Thepaceofworkhasincreasedoverthepastyear 1.1(0.8-1.5) 1.2(0.8-1.7) 9.2(2.9-28.9) 1.1(0.8-1.6)

Numberofcasesinthemodel=1241

NagelkerkeRSquare 0.320 0.262 0.397 0.304

HosmerandLemeshowTest(pvalue) 0.118 0.438 0.001 0.104

Overallpercentagepredictedbythemodel 74.7 73.9 97.8 72.7Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesabove1 Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesbelow1

Thetablereportsoddsratios(theseareExp(B)valuesderivedfromlogisticregressionmodels)andtheir95%confidenceintervals.

25

4.1.6.2ModelsincludingWorkPositiveItemsForthe31HSAWorkPositiveitemsincludedinthesurveyquestionnaire,factorlevelscores(Demand,Control,ManagerSupport,Peersupport,RoleandChange)werecalculatedasaveragedscoresacrossindividualcaseswithapossiblerangeof1-5andentrytothelogisticregressionmodelascovariates.Table4.1.9:WorkPositiveFactorsOddsRatios(95%CI)forExperiencingIll-TreatmentFactors

Independentvariables(referencecategory) Unreasonablemanagement Incivility Violence Atleast1of

the21items

Female(Male) 0.9(0.6-1.2) 1.0(0.7-1.5) 1.1(0.3-3.4) 1.0(0.7-1.4)

Age(18-24)

25-34 1.1(0.6-2.1) 0.7(0.4-1.2) 1.1(0.1-11.4) 0.9(0.5-1.6)

35-44 0.8(0.4-1.5) 0.7(0.4-1.4) 1.7(0.2-18.3) 0.7(0.4-1.3)

45-54 0.8(0.4-1.6) 0.5(0.2-0.9) 0.1(0.0-2.1) 0.7(0.4-1.4)

55+ 1.0(0.5-2.0) 0.5(0.3-1.1) 0.3(0.0-4.7) 0.8(0.4-1.6)

Ethnicity(White)

Asian 0.7(0.3-1.5) 1.1(0.5-2.4) 3.1(0.5-17.3) 0.7(0.3-1.5)

Black,mixed&other 0.8(0.3-1.8) 0.8(0.4-1.8) 1.0(0.1-19.4) 0.7(0.3-1.6)

Higherqualification(Secondaryandbelow) 1.4(1.0-2.0) 1.3(0.9-1.8) 1.2(0.3-4.1) 1.4(1.0-2.0)

Disability(None) 0.9(0.4-2.0) 1.1(0.5-2.7) 2.0(0.2-23.1) 0.9(0.4-2.2)

Income 1.0(0.9-1.1) 0.9(0.8-1.0) 1.0(0.7-1.4) 0.9(0.8-1.1)

Region(Dublin)

Leinster(excludingDublin) 2.3(1.5-3.7) 1.8(1.2-2.8) 0.8(0.2-3.5) 2.6(1.7-4.0)

Munster 3.4(2.3-5.2) 1.6(1.1-2.5) 0.8(0.2-3.1) 3.9(2.6-5.8)

ConnaughtorUlster 2.8(1.8-4.6) 2.4(1.5-3.8) 3.7(1.1-12.5) 3.4(2.2-5.5)

Managerialrole 1.3(0.9-1.8) 1.2(0.9-1.8) 0.4(0.1-1.3) 1.4(1.0-1.9)

Permanentposition 1.0(0.7-1.5) 1.1(0.7-1.6) 2.7(0.6-12.6) 1.1(0.8-1.6)

TradeUnionintheorganisation 1.0(0.7-1.5) 1.0(0.7-1.5) 1.9(0.4-7.7) 1.0(0.7-1.5)

Publicsector(Private,voluntaryorother) 1.0(0.6-1.4) 1.2(0.8-1.8) 4.7(1.3-17.0) 1.0(0.7-1.5)

Workplacesize(lessthan10)

10to49 1.7(1.2-2.5) 1.4(0.9-2.0) 1.4(0.3-7.1) 1.6(1.1-2.3)

50to249 1.3(0.8-2.0) 1.0(0.6-1.6) 1.9(0.3-10.7) 1.0(0.7-1.6)

250ormore 1.3(0.7-2.2) 1.0(0.6-1.8) 1.8(0.3-12.3) 1.0(0.6-1.8)

Workplacecomposition–ethnicity(increasing%ethnic) 1.2(1.0-1.4) 1.2(1.0-1.4) 1.2(0.7-2.0) 1.3(1.1-1.5)

Workplacecomposition–gender(increasing%female) 1.0(0.9-1.1) 1.0(1.0-1.1) 1.1(0.8-1.6) 1.0(0.9-1.1)

Workplacecomposition–age(increasing%younger) 0.8(0.8-0.9) 0.9(0.8-1.0) 0.6(0.4-0.9) 0.8(0.8-0.9)

WorkPositivefactors

Demand(scale:1=low5=high) 2.2(1.8-2.7) 1.4(1.1-1.7) 1.8(1.0-3.4) 2.1(1.7-2.6)

Control(scale:1=high5=low) 1.0(0.8-1.2) 1.0(0.8-1.2) 0.9(0.5-1.7) 1.0(0.8-1.2)

Managersupport(scale1=high5=low) 0.8(0.7-1.0) 0.8(0.6-1.0) 0.7(0.4-1.3) 0.9(0.7-1.1)

PeerSupport(scale:1=high5=low) 1.0(0.8-1.3) 0.9(0.7-1.1) 1.7(0.9-3.1) 1.0(0.8-1.3)

Clarityonrole(scale:1=high5=low) 1.1(0.9-1.4) 1.4(1.1-1.8) 1.0(0.5-2.1) 1.1(0.9-1.4)

Changesupports(scale:1=high5=low) 0.6(0.5-0.7) 0.7(0.6-0.9) 0.6(0.3-1.1) 0.6(0.5-0.7)

Thereisfrictionorangerbetweencolleagues(1=none5=high) 1.4(1.2-1.6) 1.7(1.4-1.9) 1.3(0.8-2.1) 1.4(1.2-1.7)Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesabove1 Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesbelow1

Thetablereportsoddsratios(theseareExp(B)valuesderivedfromlogisticregressionmodels)andtheir95%confidenceintervals.

Demand(8items)wasenteredwithvaluesrunningfrom1=lowdemand,to5=highdemand.Frictionorangerbetweencolleaguesremainedasthesingleitemandwasenteredwithvaluesrunningfrom1=none,to5=high.Control(5items),Managerssupport(3items),Peersupport(4items),Clarityofrole(5items)andChangesupports(2items)wereenteredwithvaluesenteredfrom1=high,to5=low.

26

NoneoftheWorkPositivefactorssignificantlyincreasedordecreasedthelikelihoodofphysicalviolence.Thoseworkinginhighdemandsettingsweremorelikelytoexperienceunreasonablemanagement(2.2x)andincivility(1.4x)oratleastoneitemofilltreatment(2.1x).Thosereportinggoodmanagerialsupportwerelesslikelytoexperienceincivility(-22%).Employeeswhoreportedgoodchangesupportswerelesslikelytoexperienceunreasonablemanagement(-39%),incivility(-28%)oratleast1itemofilltreatment(-37%).AnotherwayofconsideringtherelationshipbetweenWorkPositivefactorsandilltreatmentistocalculatemeansofthefactorscoresforeachindividualwhenplottedagainstthetotalnumberofitemsofilltreatmentexperienced.Figures4.1.5–4.1.8presentestimatedmarginal(EM)meansforWorkPositivefactorsbytotalnumberofitemsthatindividualsexperiencedoutofthe21illtreatmentitems.TheEMmeanswereadjustedbygender,age,ethnicity,education,anddisabilityandderivedfromANOVAmodels.Inthegraphspresented,thefinalnumberofitemsexperienced(16)represents16-21items.ThefiguresshowthatallWorkPositivefactorsshowedstrongrelationshipswithnumberofilltreatmentitemsexperienced(R2valuesareallabove0.6).Highdemandworkplacesandpoorrelationshipenvironmentswereassociatedwithahighermeannumberofilltreatmentitemsexperienced.Workplaceenvironmentswhereemployeeshadhighercontroloftheirworkprocesses,highermanagerandpeersupport,wereassociatedwithalowermeannumberofitemsexperienced.

Figure4.1.5:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforDemandbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperiencedThefinalnumberofitemsexperiencedonthex-axisofthegraph(16)represents16-21items

2.3

2.52.7

2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.92.9

3.2 3.3

3.2

3.5

3.0

3.33.6

3.8

y=0.0732x+2.4461R²=0.84979

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Espm

ated

Margina

lMean1=low5=highde

man

d

Numberofitemsexperienced

Demand 95%CILower 95%CIUpper Linear(Demand)

27

Figure4.1.6:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CisforControlbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperiencedThefinalnumberofitemsexperiencedonthex-axisofthegraph(16)represents16-21items

Figure4.1.7:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforManagerSupportbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperienced

3.23.0

2.8 2.7

3.02.9

2.6 2.5 2.52.4

2.7 2.7

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.0

2.0

y=-0.0621x+3.0682R²=0.8377

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Espm

ated

Margina

lMean1=high5=low

con

trol

Numberofitemsexperienced

ControlEMmeans 95%CILower95%CIUpper Linear(ControlEMmeans)

3.93.8

3.43.3

3.3 3.43.2 3.2

2.9

2.6 2.6

2.6 2.6

2.72.5

2.2 2.2

y=-0.1x+3.7718R²=0.91025

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Espm

ated

Margina

lMean1=high5=lowsu

pport

Numberofitemsexperienced

95%CIUpper 95%CILowerManagersupportEMmeans Linear(ManagersupportEMmeans)

28

Figure4.1.8:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforPeerSupportbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperiencedThefinalnumberofitemsexperiencedonthex-axisofthegraph(16)represents16-21items

Figure4.1.9:EstimatedMarginalMeansand95%CIsforRelationshipsbyNumberofIllTreatmentItemsExperiencedThefinalnumberofitemsexperiencedonthex-axisofthegraph(16)represents16-21items

3.93.8

3.6

3.3

3.6

3.3

3.53.4

2.7

2.8

3.7

3.3

2.8 2.8

3.0

2.4

1.9

y=-0.0878x+3.8675R²=0.67154

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Espm

ated

Margina

lMean1=high5=lowsu

pport

Numberofitemsexperienced

95%CILower 95%CILowerPeersupportEMmeans Linear(PeersupportEMmeans)

1.71.8

2.0

2.6

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.9 3.03.0 3.0 3.0

3.5

3.2 3.3

3.6

3.4

y=0.1075x+1.9271R²=0.91467

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Espm

ated

margina

lMean1=good

5=poo

rrelap

onships

Numberofitemsexperienced

UpperBound RelaponshipsEMMeansLowerBound Linear(RelaponshipsEMMeans)

29

4.2WitnessingIllTreatmentintheWorkplace

Inadditiontoaskingrespondentsabouttheirdirectexperienceofnegativebehaviours,thesame21-itemchecklistwasusedtomeasurethewitnessingofilltreatmenttowardsotherpeopleintheworkplace.Overall,48%ofrespondentswitnessedatleastonenegativeact,42%ofrespondentswitnessedunreasonablemanagement,38.1%witnessedincivilityordisrespectand4.9%witnessedphysicalviolence(Figure4.2.1).

Figure4.2.1:PercentageswithinEachFactorofIllTreatmentWitnessed

Unreasonablemanagement:42.0%n=742

Incivilityordisrespect:38.1%n=673

Violence5.0%n=88

32.4%n=572

4.8%

All:4.2%4.3%

30

4.2.1IllTreatmentWitnessedintheWorkplacePercentageresponsestoindividualitemsarepresentedinTable4.2.1.Femalerespondentsweremorelikelytoreportwitnessing20ofthe21items(Table4.2.1).Thesedifferencesweresignificant(p<0.05)foreightoftheitems:beinggivenunmanageableworkloadsorimpossibledeadlines(1.3x),employeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothers(1.5x),witnessingpeoplebeingtreateddisrespectfully(1.3x),beingexcluded(1.4x),beinggivenhintstoquittheirjob(1.5x),beingcriticisedunfairly(1.5x),beingintimidated(1.4x)orwitnessingbeingpeoplebeinginjuredasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork(1.9x).Table4.2.1:PercentageWhoWitnessedIllTreatmentItemswithinEachGender

Illtreatmentitemwitnessed Female%

Male%

Total% Chi p OR

Unreasonablemanagement

Someonewithholdinginformationwhichaffectsperformance 15.7 13.7 14.7 1.369 0.242 1.2(0.9-1.5)

Pressurefromsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence 17.6 17.5 17.6 0.005 0.946 1.0(0.8-1.3)

Havingopinionsandviewsignored 30.6 28.0 29.3 1.395 0.238 1.1(0.9-1.4)

Someonecontinuallycheckinguponworkwhenitisnotnecessary 21.4 18.9 20.2 1.753 0.185 1.2(0.9-1.5)

Pressurenottoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightstaffareentitledto 10.1 8.5 9.3 1.401 0.237 1.2(0.9-1.7)

Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines 26.8 22.3 24.6 4.868 0.027 1.3(1.0-1.6)

Employersnotfollowingproperprocedures 19.5 17.2 18.3 1.485 0.223 1.2(0.9-1.5)

Employeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace 24.6 18.1 21.4 10.82 0.001 1.5(1.2-1.9)

Incivilityordisrespect

Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwiththeirwork 13.7 10.7 12.3 3.524 0.060 1.3(1.0-1.8)

Gossipandrumoursbeingspreadorallegationsmadeagainstothers 18.9 16.7 17.9 1.317 0.251 1.2(0.9-1.5)

Insultingoroffensiveremarksmadeaboutpeopleinwork 19.2 17.3 18.3 1.018 0.313 1.1(0.9-1.4)

Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway 24.3 19.4 21.9 6.042 0.014 1.3(1.1-1.7)

Peopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroup 20.1 15.3 17.7 6.705 0.010 1.4(1.1-1.8)

Hintsorsignalsthattheyshouldquittheirjob 10.0 6.9 8.5 5.239 0.022 1.5(1.1-2.1)

Persistentcriticismofworkorperformancewhichisunfair 15.5 10.8 13.2 8.206 0.004 1.5(1.0.1-2)

Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar 13.1 13.9 13.5 0.226 0.635 0.9(0.7-1.2)

Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemper 22.6 19.3 20.9 2.968 0.085 1.2(1.0-1.5)

Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork 16.4 12.6 14.5 5.169 0.023 1.4(1.0-1.8)

Feelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork 11.9 9.1 10.5 3.604 0.058 1.3(1.0-1.8)

Violenceorinjury

Actualphysicalviolenceatwork 5.1 3.6 4.3 2.219 0.136 1.4(0.9-2.3)

Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork 4.3 2.3 3.3 5.26 0.022 1.9(1.1-3.3)

*OR=Howmanytimesmorelikelyfemalesreportedwitnessingthebehaviourthanmales;p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

4.2.2RelationshipsbetweenWitnessingofIll-TreatmentFactorsandDemographicFactorsPercentagesforwitnessingofill-treatmentfactorsbyrespondentdemographics(gender,ethnicity,age,education,placeofresidenceanddisability)arepresentedinTable4.2.2below.Attheleveloffactorsofilltreatment,noneshowedasignificantrelationshipwithgender.Forage,allill-treatmentfactorsshowedasignificantrelationshipwithahigherpercentageofthosebetween25-44yearswitnessingill

31

treatment.Ethnicityalsoshowedsignificantrelationshipstoallfactors,withAsianrespondentswitnessingsignificantlymoreilltreatmentintheformofunreasonablemanagementandincivility,andthoseofmixedorblackethnicityexperiencinggreaterlevelsofviolenceorinjury.Thosewhoattendedthirdleveleducationweremorelikelytowitnesseachtypeofunreasonablemanagementandviolenceorinjury.WorkersinMunsterwitnessedsignificantlymoreunreasonablemanagement.InMunsterahigherpercentageofIncivilitywaswitnessedandinConnacht/Ulsterworkerswitnessedmorephysicalviolence,howeverthesedifferenceswerenotstatisticallysignificant.Morepeoplewithdisabilitiesreportedwitnessingeachofthethreefactorsofilltreatment;however,thiswasnotasignificantdifference.Violencewaswitnessedbyasignificantlyhigherpercentageofthoseinthehigherincomegroup.Table4.2.2:PercentageWhoWitnessedIll-TreatmentFactorsamongDemographicGroups

Unreasonablemanagement%

Incivilityordisrespect%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item

Total 42.01 38.10 5.04 47.96

GenderFemale 44.07 38.81 5.82 49.16

Male 39.89 37.47 4.13 46.78

p 0.075 0.562 0.103 0.318

Agegroup

18-24 31.86 33.63 2.65 38.05

25-34 47.78 43.15 6.85 53.83

35-44 44.12 38.73 6.17 48.94

45-54 38.38 33.67 3.28 45.32

55+ 36.25 35.68 2.90 42.74

p 0.001 0.036 0.027 0.004

Ethnicity

White 40.59 36.88 4.47 46.76

Asian 55.17 51.16 5.75 60.47

Mixed,black&allothers 55.06 47.73 13.48 57.30

p 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.009

Education

PrimaryandSecondary 38.04 35.66 2.97 45.17

Undergraduateorhigher 44.66 39.72 6.18 49.91

p 0.006 0.088 0.003 0.053

Disability

No 41.89 37.82 4.86 47.95

Yes 46.43 46.43 8.93 48.21

p 0.498 0.192 0.169 0.969

Income

Under€10,000 37.14 36.19 6.67 41.35

€10,000-€19,000 43.33 35.42 2.08 46.67

€20,000-€29,000 40.49 41.03 3.80 47.55

€30,000-€39,000 46.59 43.73 6.81 54.48

€40,000-€49,000 45.73 40.49 4.27 51.22

€50,000ormore 45.59 46.72 10.22 54.74

p 0.450 0.236 0.008 0.128

Region

Dublin 44.68 36.70 3.90 48.67

Leinster(excludingDublin) 34.17 35.85 4.49 43.14

Munster 45.77 42.73 5.70 50.55

Connaught&Ulster 39.80 35.12 6.33 47.83

p 0.002 0.063 0.346 0.179

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

32

4.2.3RelationshipsbetweenOrganisationalCharacteristicsandWitnessingofIllTreatmentOrganisationalcharacteristicsincludedsector,size,type(public/private)andpresenceoftradeunion(s)intheworkplace.Table4.2.3showsthereweresignificantly(p<0.05,Pearson’schisquare)higherpercentagesofwitnessedilltreatmentinthevoluntarysector,althoughsignificantlymorepeopleworkinginthepublicsectorreportedwitnessingviolence(10.9%).Therewerealsosignificantrelationshipsbetweensectorandbothviolenceandunreasonablemanagement,withthehighestpercentagesofbothill-treatmentfactorswitnessedinthehealthandsocialservicessector(violence12.3%andunreasonablemanagement51.5%).Significantlyhigherpercentagesreportedwitnessingunreasonablemanagementandincivilityinorganisationsemployingbetween50-249peopleandmoreviolencewaswitnessedinorganisationswithastafflargerthan250.Witnessallformsofilltreatmentwasmorelikelyinorganisationswithtradeunions.Table4.2.3:PercentageWhoWitnessedIllTreatmentbyTypeofOrganisation,Sector,OrganisationSizeandPresenceofaTradeUnionorStaffAssociation

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item%

Total 42.01 38.10 5.04 47.96

Typeoforganisation

Private 40.27 36.20 2.61 45.79

Public 46.52 41.87 10.91 52.49

Voluntaryorother 42.11 42.11 5.26 52.63

p 0.059 0.073 <0.001 0.032

Sector

Agriculture 25.81 40.00 10.00 43.33

Industry 34.15 39.22 3.41 42.44

Construction 43.75 36.84 1.04 50.53

Wholesale,Retail,Food&Accommodation(WRFA) 40.06 34.39 1.45 45.24

Transport 41.44 31.53 2.73 43.24

Financialservices 44.65 41.25 3.13 48.75

Publicadmin.&Defence(PAD) 46.76 43.57 8.57 54.29

Education 41.18 38.24 5.88 47.26

Health&Socialservices 51.49 44.03 12.31 58.21

Otherservices 36.36 31.52 3.64 40.61

p 0.006 0.132 <0.001 0.008

Sizeoforganisation

<10 30.60 25.86 1.72 34.99

10-49 47.44 42.86 5.87 53.31

50-249 47.61 43.09 5.85 54.52

>250 41.56 41.99 6.49 48.92

p <0.001 <0.001 0.004 <0.001

PresenceofTradeunionorstaffassociation

Yes 46.03 43.94 9.02 52.48

No 40.15 34.52 2.53 45.50

p 0.017 <0.001 <0.001 0.005

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

33

Table4.2.4showsthereweresignificantrelationshipsforviolencewheretherewerefewpeoplefromethnicminoritiesemployed.However,forunreasonablemanagementandincivility,significantlyhigherpercentageswerereportedwheremorethanhalftheworkforce(butnotthreequarters)wascomprisedofethnicminorities.Higherpercentagesofwitnessedilltreatmentwerereportedforallthreeindicatorswherenearlyallemployeeswerefemaleandnearlyallwereyoungpeople.,althoughfewyoungpeople(i.e.under25)intheworkforcewasariskfactorforunreasonablemanagementandincivility,morethanhalfoftheworkforcebeingyoungwasariskfactorforviolenceandinjury.Table4.2.4:WitnessedIllTreatmentbyCompositionofStaffinTermsofEthnicity,GenderandAge

Unreasonablemanagement%

Incivilityordisrespect%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item%

Total 42.01 38.10 5.04 47.96

Compositionofstaffintermsofethnicity(%blackorethnicminorities)

None(0%) 34.36 30.51 2.69 39.10

Afew(5-10%) 48.97 47.68 6.69 56.95

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 45.95 39.19 5.41 52.04

Abouthalf(about50%) 54.55 46.75 3.90 57.14

Morethanhalf(about60%) 90.00 50.00 0.00 90.48

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 37.50 28.57 0.00 37.50

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 25.00 25.00 0.00 25.00

All(100%) 33.33 16.67 0.00 33.33

p <0.001 <0.001 0.036 <0.001

Compositionofstaffintermsofgender(%female)

None(0%) 35.32 33.66 0.00 41.09

Afew(5-10%) 38.80 36.80 4.82 46.59

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 45.79 42.11 5.82 51.85

Abouthalf(about50%) 41.65 34.79 4.90 46.39

Morethanhalf(about60%) 49.10 43.24 4.07 53.60

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 46.91 43.52 6.22 53.89

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 52.15 52.15 9.20 61.96

All(100%) 26.89 18.49 0.00 26.89

p <0.001 <0.001 0.001 <0.001

Compositionofstaffintermsofage(%ofyoungpeopleunder25)

None(0%) 33.70 29.71 3.99 39.49

Afew(5-10%) 47.42 43.34 5.15 53.46

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 44.81 40.51 4.80 50.63

Abouthalf(about50%) 38.10 37.73 5.86 45.05

Morethanhalf(about60%) 46.08 38.83 5.88 51.96

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 45.28 35.85 0.00 46.30

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 39.13 36.36 0.00 56.52

All(100%) 20.00 9.09 0.00 20.00

p 0.005 0.007 0.558 0.004

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

34

4.2.4RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceRoleandWitnessofIllTreatmentTable4.2.5presentspercentagesthatwitnessedilltreatmentbyoccupationalgroup,managerialorsupervisorydutiesandjobpermanence.Thosehavingmanagerialdutiesreportedhigherlevelsofallill-treatmentfactorsandtheseweresignificantforunreasonablemanagementandincivility(Table4.2.5).Significantlyhigherpercentagesofthoseinpersonalservicesandthosewithpermanentjobsreportedwitnessingviolence.Table4.2.5:PercentageWhoWitnessedIllTreatmentbyOccupationGroup,ManagerialorSupervisoryDutiesandJobPermanence

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item%

Total 42.01 38.10 5.04 47.96

Occupationalgroup

Managersandseniorofficials 51.45 41.30 5.84 54.35

Professionaloccupations 43.47 37.68 8.22 49.58

Associateprofessionalandtechnical 45.37 45.13 5.31 51.54

Administrativeandsecretarial 36.41 33.33 1.38 43.06

Skilledtrade 42.08 37.16 2.73 48.09

Personalservice 40.27 35.14 9.46 46.62

Salesandcustomerservice 43.11 39.29 2.38 48.81

Processplantandmachine 35.43 41.73 6.30 45.67

Elementary 39.90 33.99 1.97 43.84

P 0.147 0.243 0.001 0.466

Managerialorsupervisoryduties

Yes 47.28 42.05 5.43 51.91

No 40.02 36.44 4.86 46.34

P 0.005 0.029 0.619 0.035

Jobpermanence

Yes 40.96 37.83 5.63 46.87

No 44.85 37.54 2.33 50.83

P 0.213 0.925 0.017 0.211

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

4.2.5RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceConditionsandWitnessofIllTreatmentTable4.2.6presentspercentagesthatwitnessedilltreatmentbyFAREitems.AllrelationshipsbetweenFAREitemsandill-treatmentfactorsweresignificant(p<0.05,Pearson’schisquare)withtheexceptionofwitnessingviolenceandbelievingone’smanagerdecidesspecifictasksandthatoneisabletodecidetheirownqualitystandards.FAREitemsthatindicateamorenegativeworkplaceenvironment(theneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst,havingtocompromiseprinciplesandhavinglesscontroloverwork)weresignificantly(p<0.05,Pearson’schisquare)associatedwithhigherpercentageswitnessingallthreeill-treatmentfactors.ConverselyFAREitemsthatindicateamorepositiveworkplaceenvironmentweresignificantlyassociatedwithlowerpercentagesofemployeeswitnessingilltreatment(peoplearetreatedasindividuals,IdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIworkandIdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork).

35

Table4.2.6:PercentageswhowitnessedilltreatmentbyFAREitems

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item%

Total 42.01 38.10 5.04 47.96

WhereIwork:

Theneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirst 74.30 68.66 8.80 75.70

No 35.88 32.30 4.26 42.64

P <0.001 <0.001 0.001 <0.001

Youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples 75.64 76.28 9.62 78.85

No 38.74 34.39 4.54 44.96

p <0.001 <0.001 0.005 <0.001

Peoplearetreatedasindividuals 38.77 35.02 4.68 45.05

No 79.86 74.82 8.63 82.01

p <0.001 <0.001 0.040 <0.001

IdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIwork 40.02 36.51 4.65 46.14

No 67.44 58.46 9.30 70.77

p <0.001 <0.001 0.019 <0.000

MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIdo 59.45 57.26 3.84 65.75

No 37.53 33.17 5.29 43.32

p <0.001 <0.001 0.256 <0.001

IdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork 40.45 36.51 4.84 46.32

No 69.89 67.74 7.61 77.42

p <0.001 <0.001 0.236 <0.001

Ihavelesscontrolovermyworkthanayearago 73.28 69.23 10.69 79.39

No 39.53 35.64 4.59 45.44

p <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001

Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense 69.57 59.57 9.96 73.91

No 37.90 34.90 4.24 44.07

p <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Thenatureofmyworkhaschangedoverthepastyear 60.89 55.91 8.66 67.19

No 36.80 33.19 3.98 42.66

p <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Thepaceofworkinmyjobhasincreasedoverthepastyear 56.63 52.77 10.84 63.13

No 37.58 33.58 3.19 43.29

p <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

36

4.2.6PredictorsofWitnessingIllTreatmentThissectionpresentsoutcomesofmultivariatemodels(Logisticregression)foreachill-treatmentfactor(violence,unreasonablemanagementandincivilityanddisrespect),presentinghowmuchmorelikelysomecharacteristicsareassociatedwithwitnessingilltreatmentthanothers.DemographicandworkplacerelatedcharacteristicsincludedasindependentvariablesinthesemodelsareshowninTable4.2.7andincludetheFAREitems.Presentedestimatesderivedfromthemodels(ORand95%confidenceintervals)showforeachofthesedemographicandworkplacecharacteristics,howmuchmoreorlesslikelyill-treatmentfactorbehaviourswerewitnessed.AnORof2.0meanstheindependentvariableincreasesthebehaviourbyafactorof2(ormakesittwiceaslikely).AnORof0.5meanstheindependentvariabledecreasesthebehaviourby50%(ormakesitlesslikely).Forindependentvariablesenteredascovariates(e.g.Income),iftheORisabove1asthisvariableincreases,thelikelihoodofthebehaviouroccurringincreases;iftheORisbelow1asthisvariableincreases,thelikelihoodofthebehaviouroccurringdecreases.ForanORbelow1,todeterminehowmuchmorelikelythebehaviourisinthereferencegroup,usetheformula:1/ORWitnessingatleastoneitem

Employeesweresignificantlymorelikelytowitnessatleastoneitemofilltreatmentiftheywereagedfrom25-34(2x),ofblack,mixedorotherethnicity(1.7x),livedinMunster,ConnaughtorUlster(1.3xand1.7xrespectively),heldamanagerialposition(1.3x)wereemployedinanorganisationwithaworkforceofbetween10to249(1.8x),wheretheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst(2.5x),employeeshavetocompromisetheirprinciples(2.5x),managementdecidedaytodaytasks(2.5x),thereislesscontroloverworkthanayearago(2x),thenatureofworkhaschanged(1.9x),thepaceofworkistoointense(1.7x)andhasincreasedoverthepreviousyear(1.4x).Predictorsthatreducedthelikelihoodofwitnessingatleastoneitemofilltreatmentwerehavingapermanentposition(-34%),beingemployedwherethereareahigherpercentageofyoungemployees(-10%perincrease),wherepeoplearetreatedasindividuals(-49%)andemployeesareabletodecidethequalitystandardsbywhichtheywork(-52%).Witnessingviolence

Significant(p<0.05)predictorsofwitnessingviolencewerebeingblack,mixedorotherethnicity(5.6x),workingoutsideofDublin(Leinster2.2x,Munster2x,ConnaughtorUlster3x),workinginthepublicsector(3.1x),workingwherethereisahigherpercentageofemployeeswhoarefromanethnicbackground,wherethepaceofworkhasincreasedoverthepastyear(2.2x).Witnessingunreasonablemanagement

Employeesweremorelikelytowitnessunreasonablemanagementiftheywerefemale(1.5x),intheagegroup25-34(2.2),ofblack,mixedorotherethnicity(1.7x),livedinMunster(1.4x)heldamanagerialposition(1.5x)wereemployedinanorganisationwithaworkforceofbetween10to249(1.5x),wheretheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst(3.1x),employeeshavetocompromisetheirprinciples(2.8x),managementdecidedaytodaytasks(2.5x),thereislesscontroloverworkthanayearago(1.7x),thenatureofworkhaschanged(1.9x)andthepaceofworkistoointense(1.8x).Witnessingunreasonablemanagementwaslesslikelywhereemployeeshadapermanentposition(-40%),wereemployedwherethereareahigherpercentageofyoungemployees(-10%perincrease),wherepeoplearetreatedasindividuals(-53%)andemployeesareabletodecidehowfasttheywork(-43%).Witnessingincivilityordisrespect

Witnessingincivilitywasmorelikelyforemployeeswhowereofblack,mixedorotherethnicity(1.9x),livedinMunster(1.6x),ConnaughtorUlster(1.6x),heldamanagerialposition(1.4x)wereemployedinanorganisationwithaworkforceof10ormoreemployees(1.6x–1.8x),wheretheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst(2.6x),employeeshavetocompromisetheirprinciples(3.6x),managementdecidedaytodaytasks(2.4x),thenatureofworkhaschangedoverthepastyear(1.9x)andthepaceofworkistoointense(1.4x).Thelikelihoodofwitnessing

37

incivilitywasreducedinworkplaceswherethereareahigherpercentageofyoungemployees(-12%perincrease)andwherepeoplearetreatedasindividuals(-52%).Table4.2.7:FactorLevelORs(95%CI)forWitnessedIllTreatment

Independentvariables(referencecategory) Unreasonablemanagement

Incivilityordisrespect

Violenceorinjury

Atleast1ofthe21items

Female(Male) 1.5(1.1-1.9) 1.2(0.9-1.6) 1.3(0.8-2.3) 1.3(1.0-1.7)

Age(18-24)

25-34 2.2(1.3-3.8) 1.4(0.8-2.5) 1.8(0.4-8.0) 2.1(1.3-3.7)

35-44 1.6(0.9-2.9) 1.1(0.6-1.9) 1.2(0.3-5.3) 1.6(0.9-2.8)

45-54 1.4(0.8-2.5) 0.9(0.5-1.5) 0.5(0.1-2.3) 1.6(0.9-2.8)

55+ 1.4(0.8-2.6) 1.1(0.6-2.1) 0.5(0.1-2.6) 1.5(0.8-2.7)

Ethnicity(White)

Asian 1.2(0.7-2.1) 1.5(0.8-2.7) 1.5(0.5-4.6) 1.2(0.7-2.2)

Black,mixed&other 2.0(1.2-3.4) 1.9(1.1-3.3) 5.6(2.4-13.1) 1.7(1.0-2.9)

Higherqualification(Secondaryandbelow) 1.1(0.8-1.4) 1.1(0.9-1.5) 0.8(0.4-1.5) 1.0(0.8-1.4)

Disability(None) 0.9(0.4-1.7) 1.4(0.7-2.6) 2.3(0.8-6.9) 0.8(0.4-1.5)

Income(increasingincome) 1.0(0.9-1.1) 1.0(0.9-1.0) 1.0(0.8-1.1) 1.0(0.9-1.1)

Region(Dublin)

Leinster(excludingDublin) 0.9(0.6-1.2) 1.4(1.0-2.0) 2.2(1.0-4.7) 1.2(0.8-1.6)

Munster 1.4(1.0-1.9) 1.6(1.2-2.2) 2.0(1.0-3.9) 1.4(1.0-1.8)

ConnaughtorUlster 1.4(1.0-2.0) 1.6(1.1-2.3) 3.0(1.4-6.4) 1.7(1.2-2.5)

Managerialposition 1.5(1.1-1.9) 1.4(1.1-1.9) 1.3(0.8-2.3) 1.3(1.0-1.7)

Permanentposition 0.6(0.4-0.8) 0.9(0.7-1.3) 2.4(1.0-6.0) 0.7(0.5-0.9)

Tradeunionoperatesintheorganisation 1.1(0.8-1.5) 1.2(0.9-1.6) 1.9(0.9-3.6) 1.0(0.7-1.4)

Typeofsector(Private)

Public 1.2(0.9-1.7) 1.1(0.8-1.6) 3.1(1.6-6.2) 1.3(0.9-1.8)

Voluntaryorother 0.9(0.5-1.6) 1.2(0.6-2.2) 1.1(0.2-6.1) 1.0(0.6-1.9)

Workplacesize(lessthan10)

10to49 1.5(1.1-2.1) 1.8(1.4-2.5) 2.0(0.8-4.6) 1.8(1.3-2.4)

50to249 1.5(1.0-2.1) 1.7(1.2-2.5) 2.1(0.8-5.4) 1.8(1.3-2.5)

250ormore 1.0(0.7-1.6) 1.6(1.1-2.5) 1.6(0.6-4.4) 1.3(0.9-2.0)

Workplacecomposition–ethnicity(increasing%ethnic) 1.1(1.0-1.2) 1.0(1.0-1.1) 1.3(1.1-1.4) 1.1(1.0-1.2)

Workplacecomposition–gender(increasing%female) 0.9(0.9-1.0) 0.9(0.9-1.0) 1.0(0.8-1.1) 1.0(0.9-1.0)

Workplacecomposition–age(increasing%younger) 0.9(0.8-1.0) 0.9(0.8-0.9) 0.9(0.8-1.0) 0.9(0.8-1.0)

FAREitems

Theneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirst 3.1(2.2-4.3) 2.6(1.8-3.6) 1.5(0.8-2.8) 2.5(1.8-3.6)

Youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples 2.8(1.7-4.5) 3.6(2.2-5.8) 1.9(0.9-4.0) 2.5(1.5-4.0)

Peoplearetreatedasindividuals 0.5(0.3-0.8) 0.5(0.3-0.8) 1.0(0.4-2.4) 0.5(0.3-0.9)

IdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIwork 0.6(0.4-0.9) 0.8(0.5-1.3) 0.6(0.3-1.3) 0.7(0.4-1.1)

MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIwilldo 2.5(1.8-3.4) 2.4(1.8-3.3) 0.7(0.3-1.4) 2.6(1.9-3.5)

IdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork 0.6(0.3-1.1) 0.6(0.3-1.0) 0.7(0.3-1.7) 0.5(0.3-0.9)

Inowhavelesscontrolovermyworkthanayearago 1.7(1.0-2.8) 1.5(0.9-2.5) 0.7(0.3-1.8) 2.1(1.2-3.5)

Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense 1.8(1.3-2.7) 1.3(0.9-1.8) 1.1(0.6-2.2) 1.7(1.2-2.5)

Thenatureofmyworkhaschangedoverthepastyear 1.9(1.4-2.6) 1.9(1.4-2.6) 1.3(0.7-2.3) 1.9(1.4-2.6)

Thepaceofworkhasincreasedoverthepastyear 1.3(1.0-1.7) 1.4(1.0-1.8) 2.2(1.3-3.9) 1.4(1.1-1.9)

Nocasesineachmodel=1644

NagelkerkeRSquare 0.299 0.288 0.247 0.272

HosmerandLemeshowtest(pvalue) 0.875 0.014 0.094 0.076

Overallpercentagepredictedbythemodel 72.4 73.4 94.8 68.7Significant(p<0.05)Exp(B)valuesabove1 Significant(p<0.05)Exp(B)valuesbelow1

Thetablereportsoddsratios(theseareExp(B)valuesderivedfromlogisticregressionmodels)andtheir95%confidenceintervals.

38

4.3PerpetratingIllTreatmentintheWorkplaceRespondentswereaskediftheyhadperpetratedanyofthe21itemsofilltreatment.Overall,17%ofrespondentsreportedperpetrationofatleastoneitemofilltreatment,14%ofrespondentsreportedperpetrationofunreasonablemanagement,9.5%incivilityordisrespect,0.5%physicalviolenceand0.5%reportedperpetrationofallthreetypesofilltreatment(Figure4.3.1).

Figure4.3.1:PercentageswithinEachCategoryofIllTreatmentPerpetrated

Unreasonablemanagement:14.0%n=247

Incivilityordisrespect:9.5%n=167

Violence0.6%n=11

6.5%n=115

0.5%

All:0.5%0.5%

39

4.3.1IllTreatmentPerpetratedintheWorkplace

Percentagesofresponsestoindividualitemswithinthethreeill-treatmentfactors,unreasonablemanagement,incivilityordisrespectandviolenceorinjuryarepresentedinTable4.3.1inthe‘total’columnandarealsopresentedbygender.Thehighesttotalpercentagereportedwasforgivingsomeoneanunmanageableworkload(6.9%).Noneofthe21itemsshowedsignificantdifferencesbygender(p<0.05,ChisquaredorFisher’sexacttest).Table4.3.1:PercentageWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentwithinEachGender

Illtreatmentitemsperpetrated Female%

Male%

Total% chi p OR

Unreasonablemanagement

Withheldinformationwhichaffectedsomeone’sperformance 3.0 3.1 3.1 0.010 0.918 1.0(0.6-1.7)

Putpressureonsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence 2.9 2.4 2.7 0.415 0.520 1.2(0.7-2.2)

Ignoredopinionsandviewsofothers 7.0 6.7 6.9 0.075 0.784 1.1(0.7-1.5)

Continuallycheckeduponsomeone’sworkwhenitwasnotnecessary 4.2 3.7 3.9 0.268 0.605 1.1(0.7-1.8)

Putpressureonsomeonenottoclaimsomethingtheywereentitledto 1.7 2.0 1.8 0.167 0.682 0.9(0.4-1.7)

Givensomeoneanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines 4.2 4.3 4.2 0.011 0.916 1.0(0.6-1.6)

Notfollowedproperproceduresintheworkplace 2.8 3.8 3.3 1.349 0.245 0.7(0.4-1.2)

Treatedsomeoneunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace 3.1 3.0 3.0 0.001 0.973 1.0(0.6-1.7)

Incivilityordisrespect

Humiliatedorridiculedsomeoneinconnectionwiththeirwork 1.8 1.6 1.7 0.086 0.770 1.1(0.5-2.3)

Spreadgossipandrumoursormadeallegationsagainstsomeone 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.006 0.937 1.0(0.5-2.0)

Insultedormadeoffensiveremarksaboutsomeone 3.4 2.1 2.7 2.717 0.099 1.6(0.9-3.0)

Treatedsomeoneinadisrespectfulorrudeway 3.2 2.8 3.0 0.331 0.565 1.2(0.7-2.0)

Excludedpeoplefromyourgroup 3.9 3.4 3.6 0.420 0.517 1.2(0.7-1.9)

Givenhintsorsignalstoothersthattheyshouldquittheirjob 1.3 1.5 1.4 0.090 0.765 0.9(0.4-2.0)

Persistentlycriticisedworkorperformancewhichwasunfair 1.9 1.6 1.8 0.194 0.659 1.2(0.6-2.4)

Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar 2.0 3.2 2.6 2.561 0.110 0.6(0.3-1.1)

Shoutedatorlostyourtemperwithsomeoneatwork 3.9 3.5 3.7 0.251 0.616 1.1(0.7-1.9)

Intimidatingbehaviourtopeopleatwork 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.336 0.562 1.3(0.5-3.1)

Madesomeonefeelthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.006 0.937 1.0(0.4-2.3)

Violenceorinjury

Actualphysicalviolenceatwork 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.000* 1.6(0.4-6.8)

Injuredanyoneasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.972* 1.0(0.2-4.8)

*pvaluederivedfromFisher’sExacttest

4.3.2RelationshipsbetweenPerpetrationofIllTreatmentandDemographicFactorsPercentagesforperpetrationofill-treatmentfactorsbydemographicfactors(gender,ethnicity,age,education,placeofresidenceanddisability)arepresentedinTable4.3.2below.Asignificantrelationshipwasfoundforunreasonablemanagementandage,withthoseinthe25-34agegroupmostlikelytoreportperpetratingilltreatmentintheformofunreasonablemanagement(18.6%).AmongethnicgroupsasignificantlyhigherpercentageofperpetratingunreasonablemanagementwasreportedbythoseofAsianethnicity(26.4%).

40

Table4.3.2:PercentagesamongDemographicGroupsWhoPerpetratedIll-TreatmentFactors

Unreasonablemanagement%

incivility&disrespect%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item

Total 14.00 9.47 0.62 17.07

Gender

Female 14.24 10.10 0.69 17.70

Male 13.77 8.84 0.56 16.44

p 0.779 0.363 0.729 0.482

Agegroup

18-24 8.04 11.50 0.88 14.16

25-34 18.55 11.29 1.21 21.17

35-44 15.22 10.40 0.19 18.88

45-54 9.60 6.84 0.00 12.15

55+ 12.03 7.05 1.24 14.17

p <0.001 0.098 0.078 0.003

Ethnicity

White 13.10 9.19 0.57 16.11

Asian 26.44 8.14 1.15 28.74

Mixed,black&allothers 17.98 14.77 1.14 22.73

p 0.001 0.200 0.655 0.003

Education

PrimaryandSecondary 15.30 10.55 0.30 19.02

Undergraduateorhigher 13.27 8.84 0.83 15.93

p 0.233 0.234 0.169 0.095

Disability

Yes 17.86 14.04 0.00 21.43

No 13.88 9.31 0.59 16.92

p 0.399 0.230 0.566 0.378

Income

Under€10,000 8.57 6.67 0.00 9.62

€10,000-€19,000 14.17 10.83 0.42 17.57

€20,000-€29,000 16.03 11.14 0.54 19.84

€30,000-€39,000 14.34 10.75 1.08 17.99

€40,000-€49,000 12.20 6.71 0.00 14.02

€50,000ormore 12.50 6.57 2.92 16.06

p 0.469 0.313 nv 0.189

Region

Dublin 15.78 8.16 0.71 18.09

Leinster(excludingDublin) 13.17 10.92 0.28 17.65

Munster 11.40 8.64 0.37 14.15

Connaught&Ulster 16.39 11.67 1.00 19.73

p 0.104 0.246 nv 0.154

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;*pvaluederivedfromFisher’sExacttest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

41

4.3.3RelationshipsbetweenOrganisationalCharacteristicsandPerpetrationofIllTreatment

Organisationalcharacteristicsincludedsector,size,type(public/private)andpresenceoftradeunion(s)intheworkplace.Table4.3.3showsthathigherpercentagesforperpetrationofunreasonablemanagementandforincivilityanddisrespectwereinconstruction,thepublicsector,inorganisationscomprising10-49employeesandwherethereweretradeunionsoperating.Forviolencehigherpercentageswerereportedinthepublicsectorandinoccupationsinpublicadministrationanddefenceandinfinancialservices.However,therewerenosignificantrelationshipsbetweenallthreeill-treatmentfactorsandorganisationalcharacteristics.Table4.3.3:PercentageWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentbyTypeofOrganisation,Sector,OrganisationSizeandPresenceofaTradeUnionorStaffAssociation

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item%

Total 14.00 9.47 0.62 17.07

Typeoforganisation

Private 12.89 9.09 0.51 16.51

Public 16.87 10.54 0.99 18.49

Voluntaryorother 14.04 8.77 0.00 17.54

p 0.099 0.639 0.422 0.612

Sector

Agriculture 12.90 9.68 0.00 12.90

Industry 10.24 7.84 0.49 15.12

Construction 23.96 12.50 0.00 27.37

Wholesale,Retail,Food&Accommodation(WRFA) 10.98 8.09 0.58 15.61

Transport 14.41 9.91 0.00 16.22

Financialservices 15.63 10.63 1.88 20.00

Publicadmin.&Defence(PAD) 15.11 5.76 2.14 15.71

Education 13.45 10.55 0.84 14.77

Health&Socialservices 14.93 10.07 0.37 17.54

Otherservices 14.02 10.30 0.00 16.97

p 0.129 0.785 0.264 0.293

Sizeoforganisation

<10% 12.28 8.41 0.43 15.30

10-49% 16.54 10.53 0.75 19.13

50-249% 13.30 9.31 0.80 17.02

>250% 12.93 9.96 0.43 16.45

p 0.176 0.685 0.859 0.394

PresenceofTradeunionorstaffassociation

Yes 15.06 11.02 0.78 18.20

No 13.79 8.90 0.56 16.79

p 0.466 0.151 0.593 0.457

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;*pvaluederivedfromFisher’sExacttest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

Table4.3.4presentspercentagesofthoseperpetratingilltreatmentbycompositionofstaffintheworkplace.Spearmancorrelationswereusedtotestrelationshipsbetweenthesecharacteristicsandill-treatmentfactors.

42

Theonlysignificantcorrelationwasbetweenthosereportingatleastoneitemandpercentageoffemalesemployedwithlowerlevelsofperpetrationwherehigherlevelsoffemalesareemployed.Table4.3.4:PerpetratedIllTreatmentbyCompositionofStaffinTermsofEthnicity,GenderandAge

Unreasonablemanagement%

Incivilityordisrespect%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item%

Total 14.00 9.47 0.62 17.07

Compositionofstaffintermsofethnicity(%blackorethnicminorities)

None(0%) 12.84 7.82 0.77 14.89

Afew(5-10%) 16.98 11.84 0.51 20.93

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 11.71 8.14 0.45 15.38

Abouthalf(about50%) 11.54 14.29 0.00 18.18

Morethanhalf(about60%) 20.00 0.00 0.00 20.00

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 28.57 25.00 0.00 37.50

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

All(100%) 16.67 0.00 0.00 16.67

Spearman’srho(pvalue) 0.02(0.535) 0.05(0.055) -0.01(0.572) 0.04(0.097)

Compositionofstaffintermsofgender(%female)

None(0%) 18.32 12.87 0.50 22.39

Afew(5-10%) 16.47 7.23 0.40 18.47

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 17.89 13.76 2.11 24.34

Abouthalf(about50%) 10.05 8.25 0.77 13.37

Morethanhalf(about60%) 13.51 6.76 0.45 14.03

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 14.95 11.92 1.03 19.07

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 14.72 12.27 0.00 17.07

All(100%) 10.08 5.04 0.00 12.50

Spearman’srho(pvalue) -0.04(0.074) -0.02(0.515) -0.03(0.234) -0.05(0.035)

Compositionofstaffintermsofage(%ofyoungpeopleunder25)

None(0%) 14.80 6.88 0.00 15.94

Afew(5-10%) 15.10 9.77 0.71 18.29

Aboutaquarter(about25%) 15.19 10.35 0.51 18.69

Abouthalf(about50%) 14.34 12.82 1.83 18.38

Morethanhalf(about60%) 9.80 3.92 0.00 12.75

Aboutthree-quarters(about75%) 18.52 14.81 0.00 22.22

Nearlyall(about85-90%) 0.00 4.35 0.00 4.35

All(100%) 0.00 20.00 0.00 20.00

Spearman’srho(pvalue) -0.03(0.292) 0.04(0.086) 0.03(0.261) 0.001(0.965)

Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

4.3.4RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceRoleandPerpetrationofIllTreatmentTable4.3.5presentspercentagesofthosewhoreportedperpetratingilltreatmentbyoccupationalgroup,managerialorsupervisorydutiesandjobpermanence.Thosehavingmanagerialdutiesreportedperpetratingsignificantlyhigherlevelsofunreasonablemanagementandincivility.Amongoccupationalgroupsthehighestlevelsofperpetrationofatleast1itemwasforskilledtrade.

43

Table4.3.5:PercentageWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentbyOccupationalGroup,ManagerialorSupervisoryDutiesandJobPermanence

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury%

Atleast1item%

Total 14.00 9.47 0.62 17.07

Occupationalgroup

Managersandseniorofficials 18.12 10.95 1.45 21.01

Professionaloccupations 11.90 7.95 1.13 13.88

Associateprofessionalandtechnical 15.04 12.78 0.44 18.14

Administrativeandsecretarial 12.04 6.48 1.38 14.75

Skilledtrade 18.58 13.11 0.00 24.04

Personalservice 10.81 5.41 0.00 12.84

Salesandcustomerservice 10.18 6.55 0.60 13.69

Processplantandmachine 19.69 11.81 0.79 22.83

Elementary 13.30 10.84 0.00 17.73

p 0.079 0.057 nv 0.025

Managerialorsupervisoryduties

Yes 16.73 12.07 0.80 20.32

No 12.57 8.43 0.56 15.37

p 0.023 0.019 0.553 0.012

Jobpermanence

Yes 13.28 9.11 0.70 16.41

No 16.61 11.30 0.33 19.27

p 0.128 0.239 0.470 0.229

p=pvaluefromPearson’schisquaretest;nv=invalidchisquaretestduetolownumbers;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

4.3.5RelationshipsbetweenWorkplaceConditionsandPerpetrationofIllTreatmentTable4.3.6presentspercentagesofthosewhoreportedperpetratingill-treatmentfactorsbytheirresponsestoFAREitems.Thetableshowsthathigherpercentagesreportedperpetratingbehaviourswithinunreasonablemanagementandincivilityill-treatmentfactorswherenegativeworkplaceconditionswerereported.However,havingcontrolofthequalitystandardsbywhichindividualsworkanddecisionsbeingmadebythemanager,werenotsignificantlyrelatedtoperpetrationofunreasonablemanagement.Reportofperpetrationofviolencewassignificantlyhigheramongthosewhoworkwheretheyarenottreatedasindividuals.

44

Table4.3.6:PercentagesWhoPerpetratedIllTreatmentbyFAREItems

Unreasonablemanagement

%

Incivilityordisrespect

%

Violenceorinjury

%

Atleast1item%

Total 14.00 9.47 0.62 17.07

WhereIwork:

Theneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirst 30.63 21.48 1.06 34.51

No 10.81 7.16 0.54 13.72

p <0.001 <0.001 0.255* <0.001

Youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples 24.36 24.36 1.29 32.05

No 13.00 8.02 0.50 15.61

p <0.001 <0.001 0.217* <0.001

Peoplearetreatedasindividuals 13.11 8.37 0.43 15.75

No 24.46 22.30 2.88 32.37

p <0.001 <0.001 0.008* <0.001

IdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIwork 12.97 8.20 0.55 15.73

No 26.92 25.38 1.54 33.85

p <0.001 <0.001 0.192* <0.001

MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIdo 16.71 11.78 0.55 21.37

No 13.30 8.86 0.64 15.94

p 0.094 0.090 0.594* 0.014

IdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork 13.76 9.04 0.60 16.70

No 18.28 17.20 1.08 23.66

p 0.222 0.009 0.450* 0.082

Ihavelesscontrolovermyworkthanayearago 22.90 19.85 0.76 30.77

No 13.29 8.63 0.61 15.97

p 0.002 <0.001 0.573 <0.001

Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense 20.35 15.15 0.87 23.81

No 13.10 8.60 0.59 16.05

p <0.001 <0.001 0.645* <0.001

Thenatureofmyworkhaschangedoverthepastyear 17.63 12.34 0.52 21.26

No 13.01 8.68 0.65 15.91

p 0.021 0.031 1.000* 0.013

Thepaceofworkinmyjobhasincreasedoverthepastyear 16.63 13.01 0.96 21.93

No 13.27 8.38 0.52 15.57

p 0.085 <0.001 0.298* <0.001

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest;*pvaluederivedfromFisher’sExacttest;Significancesetatp<0.05andhighlightedingrey.

45

4.3.6PredictorsofPerpetratingIllTreatmentThissectionpresentsoutcomesofmultivariatemodels(logisticregression)foreachill-treatmentfactor(violence,unreasonablemanagementandincivilityanddisrespect),presentinghowmuchmorelikelysomecharacteristicsareassociatedwithperpetratingilltreatmentthanothers.DemographicandworkplacerelatedcharacteristicsincludedinthesemodelsareshowninTable4.3.7withestimatesofhowmuchmoreorlesslikelyilltreatmentwasperpetratedforeach(oddratiosand95%confidenceintervals).Table4.3.7:FactorLevelORs(95%CI)forPerpetratedIllTreatment

Independentvariables(referencecategory) Unreasonablemanagement Incivility Violence Atleast1ofthe

21items

Female(Male) 1.0(0.6-1.5) 0.7(0.4-1.2) 1.8(0.3-10.7) 1.0(0.7-1.5)

Age(18-24)

0.4(0.2-1.1)

25-34 2.2(0.9-5.3) 1.2(0.5-2.9) - 1.9(0.9-4.0)

35-44 1.3(0.5-3.2) 0.9(0.4-2.1) - 1.3(0.6-2.8)

45-54 0.9(0.3-2.4) 0.8(0.3-2.0) - 1.0(0.4-2.3)

55+ 1.0(0.4-2.6) 0.5(0.2-1.5) - 0.9(0.4-2.2)

Ethnicity(White)

Asian 1.7(0.7-4.0) 1.0(0.3-3.1) 0.5(0.0-29.8) 1.5(0.7-3.5)

Black,mixed&other 1.7(0.7-4.3) 3.3(1.4-7.9) 8.5(0.6-116.5) 2.1(0.9-4.7)

Higherqualification(Secondaryandbelow) 0.6(0.4-0.9) 0.6(0.4-1.0) 2.7(0.3-26.8) 0.6(0.4-0.9)

Disability(None) 1.1(0.4-3.1) 1.2(0.4-3.7) 1.1(0.4-2.9)

Income 1.0(0.9-1.2) 0.9(0.7-1.1) 1.9(0.9-4.2) 1.0(0.9-1.2)

Region(Dublin)

Leinster(excludingDublin) 0.8(0.4-1.3) 1.4(0.8-2.7) 0.1(0.0-6.6) 1.0(0.6-1.7)

Munster 0.7(0.4-1.2) 1.1(0.6-2.1) 0.4(0.0-3.9) 0.8(0.5-1.3)

ConnaughtorUlster 1.3(0.7-2.2) 1.7(0.9-3.3) 1.3(0.2-8.9) 1.3(0.8-2.2)

Managerial 1.3(0.8-1.9) 2.2(1.3-3.5) 1.7(0.3-8.6) 1.3(0.9-1.9)

Permanent 0.8(0.5-1.3) 0.9(0.5-1.5) 1.6(0.1-21.5) 0.9(0.6-1.3)

Tradeunion 1.0(0.6-1.7) 1.6(0.9-2.8) 0.2(0.0-2.3) 1.2(0.8-1.8)

Publicsector(PrivateorVoluntary) 2.5(1.5-4.2) 1.4(0.8-2.6) 5.2(0.6-43.5) 1.7(1.1-2.7)

Workplacesize(lessthan10)

10to49 0.8(0.5-1.2) 0.7(0.4-1.3) 3.3(0.4-28.8) 0.8(0.5-1.2)

50to249 0.7(0.4-1.2) 0.6(0.3-1.2) 2.5(0.2-30.5) 0.8(0.4-1.3)

250ormore 0.5(0.2-1.1) 0.6(0.3-1.4) 1.6(0.1-38.4) 0.5(0.3-1.1)

Workplacecomposition–ethnicity(increasing%ethnic) 1.0(0.8-1.2) 1.0(0.8-1.3) 0.6(0.2-1.8) 1.0(0.9-1.3)

Workplacecomposition–gender(increasing%female) 0.9(0.8-1.0) 0.9(0.8-1.1) 0.5(0.3-1.0) 0.9(0.8-1.0)

Workplacecomposition–age(increasing%younger) 0.9(0.8-1.0) 1.0(0.9-1.2) 1.3(0.8-2.2) 0.9(0.8-1.1)

Theneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomefirst 3.2(2.0-5.0) 2.3(1.3-3.8) 0.6(0.1-5.0) 2.6(1.7-4.0)

Youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples 1.6(0.9-2.7) 2.3(1.3-4.0) 0.9(0.1-15.2) 1.9(1.1-3.1)

Peoplearetreatedasindividuals 1.0(0.5-1.8) 0.6(0.3-1.1) 0.1(0.0-0.9) 0.8(0.4-1.3)

IdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIwork 0.5(0.3-1.0) 0.3(0.2-0.6) 1.2(0.1-26.8) 0.5(0.3-0.8)

MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIwilldo 1.0(0.6-1.5) 0.8(0.5-1.2) 0.8(0.1-6.3) 1.0(0.6-1.4)

IdecidethequalitystandardsbywhichIwork 0.9(0.4-1.8) 0.7(0.3-1.5) 0.4(0.0-9.2) 0.8(0.4-1.6)

Inowhavelesscontrolovermyworkthanayearago 1.6(0.8-2.9) 0.9(0.4-1.8) - 1.5(0.9-2.7)

Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense 0.9(0.5-1.5) 1.0(0.6-1.9) - 0.8(0.5-1.3)

Thenatureofmyworkhaschangedoverthepastyear 1.6(1.0-2.6) 1.1(0.7-2.0) 0.3(0.0-4.5) 1.3(0.8-1.9)

Thepaceofworkhasincreasedoverthepastyear 1.0(0.6-1.5) 1.5(0.9-2.5) 1.3(0.2-7.3) 1.5(1.0-2.2)

No.casesineachmodel=1184

NagelkerkeRSquare 0.166 0.173 0.316 0.153

HosmerandLemeshowTest 0.257 0.103 <0.001 0.022

OverallPercentage 86.0 90.2 99.2 83.1Significant(p<0.05)Exp(B)valuesabove1 Significant(p<0.05)Exp(B)valuesbelow1

46

Perpetratingatleastoneitem

Employeesweresignificantlymorelikelytoreportperpetratingatleastoneitemofilltreatmentiftheywereemployedinthepublicsector(1.7x),wheretheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst(2.6x)andemployeeshavetocompromisetheirprinciples(1.9x).Predictorsthatreducedthelikelihoodofperpetratingatleastoneitemofilltreatmentwerehavingahighereducationlevel(-43%),workingwherethereareahigherpercentageoffemaleemployees(-12%perincrease)andwhereindividualsdecidehowmuchworktheydoorhowfasttheywork(-55%).Perpetratingviolence

Onthebasisofthelownumbersthatreportedperpetrationofviolencesomevariableswereexcludedfromthismodel(DisabilityandtwoFAREitems:LesscontroloverworkandPaceofworkincreasedoverthepastyear);orwereenteredintothemodelamodifiedway(Agewasenteredasacovariateratherthanasafixedvariable).Onlytwoofthepredictorsinthemodelshowedsignificantoutcomes,bothshowingreducedlikelihoodofviolence.Thesewereforwherethecompositionoftheworkplacehadahigherleveloffemaleemployees(-46%perincrease)andwhereemployeesaretreatedasindividuals(-87%).

Perpetratingunreasonablemanagement

Employeesweremorelikelytoperpetrateunreasonablemanagementiftheyworkedinthepublicsector(2.5x),wheretheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst(3.2x)andthenatureofworkhadchangedoverthepastyear(1.6x).Perpetratingunreasonablemanagementwaslesslikelyforthosehavingahighereducationlevel(-43%),wheretherewasahigherpercentageoffemaleemployees(-12%perincrease),ahigherpercentageofyoungemployees(-14%perincrease)andwhereemployeesareabletodecidehowfasttheywork(-46%).Perpetratingincivilityordisrespect

Reportingofperpetratingincivilitywasmorelikelyforemployeeswhowereofblack,mixedorotherethnicity(3.3x),heldamanagerialposition(2.2x)wereemployedinanorganisationwheretheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst(2.3x)andwhereemployeeshavetocompromisetheirprinciples(2.3x).Thelikelihoodofperpetratingincivilitywaslowerforthosewithahighereducationlevel(-42%)andwhereemployeesareabletodecidehowfasttheywork(-68%).

47

4.4RelationshipsbetweenExperience,WitnessandPerpetrationofIllTreatmentThissectionpresentstherelationshipsbetweenreportsofexperiencing,witnessingandperpetrationofilltreatment.Figure4.4.1comparesthepercentagesreportedforeachilltreatmentitemexperienced,witnessedandperpetratedandshowsthatthereportofwitnessingilltreatmentishigherthanfortheconfirmedreportofitsexperienceforallitems.

Figure4.4.1:ComparisonofPercentageReportedforExperiencing,witnessingandPerpetratingIllTreatmentCorrelationsbetweenreportofexperiencing,witnessingandperpetrationarepresentedinTable4.4.1asSpearman’sRhovalues.Thetableshowsthatthatthosewhohaveexperiencedilltreatmenttendtoreportwitnessofit,withmediumtostrongpositivecorrelationsbetweenexperiencingandwitnessingforallitems(Spearman’srhovaluesfrom0.4to0.6;p<0.05).

7.2

8.0

19.5

11.3

5.0

19.4

13.2

10.7

6.9

6.0

10.1

16.4

8.4

5.3

7.0

9.2

15.0

10.4

7.1

2.2

1.6

14.7

17.6

29.3

20.2

9.3

24.6

18.3

21.4

12.3

17.9

18.3

21.9

17.7

8.5

13.2

13.5

20.9

14.5

10.5

4.3

3.3

3.0

2.7

6.9

3.9

1.8

4.2

3.3

3.0

1.7

2.0

2.7

3.0

3.6

1.4

1.8

2.6

3.7

1.2

1.2

0.5

0.3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Someonewithholdinginformatonwhichaffectsperformance

Pressurefromsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence

Havingopinionsandviewsignored

Someonecontnuallycheckinguponworkwhenitisnotnecessary

Pressurenottoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightstaffareenttledto

Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines

Employersnotfollowingproperprocedures

Employeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace

Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectonwiththeirwork

Gossipandrumoursbeingspreadorallegatonsmadeagainstothers

Insultngoroffensiveremarksmadeaboutpeopleinwork

Beingtreatedinadisrespecvulorrudeway

Peopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroup

Hintsorsignalsthattheyshouldquittheirjob

Persistentcritcismofworkorperformancewhichisunfair

Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar

Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemper

Intmidatngbehaviourfrompeopleatwork

Feelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork

Actualphysicalviolenceatwork

Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork

Experienced

Witnessed

Perpetrated

48

Correlationswithreportingperpetrationwerenotasstrong,thosebetweenexperiencingandperpetrationofilltreatmentandbetweenwitnessingandperpetrationwerefrom0.1to0.2(Spearman’srho)butweresignificant(p<0.05)forallitemsexceptinjuryasaresultofviolenceatwork.Table4.4.1:CorrelationsbetweenExperiencing,WitnessingandPerpetratingIllTreatment

Illtreatmentitem ExperiencedxWitnessed

ExperiencedxPerpetrated

WitnessedxPerpetrated

Withheldinformationwhichaffectedsomeone’sperformance 0.436** 0.166** 0.226**

Putpressureonsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence 0.431** 0.161** 0.225**

Ignoredopinionsandviewsofothers 0.509** 0.286** 0.276**

Continuallycheckeduponsomeone’sworkwhenitwasnotnecessary 0.485** 0.189** 0.179**

Putpressureonsomeonenottoclaimsomethingtheywereentitledto 0.469** 0.230** 0.287**

Givensomeoneanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines 0.569** 0.188** 0.170**

Notfollowedproperproceduresintheworkplace 0.608** 0.249** 0.242**

Treatedsomeoneunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace 0.400** 0.130** 0.168**

Humiliatedorridiculedsomeoneinconnectionwiththeirwork 0.461** 0.056* 0.143**

Spreadgossipandrumoursormadeallegationsagainstsomeone 0.267** 0.143** 0.181**

Insultedormadeoffensiveremarksaboutsomeone 0.352** 0.100** 0.245**

Treatedsomeoneinadisrespectfulorrudeway 0.530** 0.156** 0.231**

Excludedpeoplefromyourgroup 0.418** 0.155** 0.236**

Givenhintsorsignalstoothersthattheyshouldquittheirjob 0.391** 0.148** 0.140**

Persistentlycriticisedworkorperformancewhichwasunfair 0.338** 0.144** 0.116**

Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar 0.411** 0.245** 0.261**

Shoutedatorlostyourtemperwithsomeoneatwork 0.520** 0.214** 0.269**

Intimidatingbehaviourtopeopleatwork 0.392** 0.053* 0.132**

Madesomeonefeelthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork 0.502** 0.160** 0.177**

Actualphysicalviolenceatwork 0.545** 0.106** 0.193**

Injuredanyoneasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork 0.543** 0.0072 0.044

ValuespresentedareSpearman’sRho;*significantat<0.05;**significantat<0.01

49

5ItemsFollowedUpThoseparticipantswhoreportedthreeormoreitemswereaskedfollow-upquestionsregardingtheperpetratorsandtheirperceivedreasonsforthebehaviourstheyhadexperienced.Wheremorethanthreeitemswerereported,thefollow-upitemswereselectedusingascoringsystem(seeAppendix1)basedonresponsestoQ1andQ4.Thescoringprioritisedviolentactsonthebasisthatthesewereconsideredmoreseriousincidents(Fevreetal.,2012)36.Datainthissectionwasthereforederivedfromrespondentswhoexperiencedmultipleformsofilltreatmentandthatwereconsideredtobeofthemostseriousform.Fevreetal.(2012)refertotheseindividualsasthetroubledminority.Theselecteditemswerethefocusofthreeroundsoffurtherquestionsregardingthegender,ethnicityandworkroleofperpetratorsandperceivedreasonsfortheexperienceoftheilltreatment.Thissectiontreatseachilltreatmentitemselectedbythisprocessasanindividualoccurrence.Factor-levelanalysesofitems,(Unreasonabletreatment,Incivilityanddisrespect,andViolenceandinjury)arepresentedasforprevioussections.Table5.1presentsthefactorlevelpercentages(unweighted)foritemsfollowedupineachofthethreeroundsofquestions.Table5.1:FactorLevelFrequenciesandPercentagesofItemsFollowedUpinEachRoundofQuestions

Unreasonablemanagement

%(n)

IncivilityorDisrespect

%(n)

ViolenceorInjury%(n)

Itemaskedabout1st 15.0(69) 75.9(350) 9.1(42)

Itemaskedabout2nd 33.2(153) 63.1(291) 3.7(17)

Itemaskedabout3rd 42.1(194) 57.9(267) 0.0(0)

Total 30.1(416) 65.7(908) 4.3(59)

Intotal461participantswereaskedfollow-upquestionsforthreereporteditemsofilltreatment,therefore1383itemswerefollowedup.Prioritisationoftheselectionofreportedviolenceorinjurymeanttheseitemshadbeenfollowedupbyround2ofthisprocess.

5.1PercentageofEachIllTreatmentItemFollowedUp

Table5.2presentspercentagesofeachilltreatmentitemfollowedupandwithineachitem,thepercentageofthoseresponsibleforthebehaviourbygender.Overallhigherpercentagesofmales(45%)thanfemales(28%)orbothmalesandfemales(26%)werereportedtobetheperpetratorsoftheilltreatmentexperienced.Atthefactorlevelunreasonablemanagementandviolenceorinjuryshowsignificantlydifferentpercentagedistributionsbygenderwithmoremalesperpetratingunreasonablemanagement(53%,p=0.01,chisquaretest)andmoreviolenceandinjuryperpetratedbybothmalesandfemales.Thedistributionofpercentagesforthelatterismainlyattributabletothe‘actualphysicalviolence’itemofthisfactorthatshowedasignificantlyhigherpercentageofbothmaleandfemaleperpetrators(48%,p=0.03,chisquaretest).However,ofnoteistheoverallperpetrationofthisbehaviourbymales,asthepercentagereportingonlymales(37%)asperpetratorsismorethantwicethatforonlyfemales(15%).Specificitemsdifferedinthegenderoftheperpetratorresponsible.Itemswithsignificantlyhigherpercentagesofmaleperpetratorswere:havingopinionsandviewsignored(males67%,p=0.03,chisquaretest)andfeelingthreatenedwhileatwork(males50%,p=0.02,chisquaretest).

36Fevre,R.,Lewis,D.,Robinson,A.&Jones,T.(2012).TroubleatWork.BloomsburyAcademic:London,p31

50

Itemswithsignificantlyhigherpercentagesoffemaleperpetratorswere:spreadinggossipandrumours(71%,p=0.03,chisquaretest)andpeopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroup(44%,p=0.03,chisquaretest).Table5.2:PercentageofIllTreatmentItemsFollowedUp,TotalandbyGender

Illtreatmentitemexperienced Total%

Genderofpersonresponsible

Male%

Female%

Both% p

Unreasonablemanagement 30.3 53.4 27.5 19.2 0.012

Someonewithholdinginformationwhichaffectsperformance 2.1 31.3 50.0 18.8 0.145

Pressurefromsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence 2.6 43.8 37.5 18.8 0.644

Havingopinionsandviewsignored 7.3 66.7 16.7 16.7 0.031

Someonecontinuallycheckinguponworkwhenitisnotnecessary 3.3 55.0 30.0 15.0 0.476

Pressurenottoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightstaffareentitledto 1.5 38.5 53.8 7.7 0.083

Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines 5.6 57.9 18.4 23.7 0.236

Employersnotfollowingproperprocedures 4.0 55.9 20.6 23.5 0.416

Employeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace 3.9 50.0 27.8 22.2 0.896

Incivilityordisrespect 65.2 43.5 29.0 27.5 0.369

Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwiththeirwork 4.0 61.5 26.9 11.5 0.147

Gossipandrumoursbeingspreadorallegationsmadeagainstothers 1.9 28.6 71.4 0.0 0.030

Insultingoroffensiveremarksmadeaboutpeopleinwork 3.4 35.7 28.6 35.7 0.690

Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway 5.8 39.4 21.2 39.4 0.218

Peopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroup 4.8 25.0 44.4 30.6 0.028

Hintsorsignalsthattheyshouldquittheirjob 2.2 57.1 21.4 21.4 0.667

Persistentcriticismofworkorperformancewhichisunfair 3.1 37.5 37.5 25.0 0.690

Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar 4.7 37.5 33.3 29.2 0.730

Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemper 15.1 45.7 28.3 26.0 0.990

Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork 11.6 40.6 35.8 23.6 0.166

Feelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork 8.6 50.0 17.6 32.4 0.027

Violenceorinjury 4.5 34.0 22.6 43.4 0.016

Actualphysicalviolenceatwork 2.6 37.0 14.8 48.1 0.029

Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork 1.9 30.8 30.8 38.5 0.247

Total 45.4 28.2 26.4

p:pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest.Greyshadinghighlightssignificantrelationshipsbetweenthebehaviouritemsandgenderoftheperpetrator.

5.1.1RelationshipbetweentheGenderofthoseExperiencingIllTreatmentandtheGenderofReportedPerpetratorsTable5.3presentsthepercentageofthoseresponsibleforilltreatmentwithinaspecificgenderbythegenderofthepersonexperiencingit(instanceswherebothgenderswerereportedasbeingresponsiblewerenotincludedinthisanalysis).Nearlyequalpercentagesoffollow-upcasesweremaleorfemale;however,thoseresponsiblefortheirilltreatmentwere8timesmorelikelytobeofthesamegenderasthepersonexperiencingit.Thispatternheldacrossthedifferentill-treatmentfactorsbutwasnotstatisticallysignificantlyforviolenceorinjury.

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Table5.3:PercentageofThoseResponsibleforIllTreatmentwithinaSpecificGender,byGenderofthePersonExperiencingtheBehaviour

Genderofthepersonresponsible

Genderofthepersonexperiencingtheilltreatment

Male%

Female% chi p OR(95%CI)

Total

Male 67.1 32.9

116.3 <0.001 8.1(5.4-21.1)Female 20.1 79.9

Total 49.0 51.0

Unreasonablemanagement

Male 69.6 30.426.3 <0.001 6.4(3.0-13.4)

Female 26.4 73.6

IncivilityanddisrespectMale 66.8 33.2

89.0 <0.001 9.9(5.9-16.5)Female 16.9 83.1

ViolenceandinjuryMale 55.6 44.4

2.7 0.098 3.75(0.8-18.6)Female 25.0 75.0

5.1.2RelationshipbetweenEthnicityofThoseExperiencingIllTreatmentandEthnicityofReportedPerpetratorsTable5.4presentstherelationshipbetweentheethnicityoftheindividualexperiencingilltreatmentandtheethnicityofthereportedperpetrator.Ofthosefollowedup,15.5%wereofnon-whiteethnicity,slightlyaboverepresentationofthisgroupinthetotalsample.Apatternsimilartothatforgenderwasfound:theperpetratorswere6timesmorelikelytobeofasimilarethnicbackgroundtothosetheyill-treat.Table5.4:EthnicityofPerpetratorbyEthnicityofthePersonExperiencingtheIllTreatment Ethnicityofpersonexperiencingtheilltreatment

Ethnicityoftheperpetrator White%

Allotherethnicities

%chi p OR(95%CI)

Total 84.5 15.5

White 85.4 14.624.228 <0.001 6.4(2.8-14.7)

Allotherethnicities 47.8 52.2

5.1.3PerceivedReasonsforIllTreatmentThosewhoseexperienceswerefollowedupwerepresentedwitharangeofpotentialreasonsforwhytheilltreatmenthadoccurred.Table5.5presentsthepercentagesthatreportedthesereasonsamongthosewhoexperiencedbehaviourswithineachill-treatmentfactor.Distributionsofpercentagesforeachill-treatmentfactorsreportingornotreportingtheperceivedreasonsforthebehaviourweretested(chisquared).Wheresignificantrelationshipswerefoundhigherpercentageswerereportedfortheperceivedreasonmainlyamongthosewhohadexperiencedviolence.Aslightlyhigherpercentage,however,wasfoundamongthoseexperiencingincivilityordisrespectthatthoughtthereasonwasduetotheperpetrator’sattitudeorpersonality(41%).Significantlyhigherpercentagesforperceivedreasonsforexperiencingviolencewerefor:it’sjustthewaythingsare(68%),peoplehaveacliqueorgroupfromwhichyouareexcluded(17%)theraceorskincolourofthepersonexperiencingthebehaviour(16%),theirgender(13%),theirnationality(13%),theiraccentofwheretheylive(8%)beingsingledoutorpickedon(8%),longtermillness(3%),orsomethingelsenotalreadyspecified(18%).

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Table5.5:PercentageReportingReasonsforExperiencedIllTreatment

PerceivedreasonforilltreatmentUnreasonablemanagement

%

Incivility%

Violence%

Total% chi p

Yourpositionintheorganisation 21.90 22.40 20.30 22.10 0.15 0.927

It’sjustthewaythingsarewhereyouwork 37.40 40.00 68.30 40.50 21.01 <0.001

Yourperformanceatwork 9.80 10.80 6.80 10.20 1.10 0.578

Theattitudeorpersonalityoftheotherperson(s) 26.80 41.10 40.00 36.70 24.25 <0.001

People’srelationshipsatwork(e.g.favouritism) 11.80 16.50 18.00 15.10 5.09 0.078

Peoplehaveagrouporcliqueatworkandexcludeyoufromit 5.80 15.70 16.90 12.70 25.29 <0.001

Yourage 4.60 5.80 6.70 5.40 0.94 0.626

Yourgender 2.00 5.40 13.30 4.80 17.34 <0.001

Yournationality 3.50 9.90 13.30 8.00 17.34 <0.001

Yourreligion 0.50 2.00 3.40 1.60 5.12 0.077

Yourrace,ethnicgroupand/orcolourofskin 3.00 7.70 16.40 6.60 19.74 <0.001

Yoursexualorientation(e.g.gay,straight,lesbian,bi-sexualetc.) 0.00 0.50 1.60 0.40 4.25 0.120

Yourdisability 0.00 0.10 1.60 0.10 9.55 0.008

Yourlong-termillnessorotherhealthproblems 0.70 0.20 3.20 0.50 10.56 0.005

Yourunionmembership 1.00 0.70 3.20 0.90 4.26 0.119

Yourphysicalappearanceorthewayyoudress 2.00 3.80 4.80 3.30 3.14 0.208

Youbeingpregnant/yourfamilyorcaringresponsibilitiesormaritalstatus 1.50 1.00 0.00 1.20 1.23 0.540

Youraccentorthewayyouspeak,addressorwhereyoulive,orsocialclass

2.20 6.30 8.10 5.10 10.27 0.006

Somethingelseaboutyou(e.g.yougetsingledout,yougetpickedon) 1.50 4.00 8.30 3.50 9.64 0.008

Somethingelsenotalreadyspecified 5.50 4.60 18.30 5.50 20.35 <0.001

pvaluederivedfromChiSquaretest.Greyshadinghighlightssignificantrelationshipsbetweenthebehaviourfactorexperiencedandtheperceivedreason.

Otherreportedreasons,notalreadyspecifiedonthequestionnaire,areshowninTable5.6bytheilltreatmentexperienced.Table5.6:OtherReportedReasonsforIllTreatment

Behaviourexperienced Perceivedreason

Someonewithholdinginformation,whichaffectsperformance.

Asalreadystatedreceptionnotpassingonnamesofpeopleenquiringaboutnew/second-handcars

Coworkerwasjustlazyandinvoiceswerenotcoded

Shewasundertrainedanddidnotrealisetheinformationwasimportant

Volumeofworkload

Pressurefromsomeoneelsetodoworkbelowyourlevelofcompetence.

AonceoffincidentIamafullyqualifiedcareassistantandIwasaskedtodokitchenwashupastheywereshortstaffed,Irefusedandthatwasit.Iamacarsalespersonmanagementwantedmetodopaperworkfornew/second-handcarsaswell.Accountsresponsibility

Pressurefromsomeoneelsenottoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightyouareentitledto

Workload

Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines

Bosswantedtheaccountsdonebyanearlierdatethannormal

Itstodowithbellcurvesystemofrating

Refused(verypersonal)

Thingscangetextremelybusyatwork,hecticattimesandwehavetoworkreallyhardtomeetourdeadlines

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Behaviourexperienced Perceivedreason

Youremployernotfollowingproperprocedures

Againbadscaffoldingandshortcuts

EmployernotfollowingHealthandSafetyrules

Health&Safetyissuesmainly,duringthesilageseasonhealthandsafetynon-existent.

MainlyHealth&Safetyissuesnopropermasksincarsprayingarea

Notdiscussable

Supervisorcuttingcornerstokeepproductionnumbersup

Supervisornotfollowingsafetyprocedures

Supervisoroverworked

Understaffing

Beingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersinyourworkplace Promotionopportunities.FeltlikeIwasoverlooked

Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwithyourwork

TheydidnotlikewhatIwastellingthem

Beinginsultedorhavingoffensiveremarksmadeaboutyou ClientattackedmesayingIinthejobthatIwassomethingspecialverbalabuse

Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway

ClientsgenerallyrudeintheJewellersshop

Peopleexcludingyoufromtheirgroup

Acoworkertookadisliketomeandrefusedtotalktomeforabout6monthssomethingIwassupposedtohavesaidaboutherwhichIdidnotIt’sakindofacceptedorganisationalbehaviour

Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemperwithyou

Clientslookingtosortoutproblems,getveryfrustrated

GuywasunderpressureandIwasn’tgivinghimtheanswerhesought

Itisjustthewaythingsareatwork,everyoneistoobusy,deadlineshavetobemet

Mybeingraisedinanindustrialschool

AfellowcoworkerandIjustdonotgeton

Olderpeoplelivinginthenursinghomearesometimesvulnerableandlosetheirpatience

PersonalityoftheotherpersonWe,theworkers,were(specificnationalitynamed),andthebosseswere(specificnationalitynamed),andtheydidn’ttreatuswell,theotherordinary(specificnationalitynamed)workersweretreatedmorefavourablyWorkpressuresituation

Workload,pressure,fatigue

Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork

Assistantmanagerwasnottotakinghisownresponsibilitiessodelayedtheorganisationalpriorities

Becausehedislikeswomen

Hospitalpsychiatricpatients

Beingonatemporarycontract

Stress,fatigue

ActualphysicalviolenceatworkClientswerepatients

Itspartofthejob

Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork

Challengingbehaviouroftheclientsatwork

Inthecourseofanarrestwasassaultedbyasuspect

Partofjobdealingwithviolentprisoners

Workwithchallengingbehaviourchildren

Table5.7presentsthelikelihood(oddsratios)ofperceivedreasonsforilltreatmentbeingreported.Whereunreasonablemanagementhadbeenexperienced,allsignificantspecifiedreasonswerelesslikelytohavebeenreportedwhencomparedtothosenotexperiencingthisill-treatmentfactor.

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Table5.7:LikelihoodofPerceivedReasonforIll-TreatmentFactorsExperienced

PerceivedreasonfortheilltreatmentUnreasonablemanagementOR(95%CI)

IncivilityordisrespectOR(95%CI)

Violenceorinjury

OR(95%CI)

Yourpositionintheorganisation 1.0(0.7-1.3) 1.0(0.8-1.4) 0.9(0.5-1.7)

It’sjustthewaythingsarewhereyouwork 0.8(0.7-1.1) 0.9(0.7-1.2) 3.4(1.9-5.9)

Yourperformanceatwork 0.9(0.6-1.4) 1.2(0.8-1.7) 0.6(0.2-1.8)

Theattitudeorpersonalityoftheotherperson(s) 0.5(0.4-0.7) 1.7(1.4-2.2) 1.2(0.7-2.0)

People’srelationshipsatwork(e.g.favouritism) 0.7(0.5-1.0) 1.4(1.0-1.9) 1.2(0.6-2.4)

Peoplehaveagrouporcliqueatworkandexcludeyoufromit 0.3(0.2-0.5) 2.4(1.6-3.6) 1.4(0.7-2.9)

Yourage 0.8(0.5-1.4) 1.2(0.7-2.0) 1.3(0.4-3.6)

Yourgender 0.3(0.2-0.7) 1.6(0.9-2.9) 3.4(1.5-7.5)

Yournationality 0.3(0.2-0.6) 2.2(1.3-3.5) 1.8(0.8-3.9)

Yourreligion 0.3(0.1-1.1) 2.3(0.8-6.8) 2.3(0.5-10.3)

Yourrace,ethnicgroupand/orcolourofskin 0.3(0.2-0.6) 1.7(1.0-2.8) 2.9(1.4-6.0)

Yoursexualorientation(e.g.gay,straight,lesbian,bi-sexualetc.) 0.7(0.7-0.7) 2.1(0.2-19.1) 5.2(0.6-47.5)

Yourdisability 0.7(0.7-0.7) 0.5(0.0-8.5) 20.9(1.3-337.4)

Yourlong-termillnessorotherhealthproblems 1.7(0.4-7.9) 0.2(0.0-1.1) 8.5(1.6-44.6)

Yourunionmembership 1.2(0.4-3.9) 0.5(0.2-1.6) 4.2(0.9-19.7)

Yourphysicalappearanceorthewayyoudress 0.5(0.2-1.1) 1.8(0.9-3.6) 1.5(0.5-5.1)

Youbeingpregnant/yourfamilyorcaringresponsibilitiesormaritalstatus 1.4(0.5-3.9) 0.7(0.3-1.9) 1.0(0.9-1.0)

Youraccentorthewayyouspeak,addressorwhereyoulive,orsocialclass 0.3(0.2-0.7) 2.1(1.2-3.9) 1.7(0.6-4.3)

Somethingelseaboutyou(e.g.yougetsingledout,yougetpickedon) 0.3(0.1-0.8) 1.9(0.9-3.8) 2.7(1.0-7.2)

Somethingelsenotalreadyspecified 1.0(0.6-1.7) 0.6(0.4-1.0) 4.4(2.2-8.8)

Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesabove1 Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesbelow1

Incivilitywasmostlikelyreportedtobeduetoexclusionbyagrouporclique(2.4x).Othersignificantreasonsforincivilityweretheperpetrator’sattitudeorpersonality(1.7x),thenationalityofthepersonexperiencingthebehaviour(2.2x),theirethicgroup(1.7x),ortheiraccent,addressorsocialclass(2.1x).Havingalong-termillnessorhealthissuewaslesslikelytobeperceivedasareasonforincivility(-80%)butmorelikelytobeperceivedasareasonforviolence(8.5x).Othersignificantperceivedreasonsreportedforviolencewereit’sjustthewaythingsarewheretheindividualexperiencingtheilltreatmentworks(3.4x),theirgender(3.4x),andtheirethnicgroup(2.9x).Table5.8presentsthepercentagesofreportedworkplacerolesofperpetrators(superiors,coworkers,subordinates,clientsortheorganisation)amongthoseexperiencingbehaviourswithineachill-treatmentfactor.Forexampleoverall24.5%ofthosefollowedupreportedanemployerwastheperpetrator.Percentagesreportingasuperiorastheperpetratorwere29%amongthosewhoexperiencedunreasonablemanagement,23.5%amongthoseexperiencingincivilityand8.1%andamongthoseexperiencingviolence.Thepercentagesreportedinthetabledonotaddupto100,asonlypercentagesforthosereportingtheperpetratorrolearepresented(e.g.71%ofthoseexperiencingunreasonablemanagementdidnotreportthatasuperiorwasresponsible).Thetableshowsthatoverallthehighestpercentageoffollowedupilltreatmentitemswereperpetratedbysuperiors(25%)andthatlowerpercentagesofsubordinatesornotanindividualwerereportedamongeachill-treatmentfactor.Therewere,however,significantdifferencesinthetypeofilltreatmentperpetratedbysuperiors/employers,co-workersandclients.

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Table5.8:RoleofPerpetratorbyIll-TreatmentFactorsExperienced

Roleofperpetrator Unreasonablemanagement

Incivilityanddisrespect

Violenceandinjury Total Chi p

Employer,supervisor(s)orlinemanager(s),seniormanager(s) 29.1 23.5 8.1 24.5 14.197 0.001

Co-worker(s),colleague(s) 12.6 18.9 6.5 16.4 12.966 0.002

Subordinate(s)orpeopleinlowerpositions 2.9 2.6 0.0 2.6 1.826 0.401

Client(s),customer(s) 1.9 17.2 71.0 15.0 211.034 <0.001

Notanindividual(i.e.theorganisation) 1.0 0.3 1.6 0.6 3.092 0.213

p=pvaluefromChisquaretestThehighestpercentageamongthosewhohadexperiencedunreasonablemanagementreportedthatsuperiorswereresponsible(29%).Thehighestpercentageamongthoseexperiencingincivilityreportedthatco-workersandclientswereresponsibleandthehighestpercentageamongthoseexperiencingviolencereportedthatclientswereresponsible.Table5.9showshowmuchmorelikelythoseinthevariousworkrolesperpetratedill-treatmentfactors.Unreasonablemanagementwassignificantlymorelikelytobereportedasbeingperpetratedbysuperiors(1.4x)andlesslikelybyco-workers(-30%)andclients(-90%).Incivilityanddisrespectwasmorelikelyfromco-workers(1.7x)andclients(1.7x).Violencewasmorelikelyfromclients(17.3x)butlesslikelyfromsuperiors(-70%)andco-workers(-70%).Table5.9:LikelihoodofPerpetratorRoleforIll-TreatmentFactorsExperienced

RoleofperpetratorUnreasonablemanagementOR(95%CI)

IncivilityanddisrespectOR(95%CI)

Violenceandinjury

OR(95%CI)

Employer,supervisor(s)orline-manager(s),seniormanager(s) 1.4(1.1-1.8) 0.9(0.7-1.1) 0.3(0.1-0.7)

Co-worker(s),colleague(s) 0.7(0.5-0.9) 1.7(1.3-2.4) 0.3(0.1-0.9)

Subordinate(s)orpeopleinlowerpositions 1.2(0.6-2.5) 1.0(0.5-2.1) 1.0(1.0-1.0)

Client(s),customer(s) 0.1(0.0-0.2) 1.7(1.2-2.4) 17.3(9.8-30.7)

Notanindividual(i.e.theorganisation) 2.3(0.6-9.3) 0.3(0.1-1.3) 3.0(0.4-25.1)

Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesabove1 Significant(p<0.05)ORvaluesbelow1

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6EducationalSessions

6.1IntroductionTwoworkshopstookplace:thefirstinCorkonOctober5thandthesecondinGalwayonOctober19th.ParticipantsattheworkshopinCorknumbered27,whileinGalwaytherewasatotalof26participants.AwiderangeoforganisationswererepresentedateachincludingtheHSE,TradesUnions,Universities,CountyCouncilsandcharitableorganisations,andalsoIOSHmembers.Thoseattendingoccupieddiverseroles,forexampleTeamLeaders,ManagersandHRManagers,aswellasHealthandSafetyManagers.

6.2RecruitmentProcessParticipantswererecruitedviaanumberofchannels,summarisedbelow.Asrecipientsmayhaveforwardednotificationoftheevent,itisnotpossibletoprovideanoverallfigureforthefullreachoftheinvite.

• TheAssociationforHealthPromotionIreland(APHI)circulatedtheworkshopflyerbye-mailto54membersaswellasthroughFacebookandTwitter.Thepostreached119peopleandonTwitterwasre-tweetedbyMarcellaCorcoranKennedy,MinisterofStateforHealthPromotion.

• AnadvertisementwasruninHealthandSafetyReview.• LocalCountyCouncilHRandHealthandSafetyManagerswerecontacted.• Ms.NoritaRobinsonofIOSHcirculatedflyertoIOSHstaffandalsosentto16membersonIOSHIreland

SouthCommitteeandAdultEducationCentreUCC.• TheCharteredInstituteforPersonnelandDevelopment(CIPD)werecontactedandinformationwas

forwardedittoCIPDregionalcontactsandfurthersenttoindividualmembers.• TheSAOLTAHospitalGroupsSeniorManagementandregionalCIPDcontactcirculatedinformation.• TheIrishCongressofTradeUnions(ICTU)circulatedinformationto70individualmembers,57Trade

Unionsand32TradeCouncils.• HSEHealthPromotionCorkcirculatedto11HPstaff.• NationalProjectManagerStaffHealth&WellbeingHSEcirculatedto5colleagues.• InformationwascirculatedtoGraduatesfromtheNUIGMSc/HDipOccupationalandEnvironmental

Health&Safetyprogramme,andtheMA/PDGinHealthPromotion.• Ms.PatriciaMurray(HSA)andmemberofthesteeringcommittee,sentinformationtoanumberof

contacts.

6.3AimsandObjectivesTheworkshopswereaimedatallemployeesincludingfrontlinestaff,managerial,humanresource,occupationalhealthandallthosewithaninterestinpromotingpositiveworkenvironments,cultureandhealth.Theaimoftheworkshopineachcasewastoengageemployeesincriticaldiscussionandidentifypotentialsolutionstoimproveworkplaceculture,employeewellbeingandperformanceinrespectofilltreatment.Theworkshopsprovidedanopportunityforresearchersandpractitionerstocometogetheranddiscussproblematicworkplacebehavioursandfindwaystocreatepositiveworkingenvironments.Therewasafocusondiscussionandnetworkingasameanstoformconcreterecommendationstoimprovecurrentpracticeswithintheworkplace.

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6.4WorkshopStructureThestructureofthedaywasdevisedbytheProjectteamwithaviewtomaximisingtheinputfromallparticipants.Therewasaformalelementintheformofpresentationsfromexpertsinthefield.ThefirstoftwopresentationswasmadebyPatriciaMurray,PsychologistwiththeHealthandSafetyAuthority(HSA).TherethenfollowedinformationanddiscussiononpreliminaryresearchfindingsbyDr.PatriciaMannixMcNamaraandDr.SarahMacCurtainoftheUniversityofLimerick.PatriciaMurrayfromtheHSAbeganbygivingsomeperspectivesfromthefieldaboutherexperienceswithreportedincidentsofilltreatmentandbullyingintheworkplace,followedbyanopendiscussionaboutthetypesofbehavioursthatmaybeconstruedasilltreatmentorbullyingbehaviour,thecreationofapositiveworkclimateandthelegalobligationsforemployersinrelationtoreportedincidentsofbullyingandhowsuchincidentsmightbestbehandled.Therewassubstantialinputfromparticipants,particularlyinrelationtoexactlywhatconstitutesbullyingandhowbesttodealwithscenarioswhereemployeesperceivedilltreatment.Therefollowedthenapresentationwhichexploredthefindingsofresearch,bothrecentIrishsurveysin2001and2007,andalsointernationalresearch.Prevalenceofbullyingwasdiscussedaswellaslinksbetweenbullyingandstressandhealth.Thedifficultiesforthosewhowitnesssuchtreatmentwerealsohighlighted.Inordertotakefulladvantageofthewiderangeofperspectivesdiscussionwasencouragedthroughoutbothpresentations.Thediscussionraisedquestionsabouthowtodevelopandmaintainapositiveworkclimateandhowcommunicationandcivilityarekeytoestablishingapositiveclimateintheworkplace.Thepresentationswerefollowedbyadiscussioninbreak-outgroups.Eachgroupwasgivenareallifeexampleofilltreatmenttoexamineandaskedtoidentifyproblemsandproposesolutions.Reportsfromthebreak-outgroupsraisedmanyissues,suchastheimportanceofgoodcommunication,andclarityregardingjobroles,aswellasthepotentialofemployeeperformancereviewstoenhancecommunicationforallparties.Otherissuesraisedincludedthesubjectivenatureofhowindividualsperceiveeventsandtheneedforclearpoliciesaroundissuessuchasbullying.Mediationwasalsoexploredasapossiblesolution.Theimportanceofmindingone’smentalhealthwasalsohighlighted.Stresswasexplainedasafactorthatcanchangebehaviourandactasapossiblecauseoferraticorproblematicbehavioursatwork.Beginningwithabriefexplanationonthebenefitsofmindfulnessforrelievingstress,participantsweretakenthroughsomebasicmindfulnessexercisesbymindfulnesscoachMs.OrlaithO’Sullivan.Theworkshopconcludedwithparticipantsbeingprovidedwithsomerecommendationsastohowtoapproachreportedincidentsofbullyingintheworkplace,againgivinganopportunitytoalltocontribute.Thesessionconcludedwithalightlunchwhereparticipantshadanopportunitytonetworkandcontinuediscussionsonissuesraised.

6.5FeedbackInordertoinformthedevelopmentoffutureworkshopsandeducationalsessions,participantsweresentafeedbackform.Onthewhole,feedbackwasextremelypositiveandrespondentsstressedthattheyhadfoundtheworkshopsextremelybeneficial.Theformwascomprisedofthreesections.Thefirstdealtwithinsightsthatweregainedthatmaybeimplementedinpractice.Thesecondreferredtothemainstrengthsoftheworkshopand,finally,recommendationsweresoughtastohowtheformatandthecontentoftheworkshopmaybeimprovedupon.Intermsofnewinsightsintotheareaofworkplacebehaviour,manyparticipantsreferredtotheimportanceofcivilityandthefactthatinappropriateworkplacebehaviourrepresentsapreventablecauseofworkplacestress.Manyalsostatedthattheyfelttheyhadgainedabetterunderstandingoftheprocessnecessarytodealwithallegationsofbullyingandwaystoavertproblems.Anumberofparticipantsalsomentionedthattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredthestressesforthirdpartieswhowitnessbullying.

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Itwasfoundthatthemainstrengthsoftheworkshopincludedbringingresearchersandpractitionerstogethertodiscussthetopicinapracticalmanner.Thegroupworksessionwasfoundtobemostilluminatingduetotheuseofreallifeincidentsandthepresenterswerecommendedbothfortheirknowledgeandpassionaroundthesubject,andalsofortheiropenandhoneststyleofdelivery,whichallowedforplentyofinterestingdiscussion.Feedbackontheworkshopswasresoundinglypositive.Themaincriticismrelatedtolackoftime,inparticulararoundthediscussionofthecasestudies.Itwasalsostatedthatmoretimecouldhavebeengiventotherecommendationsforpreventinganddealingwithbadbehaviour.Forsome,moretimecouldhavebeenallocatedtothewaysinwhichapositiveworkplaceclimatecanbefosteredandlessontheissueofworkplacebullying.Ingeneral,itwasfeltthatthisissuchanimportanttopicthatmoretimeisneededforadeeperexplorationoftheissuesthatwereraised.

6.6AttendeesAsummaryoforganisationsandjobrolesofattendeesforbothworkshopsisprovidedbelow:AttendeesCorkWorkshop5thOctober2016:OrganisationsandJobRoles

Company PositionRepresentativeBody BusinessDevelopmentPharmaceuticalCompany SafetyQualityExcellenceLeadPharmaceuticalCompany SafetyLeaderUniversity DepartmentManagerUniversity DepartmentManagerUniversityPartnershipBody HealthandSafetyOfficerUniversity ProjectManagerUniversity OnlineProgrammesCo-ordinatorUniversity AdministratorPublicSectorOrganisation HealthPromotionOfficerRecruitmentFirm TechnicalConsultantPublicSectorOrganisation HealthPromotionOfficerUniversity CareersAdvisorPublicSectorOrganisation HealthPromotionOfficerUniversity StudentMPHProgrammeUniversity LanguageTutorTradeUnion OrganiserEducationDivisionRepresentativeBody RolenotgivenManufacturingFirm EHSOfficerConstructionFirm RegionalHSEManagerPublicSectorOrganisation HeadofNationalandSafetyFunctionUniversity OfficeAdminConstructionFirm RegionalHSEManagerUniversity PhDStudentUniversity MAHealthPromotionGraduateUniversity MAHealthPromotionGraduatePublicSectorOrganisation HealthPromotion

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AttendeesGalwayWorkshop19thOctober2016:OrganisationsandJobRolesCompany PositionTransportCompany EHSAdvisorSecurityCompany ManagingDirectorConstructionCompany HealthandSafetyManagerCharitableOrganisation StaffNurseCharitableOrganisation SocialWorkTeamLeaderCharitableOrganisation ManagerCharitableOrganisation CEOCharitableOrganisation CommunityCateringGovernmentDepartment HRManagerPublicSectorOrganisation StaffOfficer-HRSectionTrainingandEducationAgency TeacherTrainingandEducationAgency TeacherPublicSectorOrganisation HealthandSafetyInspectorPublicSectorOrganisation HealthPromotionOfficerPublicSectorOrganisation DieticianPublication-H&S EditorTradeUnion OrganiserTradeUnion OrganiserTradeUnion DivisionalOrganiserUniversity LecturerPublicSectorOrganisation DataAnalystandProjectManagerPublicSectorOrganisation GroupDirectorHRPublicSectorOrganisation HRTradeUnion RepresentativePowerCompany HSEManagerPublicSectorOrganisation ProjectManager

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7CaseStudyMethodologyThecasestudyphaseoftheprojectaimedtoexploretheexperiencesofpeoplewithinkeysectorswhereilltreatmentisparticularlyprevalentandwithasubstantialimpactonhealth,inordertoinformmeaningfulandworkablesolutions.Thecasestudiesaimedtoidentifyrelevantpoliciesinplaceinthesampledorganisations(aspertheBWBS,theorganisationswerelargeorganisations(i.e.250-500employees),toexplorethepracticesthatderivefromandaroundthesepolicies,andtheimplementationofpoliciesontheground.

7.1SampleTimeconstraints,delayswithprocurementandanticipationofdifficultyengagingorganisationsincasestudiesinthecontextofausterityandthechallengesthishasbroughttoIrishworkplaces,meantthatitwasnotadvisabletoawaitthefullcompletionandanalysisofthesurveydatainordertoselectsectors.Instead,theresearchteamlookedtotheresultsoftheBWBSstudytoguidecasestudyselection.IntheBWBS,thepublicsectorwasclearlyatgreaterriskforbothviolenceandincivility,andthevoluntarysectorforviolence.Healthandsocialworkweresimilarlyathighriskforallthreetypesofilltreatment37.Therefore,itwasdecidedtopurposivelyidentifythreeorganisations,atleastonefromthepublicsector,atleastonevoluntaryorganisation,andatleastoneofthesebeingahealth/socialserviceprovider.MiningandquarryingcompanieswereexcludedbecauseofthesmallnumberofcompaniesinthissectorinIreland,whichwouldhavecompromisedanonymity,whileDefencewasavoidedonthebasisofthesectorbeinginvolvedinaworkplaceresearchprojectatthesametimeasthecurrentstudy.Inthiswaythreeorganisationswereidentifiedasfollows:

Sector Occupation/industry Pseudonym

1 Voluntary SocialCare VORG12 Public Administration PBS23 Public HealthCare STH3

7.2ProcedurePotentialorganisationswereidentifiedthroughtheprofessionalcontactsofmembersofthesteeringgroup.Amemberoftheresearchteamarrangedtomeetwithpersonnelfromeachorganisationinthefirstinstance.Theprojectwasoutlinedandiftheorganisationshowedwillingnesstoengage,commitmentrequirementsandbenefitswereoutlined,ineachcase,asfollows:Commitmentorthepartoftheorganisationto:

• Allowresearchteamtoissueanopeninvitationtostafftoparticipateinashortinterview,onavoluntarybasis,whereconfidentialitywouldbeassured

37SectorswithhighprevalenceintheBWBSwereasfollows:ViolenceandInjury:mostprevalentinthepublicsectorandVol/NGOsector;3timesgreaterthanaverageinhealthandsocialwork,twiceaverageinpublicadministrationanddefence.Incivility: most prevalent in public sector, public administration and defence, and health and social work. Industries with highest riskincludedhotelsandcatering,andminingandquarrying.Unreasonablemanagement:mostcommoninhealthandsocialwork,publicadministrationanddefence,alsomorecommonintheutilitiesandfinancialintermediation.

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• Providingaccesstoatleastthreekeyinformants(e.g.CEO,seniormanagers,HR,TradeUnionrepresentatives)

• Providingcopiesofrelevantpolicies.Theresearchteamcommittedto:

• Providinganindividualcompanyreportalongwithspecificrecommendationstohelpimprovemorale,andpotentiallyreduceabsenteeismandincreaseoutput/productivity

• Ensuringthatneithertheorganisationnorindividualemployeeswouldbeidentifiable.Inthecaseofoneorganisation,abespokesurveywasrequestedforstaff,basedontheinstrumentemployedintheprojectsurvey.Thiswasagreedandresultsweregiventotheorganisation,withthesamecommitmenttoconfidentiality.Thetopicguideforinterviews(seeAppendix2)includedunderstandingofilltreatment,personalexperience,perceivedcausesofilltreatment,supportsavailable,outcomesofusesofpoliciesandprocedures,andideasforsolutions/improvementsinpractice.Therewereminorvariationsintheinterviewstructureforregularstaffandformembersofthemanagementteam.Staffmemberswhowereinterestedinbeinginterviewed,followingonopencallmadebytheresearchteam,(seeAppendix3)madedirectcontactwiththeresearcherconductingtheinterviews.Itwasagreedthatthosewhovolunteeredtobeinterviewedwouldbekeptconfidentialfromtheorganisation,thustheorganisationwouldnothaveanyinformationaboutwhomadecontactandwhosubsequentlypresentedforinterview.Allinterviewswereconductedinperson(face-to-face)andrecorded(withpermission).Audiotapeswerethentranscribedverbatim.

7.3ApproachtoAnalysisTheaimofthecasestudyphaseoftheIWBSwastoexploretheexperiencesofpeoplewithinkeysectorswhereilltreatmentisparticularlyprevalentinordertoinformmeaningfulandworkablesolutions.Inductive,thematicanalysiswasundertaken.Transcriptswerereadandanyidentifyingdataremoved.Datasegmentswerecodedandthemessought,reviewedandnamed,foreachsetofinterviewsinaseparatesetofprocesses(i.e.threeseparateanalyseswereconducted).Thestudyobjectivesguidedthethematicanalysisalthoughresearchersalsoremainedopentotheemergenceofnovelorunexpectedthemes.

7.4PolicyAnalysis

Itiswell-establishedpractice,andindeedalegislativerequirementinsomecountries,tohaveaBullyingPreventionPolicyoraDignityatWorkpolicy.Variousguidesandspecificationsexisttoassistorganisationdeveloptheirpolicies.Basedonanumberofthesedocuments38,achecklistwasdevisedaspartoftheproject,whichwasthenusedtobenchmarkthepolicyenvironmentforthecasestudyorganisations.

38HealthandSafetyAuthority(2007)CodeofPracticeforEmployersandEmployeesonthePreventionandResolutionofBullyingatWork,Dublin:HealthandSafetyAuthority;Rayner,C.&Lewis,D.(2011).ManagingWorkplaceBullying:TheroleofPolicies.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.BullyingandHarrassmentintheWorkplace,DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice,London:TaylorandFrancis;Woodrow,C.&Guest,D.(2013).WhenGoodHRgetsBadResults:ExploringtheChallengeofHRImplementationintheCaseofBullying,HumanResourceManagementJournal,24(1)p38-56

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8CaseStudy1:VORG1VORG1isanon-statutory,voluntaryorganisationthathasprovidedsocialcaresupportsandservicestoclientswhomexperienceawiderangeofdisabilities.Itprovidesservicesonbehalfofthestatutoryhealthservices,throughaformalserviceagreement.Theorganisationisregisteredcharity.GovernanceisundertakenbyaBoardofDirectorsthatincludeparentsandfriendsofserviceusers,andcommunityrepresentatives.TheCompanyDirectorsdelegatethemanagementoftheAssociation’saffairstotheExecutiveDirectorandtheManagementTeam,whichincludesaDirectorofServices,aFinancialController,andseniormanagersforvariousmanagementfunctions.Atthetimeofwriting,theorganisationemploysapproximately700peopleincludingclericalstaff,transportandmaintenancestaff,andprofessionalstaffincludingcareworkers(threegrades)andspecialisedtherapiststaff.Theorganisationalsofacilitatesalargevolunteerprogramme,withastructuredfundraisingprogramme.Itisunderpinnedbyavaluebasethatincludedworkinginpartnershipwithfamilies,voluntarism,continualqualityimprovementandequityofaccessinrespectofservicedelivery.Theorganisationhasaclearcommitmenttotheprincipleofclientcenteredness.TheCommunityandVoluntarysectorisIrelandisalargeandvibrantsector.Ithastraditionallyandcontinuestomakesasignificantcontributiontothedeliveryofhealthandsocialservicesinmanyregions.VORG1wasoneoftheorganisationsthatwouldhaveevolvedfromcharity-basedmodelinthe1960stoaparticipationandempowermentmodelinthe1970sand1980s.Thesectorhasbeenchallengedlately,inrespectofbothfundingallocationsthroughouttherecessionandmediaexposureofpocketsofpoorpractice.Fundingforthesectorisestimatedtohavedroppedbyupto29%andthesectorhasborneadisproportionateburdenofthenationalrequirementforfinancialreadjustment.39Financialreportingformanyorganisationsinthesectorhasnotbeenfullyregulatedinthepast,andasaresultofrecentexposuresofunusuallyhighsalariesforexecutivesinasmallnumberofcharities,aCharitiesRegulationActhasbeensignedintolaw.Regulationinrespectofqualityofcare,hasalsobeensomewhatlimited,andanumberofmediaexposesofsubstandardcareanddisempoweringpracticeshavealertedpolicymakerstotheneedforregularinspectionandtransparentreporting.VORG1hasnotbeenbroughtintodisreputeinrelationtoeithersalariesorcarestandards,butnonethelesshastoprovideservicesinthecontextofageneralchangeinexpectation,trustanddemandfromclientfamiliesacrossthecountry.

8.1PolicyandProcedureVORG1,asaregisteredcharityandserviceproviderisboundbystatutorylegislationandregulation.Ithasacoherentandtransparentpolicyportfolio,numbering80documents,addressinghumanresourceprocedures,financialregulationandsafeguardsforstaffandserviceusers.Ofrelevancetothepreventionandmanagementofilltreatment,thereisa‘DignityatWork’policy,disciplinaryprocedures,proceduresforgrievances,managinginvestigationsandanEAP.Thesefivepolicieswereconsideredagainstthechecklistforgoodpractice(seeTable8.1).Fromthisitcanbeseenthattheorganisationiscompliantwithstatutoryregulation,andtherelevantpolicy,inparticularthe‘DignityatWork’policydemonstratesareasonablyhighlevelofadherencetogoodpractice.

39Harvey,D.(2012).DownsizingtheCommunitySector.ChangesinEmploymentandServicesintheVoluntaryandCommunitySectorinIreland20018-2012.IrishCongressofTradeUnions,CommunitySectorCommittee

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Table8.1:VORG1Policy

Policyshould…DignityatWork EAP Grievance

ProcedureManaging

InvestigationsDisciplinaryProcedure

Becreatedinconsultationwithtradeunionsand/oremployeerepresentatives

ü Notexplicitlystated.ReferenceismadetoEAPStandardsandProfessionalGuidelines(2003)

?40 ? ?

Employsimple,direct,unambiguouslanguageandisasshortaspossible

22pageslong ü ü 35pageslong ü

Be‘owned’byresponsibleperson(e.g.signedorpersonwithresponsibilityforthepolicynamed)

Itisindicatedwhowrotethepolicy,whoreviewsitandwhoapprovesit.Itisnotstatedifthepolicyisownedbyanypersonorunit

Itisindicatedwhowrotethepolicy,whoreviewsitandwhoapprovesit.Itisnotstatedifthepolicyisownedbyanypersonorunit

Itisindicatedwhowrotethepolicy,whoreviewsitandwhoapprovesitbutisnotclearlyownedbyanyonepersonorunit

Itisindicatedwhowrotethepolicy,whoreviewsitandwhoapprovesitbutisnotclearlyownedbyanyonepersonorunit

Itisindicatedwhowrotethepolicy,whoreviewsitandwhoapprovesitbutisnotclearlyownedbyanyonepersonorunit

Containadeclarationofcommitmenttopreventionofharmduetobullyingandrelatedilltreatment

ü û û Employerresponsibilitiesareoutlined,howeverbullyingandrelatedilltreatmentarenotdirectlycited

û

Containadeclarationofunderstandingand/orcommitmenttotherighttobeingtreatedwithdignityatwork

ü û û ü û

Containadeclarationofnon-toleranceofbullyingbyallthefollowingparties:employees,clients,customersorsub-contractors

ü û û û û

Containadeclarationofnon-toleranceofbullyingbyallthefollowingparties:employees,clients,customersorsub-contractors

ü û û û û

PolicylinkedtoorreferencedwithintheSafetyStatementandlinksexplainedwithotherrelevantpolicies(e.g.CodeofConduct

û û û

û

û

Outlinerelativeresponsibilities:-Employerresponsibilityforprotectionfromharm-Responsibilityofallemployeestobecivilandcourteousintheirdailywork-Responsibilityoftradeunionstoparticipateinimplementationofpracticesandprocedures,andthroughprovidingadviceandinformationtomembers

ü BullyingnotreferredtodirectlyResponsibilityoftheorganisation,managers,employeeandfamilymembersareoutlinedinrelationtotheEAPprocessRoleoftradeunionsarenotreferredtoinpolicy.ResponsibilityofEAPproviderisoutlined

ResponsibilityoftheorganisationandsupervisorsindicatedwithinthepolicyinrelationtogrievancesBullyingisnotdirectlyreferencedRoleoftradeunionsnotoutlinedinpolicy

Responsibilityoftheorganisation,managers,investigationteamandemployeesoutlinedRoleoftradeunionsnotoutlinedinpolicy

Responsibilityoftheorganisation,supervisors,andemployeesindicatedwithinthepolicyinrelationtodisciplinarymattersBullyingisnotdirectlyreferencedRoleoftradeunionsnotoutlinedinpolicy

DescribeswhatismeantbyBullying,includinganon-exhaustivelistofexamples

ü û û û No,examplesofgrossmisconductarelistedwhichincludesbullying

40Notstated

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Policyshould…DignityatWork EAP Grievance

ProcedureManaging

InvestigationsDisciplinaryProcedure

Setoutcomplaintsprocedure,compliantwithnationalcodeofpractice,includingtheinformalandformalprocedures(ifboth),rightstorepresentation,acommitmenttofollowingthroughtoresolutionComplaintsprocedureshouldbeclear,easytofollow,includesflowcharts,formsortemplatesthatfacilitatestaffandpromptkeyinformation

ü ü ü ü ü

Givetimeframesforthestagesofprocedure,asaservice-levelagreement(e.g.investigationwithinXofreceivingcomplaint)

Itisstatedthateveryeffortwillbemadetoexpediteprocessasspeedilyandconfidentiallyaspossible.Sometimeframesgivenwithinformalprocedureoutline,andstatementaboutfurthertimeframesgivenonceinvestigatorappointed

Onlyindicatedfordiscipline-relatedmatters

ü ü Yes,statesthatatallstages,disciplinaryproceedingswillbecompletedasquicklyasiscompatiblewiththeneedtoensurejusticeisdoneandseentobedone

Makeexplicittherespectofconfidentiality

ü ü û

ü

ü

Listtheoutcomesforcomplaints,includingifthecomplaintisdeemedvexatious

ü û û ü û

Extendtoworkoffsiteandwork-relatedsocialevents

û û û û û

Containadeclarationofthecommitmenttotheprotectionofcomplainantsfromvictimisation

ü û Notrelevanttopolicy Notexplicitlystated.Referencetoprotecteddisclosuresofinformationintheworkplace

Notrelevanttopolicy

BeyondPolicy…

Systematicdatamonitoring(absencedata,exitdata,regularengagementandhealthsurveys,whichaskaboutbullyingbehaviours,trainingoffer,attendanceandevaluationdata)

û û û û

û

MakingsureBullyingisaskedaboutinexitinterviews

û û û û û

Havingaprocessforre-buildingworkplacerelations

û û û û û

8.2InterviewsInterviewssetouttoexplorehowtheterm‘illtreatment’wasunderstoodandwhatkindofconversationsfollowedtheuseofthisterm.Intheanalysisattentionwasdirectedtowardwhatworkers’experienceswereinrelationtoimplementationissues,themanagementofilltreatmentandwhethernewandimprovedsolutionsorideasfortheorganisationwouldbeidentified.Threeopencallsweremadetoinvitestafftomeetaresearcherforinterview,atleast20%ofwhichwouldbewithmanagement.

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Sevenstaffintotalcameforwardandparticipatedininterviews.Fourweremembersofmanagement(MM).Threeintervieweeswereserviceproviders(SP).Twointervieweesweremale.Allwerepermanentlyemployed.Theaverageinterviewlengthwas40minutes(seeTable8.2).Allintervieweeswereprovidedwithpseudonymstoensureconfidentialityandforeaseofanalysis.Table8.2:VORG1InterviewParticipants

Interviewnumber Gender Role/level Pseudonym YearswithORG DurationofInterview

1 F ServiceProvider Vera 18 33mins

2 M ServiceProvider Victor 23 34mins

3 F Management Veronica 30 38mins

4 F Management Valerie 30 35mins

5 F ServiceProvider Vanessa 15 47mins

6 M Management Vincent 30 53mins

7 F Management Violet 1 39mins

Theoverallthrustoftheinterviewdatawasthattheorganisationhasacommitmenttoprotectingemployeesfromilltreatmentandnoflagrantexamplesofseriousilltreatment,forexample,intimidationorpredatorybullying,weredescribedoralludedto.However,therewereissuesinrelationtoworkingrelationshipsandprotectionofstaff.Ideasregardingaddressingproblemsarepresentedinthethreethemesthatemergedinthedataanalysisasdiscussedbelow.‘Reluctancetomanage,reluctancetoreport’Astrongthemethroughoutthedatasetwashowilltreatmentrevolvedaroundmanagementdifficulties:managersnotmanagingwellandstaffbeingresistanttobeingmanaged.Whilethereweresomereferencestodifficultconversationstakingplace,therewerealsomanyreferencestoissuesthatwerenotdealtwithadequatelyoratall.Additionally,therewerereferencestostaffbeingreluctanttotakeill-treatmentissuesforwarddespitepolicycoverage.Mostoftheexamplesofilltreatmentgivenbytheinterviewees,eitherasaresultofdirectexperienceoraswitnessed,revolvedaroundthemanagementofstaff.Managerswhomwerepoorlysuitedtothetaskofmanagementandwhofailedtoeffectivelymanagestaff,ormanagerswhoweredisregardingoforganisationalpolicyandpracticeweredeemedtobemistreatingstaff.Bothlackofcompetenceandtheabuseofpowerwerebehindtheseexamplesofilltreatment.Referencewasmadetomanagersputtingpressureonstaffinwaysthatimpliedamisuseofpower,althoughthewordpowerwasrarelyusedintheinterviews.Victorwastheonlyparticipanttomakeanexplicitreferencetopower,althoughinaqualifiedmanner:Ihadsomethingplannedforanexternalevent…andamanagerrangmeandsaidI’dcomplicatedeverything,inmypreparation,butIactuallyhadn’t,itwasamatterofyesandno,itwasnothingcomplicatedaboutit.But,Iknowithasaffectedmeinthelastfewyearswiththesameindividual,sinceIstartedintheorganisation.It’snearlyapowerthing.I’mnearlyafraidtostepoutsidethebox(laughs)hopingIdon’tupsethim,becausehehastoomuchofthepower,ifyouknowwhatImean?(Victor,SP)Failuretomanageconflictbetweenstaff,rudeness,notlisteningandnottakingothers’opinionsonboardwerealsorecountedinthedata,andinterpretedasaweaknessonthepartofmanagerstodealprofessionallywithdifficultsituations.Itwasacknowledgedthatpeoplecanlackinsightintotheirownbehaviouranditisamanager’sjobto‘haveaconversation’withthemaboutthis.Itwasnotedthatoftentheseissueswerenotsurfaced,andconversationswereavoided.Thiswasdescribedas‘rumblingsofdiscontent’whichneverbecomeformalcomplaints.

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Ithinktheyhidefromthedifficultsituations.Ithinktheyjustsortof,juststepbackalittlebit,someoneelse’sproblem…if,ifweleaveitlongenough,it’llgoaway…sortofthing,butitdoesn’t(Vanessa,SP)‘…it’s,it’s,it’skindof,thepeoplehaven’tbeenmanaged,intermsof,sotheirbehaviourhasprobablyescalatedandthey’rekindofmanagementissuesthatiftheyhadbeennippedinthebud…(Veronica,MM)Itwasconsideredthatilltreatmentwouldbebetteraddressedwithintheorganisationbyimprovedmanagementtechnique,andnotjustleavingthingstofesterortobeignored.Itwasalsoidentifiedthattherearestaffwhorefusedtobemanaged,whomweredescribedashaving‘strongpersonalities’anditwassuggestedthatthiscouldbestaffwhomhavebeenintheorganisationalongtimeandwerereluctanttochangetheirbehaviourfornewerstaffinmanagementpositions.Thepotentialalsofornewserviceproviderstobeisolatedandunsupportedinthesesituationswasacknowledged.Idofindthatpeoplearen’tbeingmanagedbecausethey’vegotavery,strongpersonality.Iotherwordstheywould,Idon’tknow,theywouldshout,‘union’straightawayorthey’dshout‘bullying’straightawayorthe,sothereforethenit’snearlylikethey’renotbeingmanagedthen,they’rejustsortofleftalittlebit,andnotpulledtotaskon,onthings,Ifindthataswell...,managershavingthe,thestrengthorthe,Idon’tknowthebetterwordbuttheballstosortof,managepeople.(Vanessa,SP)Veronicaplacesreluctancetomanageinthecontextofsmallstaffteamswherepeoplecanbeveryreluctanttoraiseissues.Manyoftheoutcomesofilltreatmentidentifiedbyintervieweesreferredtomovingstaffaroundtheorganisation,whichreinforcesthenotionthatthereisreluctancetomanagedifficultsituations.Managementstylewasdescribedasnotbeinginnovative,avoidanceofdealingwithconflictbeingduetolackofinnovationorimagination:…becausetraditionallymaybealotofmanagershavecomeupthroughthesystem,sothey’renowmanagingpeoplethattheystartedoffthesamedayworkingwith…andhavebuiltarelationshipwithsome…it’sverydifficulttomanage,somebodyyouhavearelationshipwithlike…(Vanessa,SP) Doyouknowwhat,Ithinkit’slackofinnovation,maybewehaven’tmovedon.Wehavepeople,maybemanagingit…andmaybethey’vebeenmanagingtoolongintheoneareaandiftheorganisationhasgottoobigforthatsortofmanagementstyle…itwasfinehavingalaissezfairestyletomanagementwhenyouhadonlyacoupleofhundredpeopleworkingintheorganisation,butwhenyouhaveagoodfewhundredpeopleworking…youknow,youcan’tkeepmanagingthewayyoumanagedtwentyyearsago…orthewayyouweretrained…they’restillmanagingonthebaseof,beingthereforsolong…(Victor,SP)Thereluctancetohavedifficultconversationsalsooccurredinthecontextofsickleave,andhowtoaddressworkabilitysituations.So,andthenagainit’saboutthemanagementstructureaboutsomebodysittinginwiththepersonandactuallyhavinganhonestandstraightforwardconversationinsteadofleavingit100%uptothepersontodecideareyougoingtocomeintoworkornot…(Vanessa,SP)Valerierecountedasituationinwhichtheorganisationletastaffmembergoduetoinabilitytowork,whichwhilenotseenasanexampleofilltreatmentinitself,becameamanifestationofilltreatmentbecause‘wehadignoredtheproblemfortoolong’.Butnotonlyweremanagersreluctanttoreportandconfrontilltreatment,staffwerealsounwillingtoexposenegativebehavioursandexperiencesasrecommendedinthepolicies.Therewereanumberofreferencesinthedatasettopeoplebeingfearfulofreportingilltreatment,asitwasanticipatedthatthesituationwouldonlyworsen.Althoughfearwasnotgenerallyprominentinthedata,whenitwasmentioned,itwasinthecontextofreportingasuperiorandwasmentionedprincipallybyserviceproviders:

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Ifyoucomplainaboutasenior,theymightrattleyourwagonataseniorlevelandyou’dbe,itisn’tworthyourwhile!…you’dfindthatstaffwouldneverreportitagainbecause,look,itwouldnearlyturnfullcircleonthem…(Victor,SP)Wehavehadtrainingeventsarounddignityatworkandthings…wherestaffhavebeenverycandidandsaidtheywouldn’treportanythingbecauseitcomesbacktothem,iftheydo.(Vera,SP)Fearofsayingthewrongthingtothewrongpersonatthewrongtime.(Victor,SP)Veronica,asamemberofmanagement,alsoobserved‘thefearfactorthatpeoplehave‘inreportingilltreatment.‘Overpolicedyetunderprotected’Itwasagreedbyallintervieweesthatpolicywasplentiful.Policywasseentobebroadlyspeaking,accessible,theretoprovidenecessarysafeguards,anddescribedashavingbeendevisedinpartnershipwithtradeunions.However,thecommentsaboutpolicywerenotwhollypositive.AccessibilitywasdescribedbyVincentinthefollowingway:‘it’sallonline…youknow,there’sno,there’snothinghidden…allofthepoliciesareoutthere,anybodycanreadthem’andbyVeraasreadilyaccessibleasitwasall‘ontheinternet’.Thesenseisgivenherethattheonusisonstafftofindpolicyandreaditperhapsretroactively,whensituationsoccur.ThiswasreinforcedbyVictor’scomment:…youknow,alotofpeoplewouldsaythat,oh,theyquotedthepolicytomewhenIwentin,yet,noonehadmentioneditbeforeIwentin…ormaybewhenImadethemistake.Thepolicyistakenoutthen,toproveapoint,andyoumightbethen,jeez,isthat,isthatinthepolicy?Ineverknewit,doyouknow?(laughs).Akeydifficultywithpolicywasthatitdoesnotaddressalltheissuesthatstaffconfront,andthequantityofpolicymaymaskthis.Valeriepointsout‘Nowwe’vethreemassivefoldersofprocedures…we’re,we’reabitheavyonprocedures,yeah’whileVictorrefersto‘policieswithinpolicies’,andacerbicallycommentsthat‘staffarenearlyburntoutreadingpolicies’.Healsousestheterm‘overpolicied’.Victorusesthistermtorefertotheuseofpoliciesinsituationswheretheydomoreharmthangood,forexample:…it,it’shardtoquantifyinapeopleorganisation,wherewe’redealingwithpeople…doyouknow,some,someoftheissuesthatIhearstaffonaboutare,are,disciplinaryissuesor,someonehasmadeacomplaint…itmightn’tbe,but,itmightbejustthewaytheytalkedaboutsomeone,buttheymightn’thavemeantanythinginit…andthentheyhavetoprovetheirinnocence.Sothat’squitehardforstaffinourbusinessbecauseallittakesissomeonetosay,ohIdidn’tlikethewayMarytalkedtoJohn…thatcouldbeaninvestigatoryprocedure.Nextthingyoucouldbesuspendedduringthatinvestigatoryprocedure…you’resuspendedtoprotectyouasastaffright?Butitdoesn’t,everybodyintheorganisationknowsyou’reoff…(laughs)…doyouknow,andthey,likethey,theyhavemaybeconfidentiality,eventhoughit’stheretoacertaindegree,itisn’tbecause,Iknowthestaffthatareoff,everybodyelseknows,youknow,so…(Victor,SP)Yetallstaffunderinvestigationmaynotbesuspended,asidentifiedbyVeronica.Sheraisestheissueoftensioninworkingwithstaffwhileinvestigationswereon-going:…processesarelonganddrawnoutaswell.Youknow?Andthen,amIexpectedtoworkbesidethisperson,soifIhaveraisedaconcernaboutthemorifIhavetohaveaconversationwiththemandIhavetocomebackoutandworkwiththemstraightaway,you’reinverycloseproximity,andyourelyonyourcolleaguesverymuch,particularlyifyou’reworkingwithchallengingbehaviour,thattheyhaveyourback.So,so,youknowhavingatenseatmosphere.AlthoughcontrastingwithVictor’saccount,itechoesconcernshereregardingtheapplicationofpolicytosituationswhicharenotstraightforward,andinvolvingperceptionsandinterpretationswhichimpingeonon-

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goingrelationshipsbetweenstaffmembers.Veronicaalsoexpressesconcernaboutdifficultiessuchasoccurindisputes,wherebothpartiesinevitablyseethemselvestoberight,andthereforesomeonefeels‘wronged’followingintervention,whatevertheoutcome.Theimplementationofpoliciesmayfailtoprotectbecausetheyfailtoacknowledgethecomplexityofhumaninterpersonalbehaviourandhowitoperatesinthecontextofahierarchicalpowerbasedorganisation.Iwouldsaypeoplearenever100%satisfiedunlesstheygetexactlywhattheywant.Soyou’vetwopartiesinanissue…andyou’renotgoingtohavebothpartiessatisfied…somebodywillfeelharddoneby,somebodywillfeelupset...(Veronica,MM)Therewasonecleargapinpolicycoverage,highlightedinseveralinterviews:Butwehavenothinginplacetoprotectstaffthatare…,ifthere’sanallegationmadeaboutemployeesfromparentsorfamilies,wehavenothingthere.Wehaveloadsofstufftoprotecttheorganisation…andloadsofstufftoprotecttheserviceuserbutwe’venothingtoprotectusasastaff.(Victor,SP)Anumberofintervieweesrecountedincidentsinwhichstaffwereshoutedatorabusedbyfamilymembers.WhileVeraclaimsitistakenwith‘apinchofsalt’,shealsodescribestheincidentsinquitegraphicterms:We’vehad,we’vehadanumberofincidentswithquiteabusivefamilies…thatmayhavebeenquiteverballyabusive…andslanderousnearly…toanumberofstaff,andthereisnocomebackforthat…one,whojustmadetotallyoffthewallremarks,anditwas,itwasjustabsolutely…itwas,bonkerskindastuff,butImean,youcantakeitinyourstridesometimes…(Vera,SP)Veraalsoacknowledgesthateventhoughstaffcantrytotakethebehaviourofindividualsintheirstride,thiskindofabusemayhaveanegativeimpactonhowstaffareperceivedinthecommunity,andthereisnoprotectionfromdamagetoreputation.BothValerieandVioletrecountthestressinvolvedinsuchincidents:Nomatterwhatwedoit’sjustnotthereandthefamilyarecomplainingtoeveryavenuethereis,becausewhattheywantisn’tsomethingthatthegovernmentwouldstandover,…everythingiswrongallthetimeandit’sjustverydifficulttoworkwith…becauseyoucan’t,am,theyabsolutelywanttherightthingfortheirpersonbutam,itjustgetssowoundupandnotworkingwithyou.Soit’sallthatbuildup…that’s,thatyoufeel,ohmygodyou’resostressedbyitso…Wellyou’dfeelvulnerable…yeah,you’dfeelquitevulnerable.(Valerie,MM)WhenIwashavingcontactwiththemother,shewasgettingreallyfrustrated…,howshecameacrosstome,youknow,quiteoftenshe’dbeshouting,havearaisedvoice…shewouldbe,picking,youknow,everyone,everyonecanhave,youknow,everyone’sgoingtocriticisethings…andthere’salwaysgoingtobeissues.Butyouknow,really,really,pickingatverysmallthings…andthenshoutingaboutthoseissues.And,whenIsayshoutinglike,Imeanlike,therewouldbearaisedvoiceand,youknowareallyraisedvoiceandshewouldmaybehaveherhandsintheair,youknow…shewasreallyreallyangryaboutthisandshewasshoutingatmeaboutit…atonepointIwaskindof,kneelingdownjustto,topickup…andshewaskindofleaningovermeandshouting(laughs)…andIactually,Iactuallythoughtshewasgoingtohitme,that’showangryshewas.Am,Iwasactually,reallythoughtshewasgoingtohitme…am,butthatwasprobablythe,theworstofthatsituationreally.(Violet,MM)TheresponsefromseniormanagementwhenVioletraisedthisissuewasto:...(give)meafewpointersbutIfeltthattheirpointersitwasquite,quitekindofhardtofollowcausetheywouldsaylook,ifshegets,ifshegetslikethatjustsayI’mnotyouknow,wecan’tspeakwhenit’slike,whenyou’re,whenyouragitated…sotheybasicallytoldmetoleaveifshewasgettinglikethat,whichIactuallyfoundquite,quitedifficulttodo.’‘Returntocorevaluestomoveforward’Theneedtoacknowledgestaffandtheirworkwasraisedattimesintheinterviews.Victorfeltforexamplethat:

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Weneedtodoanawfullotmore,bridgebuildingwithstaffandgoodvaluesthatcomeintoworkand,acknowledgeit,somepeoplethatareinmyworkfortwentyorthirtyyearsandthey’venoqualificationatall,andyet,they’reprobablythebestworkerswehave,andwedon’tacknowledgethatgoodenough…Hegoesontocommentontheneedtoreaffirmcorevalues:Peopleshouldbevaluedfirst…youknow,ahandworkfromthere.NowIknowit’shard,thestructurewhereyouhavepeoplecomingalotandpeoplearemakingaccusationsandstufflikethat…butifthere’satrust,doyouknow,ourheadofficeis,it’ssupposedtobeacommunitybasedthing,butyouneedasecuritypasstogetintoit,youknow…soit’slike,liketheprincipal’sofficeyouknow…Weneedtomoveawayfromthat.Relatedly,improvedrelationshipbuildingandsupportwereseentobeimportantinthecontextofaddressingilltreatment:Idon’tthinkthere’senoughoftimespentonbuildingrelationships…really,withintheorganisation(Vanessa,SP),Yougetmoreoutofpeople,youknowiftheyfeel,intheirtimeofneedyou’regoingtosupportthem(Vincent,MM)Theneedforacultureshiftaroundmanagerialresponsibilitywasidentifiedbytwoofthemanagersandthatthiscouldbeachievedthroughtraining.Opennessandtransparencyaroundreportingunacceptablebehaviourwasdiscussed,andplacedinthecontextofrespect.Veronicasumsthisupasfollows:Youknow,thehammeringhometherespectandthefocusonthewelfareofyouremployees……right?….solookingat,youknow,whatisacceptableinanorganisationandthatbeingveryopenandvery,youknow,clearandunderstandingthatifsomethingisreportedoris,isobserved,thatit’sdealtwithandnotjustleftthere….Andsometimes,likeIsaytopeople,you’renotgoingtolikeeverybodyyouworkwith.Butyou’vegottorespecttheirroleandworkthroughthat,OK,youdon’thavetobetheirbestfriendandyoudon’thavetoworkwiththemout,I’mnotaskingyoutogotothepubwiththem,I’mnotaskingyoutobetheirbestfriend.ButIamaskingthatyouwouldconductyourselfprofessionallyintheworkplace,andmakesurethatyourbehaviourisnotgoingtoimpactanyofyourcolleaguesorourserviceusersthatarearoundyou.

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9CaseStudy2:PBS2PBS2isapublicserviceorganisationthatprovideslocalgovernment,administrationandarangeofservices.Itconsistsofelectedmembersandpaidstaffnumbering1,200,whomworkacross5functionsordivisions.TheorganisationconsistsofoneCEOwho,withamanagementteamoften,isexpectedtoimplementpolicyaslaiddownbylocallyelectedrepresentatives.PBS2isoneof31suchorganisations,atthetimeofwriting.TheCEOandthemanagementteamoperateunderthesupervisionofelectedmembers,andareanswerabletotheelectedmembers.Awiderangeofprofessional,technicalandadministrativestaffareemployedbyPBS2,includingindoorandoutdoorworkers.

9.1PolicyandProcedurePBS2isboundbystatutorylegislationandregulations.Withregardtothepreventionandmanagementofilltreatment,thereisa‘DignityatWork’policy,disciplinaryprocedure,procedureforgrievances,codeofconduct,procedureformanagementofwork-relatedstressandanEAP.Thesesevenpolicieswereconsideredagainstthechecklistforgoodpractice(seeTable9.1).Table9.1:PBS2Policy

Policyshould…

DignityatWork EAP Grievance

ProcedureCodeofConduct

ManagementofWork-

relatedStress

DisciplinaryProcedure

Becreatedinconsultationwithtradeunionsand/oremployeerepresentatives

û ?41 ? û ? ?

Employsimple,direct,unambiguouslanguageandisasshortaspossible

ü ü ü 20pageslong

ü 14pageslong

Be‘owned’byresponsibleperson(e.g.signedorpersonwithresponsibilityforthepolicynamed)

û û û û ResponsibilityfortheprovisionofthepolicyisattributedtotheHealthandSafetyTechnicalWorkingGroup

û

Containadeclarationofcommitmenttopreventionofharmduetobullyingandrelatedilltreatment

ü û û û No,butbullyingisidentifiedasastressor

û

Containadeclarationofunderstandingand/orcommitmenttotherighttobeingtreatedwithdignityatwork

ü û û û û û

Containadeclarationofnon-toleranceofbullyingbyallthefollowingparties:employees,clients,customersorsub-contractors

ü û û û No,howeverbullyingandharassmentidentifiedaskeyhazardsassociatedwithwork-relatedstress

No,howeverphysicalviolence,serioussexualharassmentandbullyingidentifiedasexamplesofgrossmisconduct

PolicylinkedtoorreferencedwithintheSafetyStatementandlinksexplainedwithotherrelevantpolicies(e.g.CodeofConduct

Linkedtodisciplinaryprocedure

û Linkedtodisciplinaryprocedure

Linkedwithlegislationandothercodesofpractice

Linkedwithlegislation,codesofpractice,standardsandguidancedocuments

û

Outlinerelativeresponsibilities:-Employerresponsibilityforprotectionfromharm-Responsibilityofallemployeestobecivilandcourteousintheirdailywork-Responsibilityoftradeunionstoparticipateinimplementationofpracticesandprocedures,andthroughprovidingadviceandinformationtomembers

ü Bullyingnotreferredtodirectly

Responsibilityofmanagementandstaffformaintainingworkingrelationshipsismentioned

Responsibilityofmanagementandstaffformaintainingworkingrelationshipsismentioned

ResponsibilityofDirectors,LineManagers,Supervisorsandemployeesclearlyoutlined

Responsibilityoftheorganisation,supervisors,andemployeesareindicatedwithinthepolicyinrelationtodisciplinarymatters

DescribeswhatismeantbyBullying,includinganon-exhaustivelistofexamples

ü û û û û No,examplesofgrossmisconductlistedwhichincludesbullying

41Notstated

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Policyshould…

DignityatWork EAP Grievance

ProcedureCodeofConduct

ManagementofWork-

relatedStress

DisciplinaryProcedure

Setoutcomplaintsprocedure,compliantwithnationalcodeofpractice,includingtheinformalandformalprocedures,rightstorepresentation,acommitmenttofollowingthroughtoresolutionComplaintsprocedureshouldbeclear,easytofollow,includesflowcharts,formsortemplatesthatfacilitatestaffandpromptkeyinformation

ü û

ü û û ü

Givetimeframesforthestagesofprocedure,asaservice-levelagreement(e.g.investigationwithinXofreceivingcomplaint)

Thepolicynotesthatinvestigationswillbeundertakenpromptly

û ü û û OnlyclearlystatedinSection8:Appeals

Makeexplicittherespectofconfidentiality

ü ü û

û û û

Listtheoutcomesforcomplaints,includingifthecomplaintisdeemedvexatious

ü û û û û û

Extendtoworkoffsiteandwork-relatedsocialevents

û û û ü û û

Containadeclarationofthecommitmenttotheprotectionofcomplainantsfromvictimisation

ü û û û û û

BeyondPolicy…

Trainingformanagersandsupervisorsthatincludesdiscussionofpolicyimplementation

û û û û ü û

Reviewandupdateofpoliciesandprocedures

û û û û ü û

Systematicdatamonitoring(absencedata,exitdata,regularengagementandhealthsurveys,whichaskaboutbullyingbehaviours,trainingoffer,attendanceandevaluationdata)

û û û û û û

MakingsureBullyingisaskedaboutinexitinterviews

û û û û û û

Havingaprocessforre-buildingworkplacerelations

Notdirectlyaddressed,butstatespeoplemaybetransferredafteraninvestigation,ifdeemednecessary

û û û û û

9.2InterviewsEleveninterviewswereundertakeninPBS2,followingthreecallstoparticipate.Fourwerewithmembersofmanagement(threeofwhichwereHR),fourwereProfessional/TechnicalstaffandthreewereinAdministration.Fiveintervieweeswerewomen.Oneparticipantwasaunionrepresentative.Allwerepermanentstaff.Interviewdurationrangedfrom20minutesto41minutes(SeeTable9.2).Pseudonymsareemployedforeaseofpresentation,withroleintheorganisation42.

42 MM=Management

PT=ProfessionalorTechnicalAC=Administration/Clerical

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Table9.2:PBS2InterviewParticipants

Interviewnumber Gender Level/role Pseudonym Yearswith

organisation43 DurationofInterview

1 F Administration/Clerical Pamela - 41mins

2 M Professional/Technical Paddy 8 29mins

3 M Professional/Technical Paul 23 39mins

4 M Professional/Technical Philip 16 40mins

5 F Administration/Clerical Peggy 10 34mins

6 M Professional/Technical Pete 35 33mins

7 F Administration/Clerical Priscilla 8 20mins

8 M Management Pearse - 34mins

9 F Management Patsy 30 30mins

10 M Management Phelim 20 39mins

11 F Management Penny - 34mins

Allelevenparticipantshadnodifficultydescribingilltreatmentintheworkplace.Interpersonalilltreatmentsuchasverbalabuse,beingaggressivevocally,rudeness,forexamplehangingupthephoneoncallersandshoutinginemails,wereallcatalogued.Physicalviolenceandintimidationwasacknowledgedasilltreatment,withsomeparticipantswitnessingsuchbehaviours.Directpredatorybullyingwasalsomentioned,interpretedasanabuseofpositionsofauthority.Participantsalsorecognisedwork-relatedilltreatment,forexamplebeingpassedoverforpromotion,nothavingajobdescription,notbeinggiventasksappropriatetoskills,underminingpeers,unreasonablesupervision,andwithholdinginformation.Withoneexception,allparticipantsperceivedilltreatmenttobeveryprevalent,evennormalised,inPBS2.Threethemesweredevelopedfrominteractionwiththedata,andaredescribedbelow.‘Culture:Demi-Godsandspinningtops’Allparticipantseitherexplicitlymentionedoralludedtothecultureintheorganisationwhentalkingaboutilltreatment.Thecultureoftheorganisationwasseentobeanimportantdeterminantofthepracticeregardingexposuretobothbullyingandincivilityandhowitisrespondedto.Anautocraticcultureofconformityandobediencewasobserved,seentobeoutdatedandpunitive.ItisdescribedbyPriscillainthefollowingway:...it’ssortofaveryantiquatedwayofmanagingstructure.Andit’svery...likeIdothinktheyhaveanawfullotofpower…Idothinkthatthereisaverykindofold-fashionedwayofthinkingthatyouaretalkeddowntoandit’sveryhierarchical.Andifyouareinapositionofmanagement,youareseenasademi-godalmostandthatyoucandowhatyouwantbasically.(Priscilla,AC)Thecultureoftheorganisationwasnotgenerallydescribedinpositiveterms,althoughtherewerereferencestoachangeinmanagementandawelcomechangeinculture.Culturewasseentobefundamentalinexplaininghowandwhyilltreatmentwasaproblemintheorganisation.Theautocraticcultureincludedinaction,bystandernon-interventionandunaccountabilityandwasseentobedysfunctional,insofarasitwasdrivenbyobedienceandconformityratherthanfunctionandutility.Penny,arelativelynewmemberofthemanagementteam,describesitasanadolescentculture,characterisedbypersonallydirectednegativebehaviourandahighlevelofmistrust.Participantsdescribedhowsituationsthatinvolvedbullyingorincivilitywerenotreportedand‘putupwith’,orleftfortoolong.Manyreferencesweremadetomattersnotaddressedatall,ornotaddressedinanyvisibleoracceptablewayfromtheperspectiveoftheseparticipants.Pennyclaimsthattheproceduresmaybeokbuther

43Yearswithorganisationomittedfromtableduetoeitherissueswithrecordingorriskofidentifyingparticipant

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concernis‘thatweonlyinvokethematthelastpoint’.Paddyforexamplecommentedonthetendencytowardinactionandthepotentialtodamagetothetarget:

It’smorenot...it’snotovert,it’sallcovertand…it’sinaction.Sobytheveryfactthatyou’renotactingmeansyouare...you’re...somebodyisbeingharmedbythewholeinaction.Inabilitytogetthingsdoneandthere’snosenseofproactive‘let’sgetinthereandsortthisoutbeforeitbecomes...’,there’snoneofthat.Theywaituntilitgetssoextreme.(Paddy,PT)OthersinterpretedtheperceivedtendencyonthepartofHRtoblamethetargetwhenbringingmatterstotheirattentionasevidenceofavoidance;inotherwordsareluctancetonameandholdaccountableallegedbullies:Sotheydon’twanttodealwiththeissue.Theydon’twanttotakeonsortofabullyortryingtodealwiththat.Sotheywilljust...theywillbasicallymaketheemployeefeelthattheyareatfaultratherthantheactualpersonwhoreallyisatfault.(Peggy,AC)

AndIthinkHRareinadifficultpositionaswell,becausetheyhaveto,youknow,theydon’twanttodealwithissueseither.And,youknow,thereisalsoamentalitytherewhereyou’reluckytohaveajobandyoujustkeepshtum.There’samentalityacrosstheboardthatveryoftenit’sthepersonistheproblem.Thatreally,you’rejustoverreactingand,youknow,yourviewofitiswrong,it’s...you’remakingitintoabiggerdealthanitis.EvenHRwantsyoutodumbitdownaswell.(Pamela,AC)

Thiswasreinforcedinthemanagementinterviews,withoneHRmanagerforexamplesaying:

…andI’dbesaying‘Butwhatdoyouwant?Andifyouwantthistostopyouhavetotakeownershipofit’andIthink...that’soneofthebiggestchallengesbecausepeoplecometoHRandthey’dsay‘I’mbeingbulliedbymylinemanager,IwantittostopandIwantyoutodosomethingaboutit’andtherecanbeamisunderstandingthereofwhatourroleisandwhattheirresponsibilityis.(Patsy,MM)

Anothermemberofmanagementpointedoutthattherearetwosidestoeveryincident,althoughconcededthatthepersonwhoisfeelingit(thetarget)isusuallymorelikelytosufferinsilence.Philip,whileacknowledgingthecultureofinaction,alsoacknowledgedwelcomechangeinthisrespect,andtheimportanceofleadershipfromthetopinrelationtocultureandculturalchange:

Sothereforeifthereisanincidentandifyouaskforittobeinvestigatedyouarecompletelyignored.That’swhyIsay(newmanager)isthemostimportantpersonIhaveevermet...thefirstpersoninXyearstoturnaroundandsay’I’lllookafterthis,Iwillinvestigateit’(Philip,PT)

Thereluctanceofotherstointervenewassymptomaticoftheautocraticculture.Pamelareportsanincidentthatlasted40minutesinwhichacolleagueshoutedather,inthehearingofatleastnineothers.Sherecallsthatsomepeoplelefttheoffice,ratherthanlisten,andthosethatstayeddidnotintervene.Sheinterpretsthisaspeoplenotknowingwhattheproceduresarewhen‘senior’peoplebehaveinanegativeway.However,alessbenignviewistakenbyotherparticipants,whoperceivethisasanunspokenunderstandingthatseniormanagementareuntouchable.ThiscomesupinPaddy’sinterview,inwhichherecountsanincidentinwhichaseniorstaffmemberwasfoundtohavebeenguiltyofilltreatinganotherstaffmember,butthemorejuniormemberwasmovedandtheseniormanagerwasnot:

…theymovedthealtarboynotthepriestasitwere.SothemanwastransferredoutandtheguywasleftthereThat’sthewayitwas,itwas...becausethisguywasatahigherlevel,theguythatwasdoingtheabuseandwasdoingandfoundguiltytobedoingit,hewasleftasisbecauseitwasmanagementstandingupformanagement...(Paddy,PT)

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Therewasawidespreadviewacrossthedata,includingmembersofmanagementinterviewed,thatthereasonfornonorminimalinterventionisthatbullyingisnottakenseriouslybytheorganisation.Pamela’sexperienceincludedbeingtoldthatmatterwas‘dealtwith’afterashortconversationinwhichshecouldseeherseniorslaughing.Inthisrespecttheorganisationwasseentohavenomoralcompass,andnowillingnesstotakeseriouslynegativebehaviours,especiallywhenenactedbyseniorstaff.Peggydescribesthe‘promotion’oftheDignityatworkpolicyasajoke:

TheyhavethisDignityatWorkPolicyandtheyhaveaposteruponthewallbutImeanalotofuskindofthinkthat’sabitofajokebecausetheyclearlyweren’ttakingitseriously,particularlywiththatindividualthatwasthere,youknowitwaskindofwell-knownaboutthebullying.Alotofpeoplefeltyouknowthatwasn’t...basicallytheydon’ttakethemseriously.Theydothingsbecausetheyhavetodoorbylegallyorthey’vesigneduptosomething.Ohyeahbutinrealitytheydon’t,Idon’tthinktheytakethemseriouslyatall.(Peggy,AC)

BothPennyandPauldescribeaggressiveinteractionsasnormalised,meetingswheremanagersareapparentlynotreprimandedforshoutingatoneanotherorbehavinginanintimidatingmanner,andageneralacceptanceofunderminingandcriticalbehaviours,thatareinconsistentwithpolicy:

Buttheproblemisthatyouhavealotofbehaviourinbetweenwherepeople...anorganisationseesitasokay.Soit’sokaytoactivelyunderminesomebodyelse’swork.It’sokaytospeakverynegativelyaboutkindoflet’ssaytheChiefExecutive/seniormanagement,openlyspeakingnegativelyaboutthemonanalmostpersonallevel.YouknowImeankindof...andyetyoukindofgobutthat’snotinkeepingwithdignityatwork.(Penny,MM)

TheunaccountabilityinmanagementwasdescribedbyPaddyaspartofalargerdysfunctionality.Inthiswaybullyingproblemswerenot‘just’aproblematicstrandwithinarelativelybenignadministrationbutembeddedintheveryfabricoftheorganisation.Theorganisationwasseentobeinwardlyfocusedandobsessedwithpowerandrank,makingilltreatmentinevitable,astheorganisationexiststoservetheinterestsofapowerfulfewattheexpenseofmany.Asubculturewasdescribedin‘thatsaysyoudon’tdoitbecauseyou’regoingtoscupperyourchancesofanyformof...becauseyou’rerockingtheboat,that’sthewholething.You’renotgoingtodothat;you’renotgoingtorocktheboat’accordingtoPaddy.Hegoestoexpandtothenatureofdysfunctionintheorganisation:

…soIwoulddescribemostofthesituationthatgoesonthereaslikeaspinningtop.Theykeepthemselvesgoingaroundanditallkindofworksinsomesortofdysfunctionalfashion,itkeepsgoingaround,it’swobbling,it’swobbling,itdoesn’tachieveanything,performancetothepublicdoesn’timprove,itjustworksforitself.Itjustexistsforitself,that’swhathappens.

...you’reonlyconcernedaboutkeepinginwiththoseabovebecauseyourchancesareit’sallaboutpromotion…it’sallaboutpromotion.Whatwillgetyoupromoted?There’salotofpeoplethat,likeiftheycanreachacertaingradebythetimetheyretireorwhateverorwithin10yearsofretirementthey’resortedbutthere’salotofpeoplethenthatarebelowthelinethataren’tsortedandthosepeoplearealwayslookingtogetuptoalevel…Onceyou’reatthatlevel,you’resorted,youhaveagoodpensionandthat’sallpeopleareinterestedin…Theissueisgettingyourselfintoapositionwhereyou’recomfortableandthenyouknowyou’regoingtoretirewell.That’sallitis.(Paddy,PT)

Thisissummedupasaculturewherepowerandstatustakeprecedenceoverfunctionandutility.WhilePaddywasparticularlyvocalonthetopicofculture,hewasnotaloneinviewingtheinwardfocusoftheorganisationasdeeplyproblematic.ForPhilipitisanorganisationwithneither‘moralcourage’nor‘moralcompass’,whilePetesumsuplifeinPBS2:‘Youhavetokindofdowhatyouaretoldandkeepunderthethumb.Don’taskanyquestionsevenifyouknowit’swrong’.

I’mstilltryingtounderstandit.Ithinkpartlyit’sthecultureoftheorganisation.Ithasaverystrangeculture,thisorganisation,itisaverycontradictoryculture,soontheonehandthereisalotofwrittenrulesandontheother

75

handwhenit’snot...likethere’snoimplementationofthemalmost.Sothatwe’rehighlyregulatedbutnoimplementation,youkindofgosoit’sapretenceatregulation.(Penny,MM)

‘Theskilledmanagerhavingtheskilledconversation’Asecondthemeemergingfromthedatawastheneedforearlyandproactiveintervention.Thiscameuppredominately,butnotexclusively,intheinterviewswithmembersofmanagement.Participantsrecognisedtheneedtoaddressmattersveryearlyintheprocessandwerestronglysupportiveofthenotionthattrainingformanagersisneededindealingeffectivelywithilltreatment.Phelimsumsupthisidea,stating:

I’mabigsupporterofdignityatworkbutthemoreI’minthisjobthemoreIrealisethesolutiontoallthesethingsisatthebaseandgetdowntothecorelevel.Ifthereisrumblingsinaworkplace,staffsupervisorsneedtobeenabledtodealwiththem,theyneedtoknowthatthere’ssupportsavailablethroughtheirownchainofcommand,throughHR,andifsomethingisgoingwrongitneedstobefedbackquicklyandifpeopleareunsurehowtodealwithittheyneedtogetproperadvices.Lettingsomethingfestercausessignificantdifficultylaterandsometimeswhenitgetstothestageofbeingdealtwithitthereisalotofbadfeelingthereandveryhardtodealwithit.I’mmovingbacksignificantlyfromtheinvestigationtypescenario...Hegoesontosay:I’mnotnaiveenoughtothinkwe’llnipeverythinginthebud…Ifyoucoulddealwithsomethingasclosetosourceaspossiblethatisthebestchanceofasolutionandthebestchanceoffixingit.WehadoneortwotherelatelywherewehaveendeavouredtogetthembacktosourceandIfeeltheyareunderfarmorecontrolnow…(Phelim,MM)Phelimalsoadvocateduseoftheinformalprocess,noting(somewhatincontrasttotheprofessionalandadministrativestaff)thatthepeoplelistedasinformalcontactsareapproachable,andcanofferadviceandoutlineoptionswhichcanhavetheeffectofdiffusingmatterswithoutrequiringthetargettogivetoomuchinformation.Pennytoo,arguedfortheuseoftheinformalprocess:

…itwasaveryquickincidentbutthatseemedtocauseagreatdealofupset...butsomethingweresolvedlocallywiththetwopeopleinvolved.Imetwiththemseparatelyandthen(namesanotherstaffmemberfromHRhere)andImetwiththemtogetherandtheykindoffeltthattheydidbothwanttoresolveitandsothey’restillintheworkareabut...wedid(dealwithitinformally)andwediditrelativelyquicklyIsupposeaswell.(Penny,MM)Managerswereseentobekeyinensuringappropriateresponsetoilltreatment,includingearlyintervention,somethingthathasbeenlackingintheorganisationbutappearstobechanging.Pamela,reflectingonwhyinheropinionilltreatmentiscommonplaceintheorganisation,seeslackofmanagementtraininginthisregardasapossiblereason.Phelimconcurs,clearlyidentifyingtheneedfortraining:Itcouldbebecausethepeoplewhogotpromotedgotpromotedatatimewheretheymightn’thavehadgoodmanagementskills.Thereisverymuch,youknow,Ialwayswonderhowdothesepeoplegetthejobsbecausethey’veverypoorcommunicationskills.They’ve(laughs)verylittlemanagementskills.SoI’mlike,it’sliketheKitKatad,it’slike,youknow,youcan’tsing,youcan’tdance,you’llgoalongway.Whatdotheyhavetoofferbecause…?So,Idon’tknow,wasitjustbeingattherightplaceattherighttime,knowingtherightpeople?Andaveryclosedshop.Idon’tknow.I’dlovetofindouttheanswertothat.ButIdon’tknowiftheyhavethepropermanagementtraining.(Pamela,AC)Weneedtodosupervisorydevelopmenttrainingforstaff.WeneedtodotraininginIthinkmanagementindealingwithdifficultiesintheworkplaceandweneedtoenablepeople.(Phelim,MM)

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Penny,too,recognisesthatthereisgreaterneedformanagementtraining,butnotjusttraininginleading‘thedifficultconversation’.Shesuggeststhattrainingmanagerscanpotentiallypreventtensionsarisinginthefirstplace,canfocusonsupportingstaffandcreatingapositiveworkingenvironment,wheredignityatworkisareality.

‘Youcan’tunringarungbell’Thethirdthemetoemergefromthedatawastherecognitionofthefactthatilltreatment,inparticularpredatorybullying,isinherentlyproblematicinthecontextofworkplaces.AcceptingthatitcantaketimeandcouragetoraiseanissuewithHR(informallyorformally)aboutacolleague,thatthetargetmaywellbeinfearof,theproceduresthenmustallowfortheallegedperpetratortorespond.Forthetarget,thisisahighriskstrategy,yetthereisnoalternative.Althoughthiscanhappenwithboththeinformalandformalprocess,thefeelingintheinterviewsthattheformalprocessisqualitativelydifferent,orasPearsedescribesit‘adifferentsortofballgamealtogether’.Patsyoutlinesthissituation:

ButalsoitwouldbelookingandsayingifIamgoingtoattempttoresolvethisorsupportyoutoresolveitthiswillrequiremegoingtoyourlinemanager,whatisyourlinemanagerlikelytotellme,right,because...andagainit’sgoingbacktotheprinciplesofnaturaljusticeandfairness,thelinemanager,maybethroughaninformalprocessoraformalprocess,ifthesestatementsorallegationsorjudgementsareplacedathimtheyhavearighttocomebackanddefendtheirgoodnameaswellandweallhavethat.(Patsy,MM)

Participantscouldseethattherewasatensionbetweentheprincipleofnaturaljusticeandtheintentunderpinningtheinformalandformalprocedurestoprotectworkersfromilltreatment.Theprocessisunavoidablyadversarialandaccordingtotheparticipantsfrommanagement‘therearenowinners’.Littlehoweverwasofferedbywayofanalternativesetofprocedures,althoughPhelimdidcallforgreaterawarenessthatone’sactionscanhaveanegativeeffect.Hedoesacknowledgethatmicropoliticsmightintersectwiththeprocedures:

…justbecausetheindividualdoesn’tperceiveitasbeingadversarialandthattheyareonlydefendingtheircorneritcausessignificantdifficultyandsometimesalotoftheproblemisthepeopletheyaretakingadvicesfromarewhatIwouldcalleggingthemonandthere’sanelementoftryingtosettlethescoreandgetsomeoneelsetosettleitforyousometimesaswellwhichisabitofaproblem.(Phelim,MM)

PaddytoodescribesthesamescenarioasPatsy,butislesssanguine,seeingthedifficultieshereinrelationtobalanceandequityasawayofaddinginsulttoinjury,andactingasdeterrenttousingtheprocedures,asstaffalreadyfeelwrongedorilltreated.ForPaddy,thereisnothingnaturalorjustaboutthis:

Theyhavethewholedocumentonbullyingintheworkplaceandeverythingissaidandeverythingthereandtheyhavethedocumentbutlowandbehold,thatdocumentcouldbeusedtohityouovertheheadifyou’reavictimbecauseifyou’resaying...suddenlyitbecomes‘everybody’sequalhere,theyhaveasmuchright’,thebullyortheguythatdoesthebullyinghasasmuchrightasyou,soyouifyou,ifsomebodytakesabullyingclaim,youareinasmuchtroubleasthepersondoingthebullyinginyouropinion.Soyoudon’tevengonearitbecauseitcanbeusedagainstyou.

Hegoesontopointouthowtheprocedureshavetheeffectfordouble-victimising:

It’salwaysthevictim...becausenobody’stakingactionagainstthepersondoingthebullyingit’salwaysthevictimbutifsuddenlyyou’resaying‘ohI’mbeingbullied’,ifyouputyourhandupandsay‘bullying’,suddenlyyouknowthebully,thepersondoingit,isasmuch...soeverythingthenstopsandyou’rethen...you’reevenmorevictimisedinonesensebecauseyoudon’tfeelthatyou’regoingtogetanywherebecausethenyouseeyouhavetocomeupwithallthisevidence.(Paddy,PT)

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10CaseStudy3:STH3

Thethirdcasestudyorganisationisastatutoryhealthserviceprovider.Theorganisationistheproviderofacomprehensiverangeofhealthservicesforacatchmentareaofonemillionpeople.Atthetimeofwriting,3,800peopleareemployedbytheorganisation,includingadministrative,managerial,professional,technicalandoperativestaff,andservicesareprovidedacrosstwositesintheregion.Theorganisationispartofthewidergroupofacuteproviders,allofwhomare,inturn,partofthenationalacutehealthcarestructure.Anexecutivegroupcouncilmanagesthewidergroup,andthetwositesinvolvedinthisstudyareunderthedirectionofonegeneralmanager.

StatutoryHealthServicesinIrelandhavebeeninthemedialimelightfrequentlyinrecentyears,generallyinrelationtotheverysignificantproportionofthepublicpursetheyreceiveinyetwithouttransparentlinkstoproductivity,andspecificallyinrelationtohospitalwaitinglistsandovercrowdinginA&E.Assuch,theyareinasomewhatbeleagueredsituation,underconsiderablepressuretodomorewithless.Thesectorhasseensignificantcutsinpublicfunding(€2.7billionbetween2009and2015),inthecontextofanincreaseinthepopulation(from4.4min2012to4.6min2016),increaseddemandsforandexpectationsofservices,andsignificantstructuralreformsandexplicitperformanceindicators.Therehasalsobeenanumberofhighprofileincidentsrelatingtotheadverseoutcomesforpatientsinthecontextofhospitalreforms/regroupingandservicedeliveryissues.

HealthservicesinIrelandhavenotbeenimmunetothetrendsgloballyinthissector,suchasmanagerialism,performancetargetsandprivatisation.However,healthsystemsarecontextdependent;eventhosewithsimilarfundingmodelsandincountrieswithsimilarpatternsofhealthandillnessareperceptiblydifferent.InIreland,managerialismiscertainlyevident,withmanyhospitalsbeingmanagedbyboardanddirectorates,creepingprivatisationisastrongfeatureoftheIrishHealthCaresystemwithprivate-for-profitprovidersintheacutesectornowmovinginfromthemargins,andprovidingafullrangeofhospitalservicesincludingA&E.Eachofthesefactors,althoughseeminglyremote,canbeseentoimpactonhowindividualstafftreatotheronaday-to-daybasis44.

10.1PolicyandProcedureSTH3isboundbystatutorylegislationandregulations.Withregardtothepreventionandmanagementofilltreatment,thereisa‘DignityatWork’policy,DisciplinaryProcedure,ProcedureforGrievances,CodeofConductandTrustinCarepolicy.Thesepoliciesapplyacrosstheentirestatutoryhealthsector.Thesefivepolicieswereconsideredagainstthechecklistforgoodpractice(seeTable10.1).

10.2InterviewsEleveninterviewswereundertakeninSTH3,followingthreecallstoparticipate.Fourwerewithmembersofmanagement(twoofwhichwereHR),sixwerewithProfessionalstaffandonewaswithanAdministrator.Eightintervieweeswerewomen.Allwerepermanentstaff,havingbeenemployedbytheorganisationfrom8yearsto36years.Interviewdurationrangedfrom21minutesto50minutes.(SeeTable10.2).Pseudonymsareemployedforeaseofpresentation,withroleintheorganisation45.

44Carlise,Y.(2011).ComplexityDynamics:ManagerialismandUndesirableEmergenceinHealthCareOrganisations.JournalofMedicalMarketing11(4),284-29345 MM=Management

PT=ProfessionalorTechnicalAC=Administration/Clerical

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Table10.1:STH3Policy

Policyshould…

DignityatWork

GrievanceProcedure

CodeofConduct

DisciplinaryProcedure TrustinCare

Becreatedinconsultationwithtradeunionsand/oremployeerepresentatives

ü ü û ü ü

Employsimple,direct,unambiguouslanguageandisasshortaspossible

24pageslongincludingappendices

ü ü 24pageslongincludingappendices

30pagesincludingappendices

Be‘owned’byresponsibleperson(e.g.signedorpersonwithresponsibilityforthepolicynamed)

ü û ü û û

Containadeclarationofcommitmenttopreventionofharmduetobullyingandrelatedilltreatment

ü û û û û

Containadeclarationofunderstandingand/orcommitmenttotherighttobeingtreatedwithdignityatwork

ü No,statedpurposetoenableemployeestoraisecomplaintsconcerningwork-relatedmatterssotheycanbeaddressedpromptlywithoutdisruptiontopatient/clientcare

û û Clientsrighttobetreatedwithdignityishighlighted

Containadeclarationofnon-toleranceofbullyingbyallthefollowingparties:employees,clients,customersorsub-contractors

ü û Nobutstatesthatcodeappliestodirectandindirectemployees,boardmembersandsuppliers

û û

PolicylinkedtoorreferencedwithintheSafetyStatementandlinksexplainedwithotherrelevantpolicies(e.g.CodeofConduct)

Linkedtodisciplinaryprocedure

û PolicylinkedwithlegislationandpoliciesonGoodFaithReportingandFraud

Policylinkedwithlegislation,DisciplinaryProcedure,DignityatWorkpolicy,TrustinCarepolicy,CodeofStandardsandBehaviour

Policylinkedwithlegislation,CodeofBehaviour,DisciplinaryProcedure

Outlinerelativeresponsibilities:-Employerresponsibilityforprotectionfromharm-Responsibilityofallemployeestobecivilandcourteousintheirdailywork-Responsibilityoftradeunionstoparticipateinimplementationofpracticesandprocedures,andthroughprovidingadviceandinformationtomembers

ü ü ü ü ü

DescribeswhatismeantbyBullying,includinganon-exhaustivelistofexamples

ü û û û Describeswhatmeantbyabuse,givingsomeexamples

Setoutcomplaintsprocedure,compliantwithnationalcodeofpractice,includingtheinformalandformalprocedures(ifboth),rightstorepresentation,acommitmenttofollowingthroughtoresolutionComplaintsprocedureshouldbeclear,easytofollow,includesflowcharts,formsortemplatesthatfacilitatestaffandpromptkeyinformation

ü ü û Notcomplaintsprocedurebutratherprocedurefordealingwithdisciplinarymatters

ü

Givetimeframesforthestagesofprocedure,asaservice-levelagreement(e.g.investigationwithinXofreceivingcomplaint)

ü ü û Timeframesgivenforappealsfromemployee

No,howeverstatedtimeframeshouldbeincludedintermsofreferenceofaninvestigation

Makeexplicittherespectofconfidentiality

ü ü Confidentialitydiscussedinrelationtoinformationlearntatwork

ü ü

Listtheoutcomesforcomplaints,includingifthecomplaintisdeemedvexatious

ü û û û ü

Extendtoworkoffsiteandwork-relatedsocialevents

ü û û û û

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Containadeclarationofthecommitmenttotheprotectionofcomplainantsfromvictimisation

ü û û û ü

BeyondPolicy…

Trainingformanagersandsupervisorsthatincludesdiscussionofpolicyimplementation

ü û û ü û

Reviewandupdateofpoliciesandprocedures

ü û ü ü û

Systematicdatamonitoring(absencedata,exitdata,regularengagementandhealthsurveys,whichaskaboutbullyingbehaviours,trainingoffer,attendanceandevaluationdata)

û û û û û

MakingsureBullyingisaskedaboutinexitinterviews

û û û û û

Havingaprocessforre-buildingworkplacerelations

Notdirectlyaddressed.Statesmediationpreferredasgoalistorestoreharmoniousworkingrelations.

û û û û

Table10.2:STH3InterviewParticipants46

Interviewnumber Gender Level/role Pseudonym Yearswith

organisationDurationofInterviewin

mins

1 F Professional Alison 19 21

2 F Administration/Clerical Anita 16 47

3 F Professional Siobhan 36 22

4 M Professional Peter 12 49

5 F Professional Saoirse 21 22

6 F Professional Laura 11 44

7 F Management-HR Emer 23 33

8 F Management-HR Marie 8 50

9 F Management Helen 23 25

10 M Management Tom 22 32

11 M Professional Brian 12 -

Participantsintheseinterviewsunderstoodilltreatmentasbothinterpersonalaggressionandwork-related.Interpersonalaggressioncouldbebothpassiveorovertlyaggressiveandincludedtalkingdowntopeople,underminingothers,ridiculingpeoplefornotknowingsomethingthattheycouldnothaveknown,andexcludingpeoplefromasocialgroup.Work-relatedilltreatmentincludedlackofsupportfrommanagement,beingthrowninthedeependwithoutadequatetrainingorinduction,andnottreatingstaffequallyorgivingeveryonethesameopportunitiesforgrowthanddevelopment.Participantsgavevaryingaccountsregardingprevalenceandimpact.Foursthemescouldbefoundinthedata,andaredescribedbelow.Contrastingperspectives,cliques,andthe(un)caringorganisationAverydiversepictureemergedfromSTH3,perhapsunsurprisingly,giventhediversitywithinanacutehealthcaresetting.Firstly,fivepeoplebelievedilltreatmenttobeveryprevalent,even‘endemic’,fivethatitwasn’tprevalent,withoneuncertain.Theperspectivesthatilltreatmentwasn’tprevalentcamemainly,butnotexclusively,frommanagement.Thecompetingperspectiveswereatleastpartiallyexplainedbytheperceptionof

46Twoparticipantsrequestednottoberecorded,andsonoquotationsareusedfromthesetwointerviews.Athirdparticipantprovidedawrittensubmission,asitwasnotpossibletoscheduleasuitableinterviewtime)

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whatconstitutedilltreatment.Sowhilesomeparticipantssawinterpersonalconflictasilltreatment,othersdidnot,althoughmostthoughtinterpersonalconflictwascommoninSTH3.ThosewhoworkedinHRacknowledgedthatthereare‘disagreements’betweenlinemanagersandemployeesalthoughdidnotclassifythisasilltreatment.Also,somework-relatedilltreatment,whileidentifiedasilltreatment,wasnotthoughttooccuronanyregularbasis.Subjectivityregardingilltreatmentiswelldiscussedintheliteratureandthefactthatitemergedintheseinterviewsisperhapsareflectionofthesizeoftheorganisationandthecomplexityofit.Acutehospitalserviceshaveaverywiderangeoffunctionalunits,teamswithinunits,professionalgroups,andcross-disciplinaryteams.One’sperceptionregardingilltreatment,bothwhatitisandhowprevalentitis,dependsonwhereapersonworksintheservice,andwhomtheyworkwith.

Consistentlyacrossallinterviews,gender,age,socialclass,disabilityandsexualorientationweredismissedasreasonsfororflashpointsforilltreatment.Equallyconsistently,theexistenceof‘cliques’wasacknowledged,eitherinthecontextofdifferentprofessionalgroupings,orwithinworkunits.Thiscouldbeapositivefactor,butmoreoftennegative:

…Peoplehaveagrouporacliqueatworkandexcludeyoufromit.Thatdoesn’thappenwithinourteambutitcertainlycanhappen…(Peter,PT)

Ohabsolutely,withoutadoubt.Andtomealways,ifyouhaveagroupandtheyareverynegativepeoplethenyouhavenowheretogobecauseyouwillfindthatthecliquewillstaytogetherasacliquebecausetheycan’tcopewithyouknow...theycantoacertainextentoutsideofitbutthereisacliquealwaysyouknow.(Anita,PT)

Soworkingaspartofateamcaneithercontributesignificantlytoanegativeworkexperienceifapersonisexcludedfromaclique,butcanalsoprotectapersonfromthebackdropofamoremalignenvironment.Therewasagreaterlevelofconsistencyacrosstheinterviewswhentalkingaboutthewiderorganisationalculture,generallyseentobeuncaringandremote.Lauraobservesforexample:

WellIthinkthatthatcomesbacktoIthinkinsomeenvironments…theyaresomuchpartofagoodteamsothatkeepsthem.ButIthinkfroma(functionalunitsnamed)kindofsettingtheydon’thavethatsecurity,theydon’thavethosegoodrelationships...andthereisahugeturnoverofstaff.Butyeahpeopleworkingonanindividualbasisoraspartofateamtheycangetwhattheydon’tgetfromthemanagementinthatteamsothey’reokay.Theykindofignoremanagementuntilmanagementannoythemaboutsomethingorhaveunrealisticexpectationsaboutsomethingandit’sthenwhenkindoftheearthkindoftendstoshakeunderneath...andthat’sverytiresomewhenlikeallyourstructuresofmanagementareagainstyou.Soitdoesgiveyouanattitudeof,excusemyexpressionbut‘Idon’tgiveashitanymore.(Laura,PT)

Theparticularworkoftheorganisationisrelevantinsofarasstaffhaveahigherexpectationoftheirmanagementinrelationtobeingacaringorcompassionateemployerandcanthereforebeparticularlyletdownwhenthisisnotmanifest.LauraandAnitaareparticularlyvocalonthispoint,butPeterandSiobhantoo,acknowledgethefrustrationoftheremotenessofmanagement,andtheapparentlackofpraise,ofaffirmationorrecognitionforworkdone,especiallyimportant,andarguablyeasilygiven,giventhenatureofworkintheorganisation:

Ohthatideaoftreatingyouremployeesasiflikecompletedisregard,norespect,noacknowledgement,norecognition,noreward,likethat’showhumanbeingsfunctionandtakeitinaworkenvironment,takeitinalifeenvironment,that’showitisandwhat’sironictomeisthesepeoplethatshouldknowhowthehumanconditionandworkinthehumanbehaviourworkbecausethat’swhatthey’respecialisedin.Don’ttakeanyofitintoconsiderationlikeandthere’smultitudesofstudiesandresearchandevidencethatshowlikehowtogetproductivityyouknow,itbenefitstheminthelongrunbecausetheygetmoreproductivityout,therearehappierstafforabetteroutcomeorbetteroutputs.Butyeah,no,sowhatdoesn’tworkisthestickapproachbasicallyasIsaidlike,thecondescending...wellnotreallycondescendingbutyeah…(Laura,PT)

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Youseethere’snotrustbecausethetrustisbrokentimeandtimeagain.Nobodytrustsanybodyanditisjustdogeatdog,it’sassimpleasthat,itisdogeatdog.(Anita,AC)

Ithinkwhathappensisthatwedon’tcelebratethepositivesenoughso...andthewiderorganisationintermsofthehealthserviceisverydefensivebecausethemediaissonegative.Sothere’salotofnegativemessagesaroundhealth,it’sallnegativeeveninthelocalpapersitisnegativeandweprobablydon’tcelebrateenoughpositives.Soifyou’recomingintoworkeverydayinasortof...thinkingthateverythingwe’redoingisgrandthenitcangetpeopledownandthatIthinkcreatesasortofslightlynegativeculturewherepeoplegetfedupalittlebitmoreeasilyandthemorestretchedyouarethenthemoredifficultitisandit’shardwithinateamto...wellitcanbehardwithinateamtotryandkeepthatsortofpositiveelement...(Peter,PT)

‘It’sallaboutthehierarchy’Participantssawilltreatmenttooccurinthecontextofpositionalpower,andsawthistobeunsurprising,eveninevitableintheorganisation.Participantsgenerallydescribedtheorganisationashierarchical,formal,andverytraditionalinrespectofthechainofcommand.Staffareexpectedtodowhatthoseabovetheminthehierarchytellthem,andpositionismoreimportantthanrespectfultreatment:There’salsoaprofessionalhierarchywithintheorganisationsoveryfewpeoplewillquerytheguyatthetopofthepyramidyouknowandit’susuallysomebodyelse’sfaultfurtherdown,evenifitisn’t.(Siobhan,PT)Sothatifaconsultanteatstheheadoffyouyou’resortofgoing‘wellIcansortofunderstandwhythathappened’andnotthinkitasabigpersonalattackonyou.It’sjustthewaythingsare…(Peter)Ohyeahit’shuge,yeah,it’sallaboutthehierarchy.Likeit’scrazy,asIsaidit’sreallyarkstyle,it’sreallyoldschoollikeyouknow….it’s‘DearSirandMadam’youknowthatkindofthing,thatyou’reexpectedto...whereaswe’reallmeanttobeonthesamelevelattheendoftheday,bringing...likeweallhavedifferentskillsandwe’reallmeanttobringingthemequallyandrespectingeachother’sskillsequallyandopinionsequallybutitdoesn’thappenthatway,it’slike‘I’myourboss,youdoasIsay’kindofthing…(Laura,PT)Positionintheorganisationisanindicatorofhowvaluedyouareasamemberofstaffandjuniorandtemporarystaffareperceivedtobelessvalued.Beingtemporarycanleadtohavingyouropiniondisregarded,orbeingjuniormeansyouarenotexpectedtochallengeseniorstaff.Thehierarchicalstructuresnotonlyallowthosehigheruptotreatthoselowerdowninwaythatcouldbeconstruedasilltreatment,but,accordingtoTom,alsoledtoseniorpeoplespeakinginanuncivilmannertothoseatthesamelevelandbeingexpectedtoacceptthis.Thisrevealsanegativeculture,inwhichpeopleareallowedtospeaktooneanotherinadisrespectfulmanner.Yeah.IthinkyourpositionintheorganisationisrelevantbecauseIthinkwithinourorganisationthere’sacertainlevelofacceptanceatthehigherlevelsthatilltreatmentandpoortreatmentisjustparforthecourse,it’sthewaybusinessgetsdone.Soifyou’reaseniormanagerit’sexpectedthatyouhavetobeabletotakeit,ifyoucan’ttakeitwellthenwhatareyoudoingintherolekindofyouknow.It’sjustthewaythingsarewhereyouwork.(Tom,MM)…newerstaffcominginandyou’retryingtotrainthemandmakethemconfidentandtheyareextremelycapablewhenthey’refirstqualified,thatcanbeveryundermininganditcan...itcanshaketheirconfidenceandthentheydon’twanttogoandworkinthatareaanymorebecausetheyhadabadexperiencelasttime...‘don’tupsetthisanddon’tdothis’andsoreallyyou’remakingthesituationperpetualbythedoingthat.(Siobhan,PT)‘Thedifficultyiswedon’timplementthemwell’Mostintervieweeswerefamiliarwiththepolicyandproceduresdealingwithworkplacebullying,andconsideredthepoliciestobeaccessible.However,therewereclearlyimplementationissues.Participantsspokeoffear:fearoffurthervictimisationorilltreatment,fearofbeingperceivedasatroublemaker,andfearthatconfidentialitywaslacking.PeopledowanttobringtheissuetotheattentionofamanagerorHRbutthendonotwishtorisk

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exposure.Anotherconcernwasthatthatifaformalissuewasraised,whiletheemployeewouldbelistenedto,noactionwouldbetaken.Whenasked,whenIaskedamemberofstaffwhethertheywouldstandbymewhenItookthisfurthertheydeclined,theydidn’twantto.Theydidn’twanttobebackingmeup.I’dsayfear.Fear.Fearfortheirjobandafearhowtheyweregoingtobetreatedoncetheirnamewasbroughtintotheloop.(Saoirse,PT)They’llinitiatethereport.Butwhenitcomesto...sosayliketheunionswillgivethemdirectioninwhattodo,theywon’tdoitbecausethey’retooscared.(Laura,PT)YeahandifitwastobeontheirrecordorifitwastobeinareferenceafterwardsIthinkpeoplewouldbeconcernedaboutthatandthenmaybebeinglabelledasatroublemakerorsomebodywhois...wellyoudon’twantherinyourdepartment...(Helen,MM)Anitasimilarlytalksaboutlackoftrust,andinageneralwayanunwillingnessto‘rocktheboat’,butalsospecificallygivesanexampleofasituationwherepolicywasnotimplementedinordertoprotectaseniorstaffmember:…speakingtoafriendofminerecently…shetoldmeofanincidentinherdepartmentwheretherewasaladywhobullied,absolutelyoutrageouslybullied,membersofstaff.Shewaskeptinthatpositionandshewillalwaysbekeptinthatpositionbecauseheroverallbossis…(positioninorganisationgiven)…andshe’salsoamanagerand…herbossislookingafterherandthepeoplethatshe’sbullyingareleavingonebyoneandthey’reaskingtobetransferred.(Anita,AC)Reasonsforpoorimplementationincludedthepoliciesbeingtoolong,hardtounderstand,overlylegalistic,notpresentedinauserfriendlyformat,andnottraininglinemanagerseitheraboutthepolicesorintheskillsneededtoimplementthem.Oneparticipantmaintainsshehaslongadvocated‘allofHRdocumentsshouldbebulletedandbulletedwithreallyclearno-jargonEnglish’.OtherparticipantsfromHRpointtotheprovisionofregulartrainingsessions,butbemoanpoorattendanceatthese.Acontrastingviewregardingthevaluetrainingisalsoexpressed.Eitherway,bothparticipantsinterpretthedeficitinimplementationtosignalaculturethatfailstotakeilltreatmentanditsoutcomessufficientlyseriously.Thereisreferencetoacultureof‘sayingnothingandjustgettingonwithit’.Inthiscontextpoliciesarewindowdressing.Sowehaveverygoodwelldefinedpolicies,wellworkedoutandnegotiatedwithalltheunionsandalltherestofitsoeverybodyknowsexactlywheretheystand.Thedifficultyiswedon’timplementthemwellandthereasonwedon’tisbecausethepeoplethatweexpecttoimplementthem,likethefrontlinemanagers–thepeoplethataremaybemanagingawardof30stafformanagingasmallgroupofstaff–theydon’tknow,they’renotfamiliarwiththepolicies,theydon’tknowThat’sonething,wedon’tgivethemenoughoftimeortrainingIthinktodo...Sowedon’tputenoughtimeandeffortintotrainingourmanagerstobeabletodealwiththemandtorecognisewhattheyneedtorecogniseandthentoknowwhattodowhentheydo...andpossiblythenthatindicatesthelevelofprioritythatwegivetoityouknowwithintheorganisation.Ifitwasreally,reallyimportanttouswellthenwewoulddoit,wewouldgivetimetoitandwewouldtrainpeopleinit,yeah.(Tom,MM)Well,Idon’teventhinkitwasmoretraining,thelevelsthatIwenttoshouldhavehadgoodtraininginthese,liketheywerequiteseniormanagers,theyjustdidn’tseemtowanttoknow,tobehonestwithyou.(Saoirse,PT)Tomperceivessomemorefundamentalproblemswithpolicyandpractice.Herecognisesthatthemanagerexpectedtoimplementpolicyisalsoexpectedtocontinuetoworkwiththetargetandortheperpetrator,asituationunlikelytobetenableinthelongerterm.I’verarelyeverseenasituationwhereyouarepresentedwithaproblemandamemberofstaffsayingthattheyfeelorperceivethatthey’vebeenpoorlytreatedinvariousdifferentregardsbyaparticularindividualthatwhen

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it’sallresolvedandithasgonethroughtheprocessIhaverarelycomeacrossasituationwherethepersonissaying‘WellactuallyIfeelkindofsatisfiedorvindicated’orwhatever.Atbestyoucansometimesgetasensefrompeoplewelltheyfeelthattheywerelistenedtoandtheyweretakenseriouslybutbeyondthatno.Itdoesseemtohavealastingeffectonpeople.Somepeopleareabletomovebeyonditandothersaren’t.I’veseenpeoplewhocarryitwiththemthroughouttherestoftheircareer.Infact,veryoftenit’simpossibletorestoreaworkingrelationship,youknowtherehastobesomefundamentalchanges,somaybemovingapersonoutofonelocationorwhatever,yeah.(Tom,MM)Tom,whoisinmanagement,considersononehandthatpolicyifproperlyimplementedisfairandbalanced,andstaffshouldhavenofearofit,aviewalsoexpressedbyanotherparticipantfromHR.YetclearlypeopleareinfearofitandTomconcedes:OnethingIknowforcertainisthatI’venever...Idon’tthinkI’veeveryetcomeacrosssomebodywhocameoutofaprocesswheretheyfeltthattheyhadbeenpoorlytreated,gonethroughthepolicyandfeltattheendthatwellthatwasgreat,nowthat’sthatsortedkindofyouknow,it’sneverlikethatsoitisn’t.(Tom,MM)‘Wellno,that’stobeaddressedbythelinemanager’Finally,athemeemergedaroundtensionbetweenlinemanagersandHR.Confusionaboutrolesandresponsibilitieswerenoted,wherelinemanagersreferringdifficultiestoHR.ThoseinHRwhoparticipatedintheinterviewswereclearthatlinemanagersinfactareresponsibleforaddressingissueslocally.Soforsomelinemanagerstheyfeelassoonastheyhaveanysortofalinemanagementissueorwhateveritbethatthat’saHRissue,youknowsotheylooktogotoHRtogetitsortedout,whereinactualfactwithinourorganisationandwithinourpoliciesit’sactuallytheirrolesoitistomanageitwithsupportfromHR.AndthesupportfromHRatthatpointisusuallyaroundmakingsurethattheyunderstandthepolicy,thattheyunderstandtheirroleandwhatthey’regoingtodoandsoon.Asyougoonabitfurtherthoughthatrolebecomesabitmoreformalisedsoif,forexample,it’sleadingtodisciplinaryaction.(Tom,MM)Membersofmanagementdoconcedethatlinemanagersmay‘notwanttodealwiththelesspleasantstuff’,anditwasacknowledgedthatthisplacesahugeresponsibilityonlinemanagers,whoareexpectedtopreventproblemsonthegroundandalsotoaddressthemwhentheyarise.

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11DiscussionTheaimofthisstudywastomeasuretheprevalenceofnegativeactsinarepresentativesampleofIrishemployees,andtocompareprevalenceacrossvarioussubgroupswithintheworkingpopulationemployingthesamedesign,measurementinstrumentandsamplingstrategyasusedintheBWBS.Thestudyalsosetouttoexploretheexperiencesofpeoplewithinsectorswhereilltreatmentisparticularlyprevalent,bywayofthreecasestudies,toinformmeaningfulandworkablesolutions.Educationalsessionswereheldintworegions,toengagepractitionersandtoexploretheirconcerns.

11.1SurveyFindings:IllTreatmentPrevalenceandPatternsThefindingsattestedtotherobustnatureoftheBWBSinstrument.Correlationsbetweenthe21illtreatmentitemsshowedthesamefactorialrelationshipsinboththeBWBSandcurrentstudy,producingthesamethreefactorsofilltreatment:unreasonablemanagement,incivilityordisrespectandviolenceorinjury.Overlapoccurredbetweenthesefactors,particularlybetweenunreasonablemanagementandincivilityordisrespect(25.0%),and2%ofsurveyparticipantsexperienceditemsinallthreecategories.Correlationsbetweenreportofexperiencing,witnessingandperpetrationdemonstratethatthosewhohaveexperiencedilltreatmenttendtoreportwitnessofit,withmediumtostrongpositivecorrelationsbetweenexperiencingandwitnessingforallitems.Thereportedlevelofilltreatmentexperiencedduringtheprecedingtwoyears,was43%,breakingdownto36.7%experiencingunreasonablemanagement,31.3%incivilityordisrespectand2.6%experiencingphysicalviolenceorinjury.PrevalenceislowerthanreportedintheBWBS47(54%experiencedanyonenegativeact,47%experiencedoneformofunreasonablemanagement,40%incivilityordisrespectand6%physicalviolenceorinjury),althoughthecontoursofexperiencemirrorthosefoundintheBWBS,forexampleunreasonablemanagementisthefactorthathasthehighestprevalence48.Itwasalsothefactorthatwasmostlikelytobeperpetrated:14%admittoperpetratingunreasonablemanagement,9.5%incivilityordisrespect,0.5%perpetratingphysicalviolenceand0.5%allthreetypesofilltreatment.WhiletherateofexperiencewaslowerforalltypesofilltreatmentintheIrishstudycomparedtotheBWBStheratesofwitnesswerehigherthanintheBWBS(48%vs38%foranyoneitem,42%vs28%forunreasonablemanagement,32%vs38%incivility)withtheexceptionofviolenceandinjury(5%vs6%).ThepatternintheIWBSisbroadlyconsistentwithotherstudies.Interestingly,thefalloffinconfirmatoryresponseswasconsiderablyhigherinthisstudy.Onaveragetherewasa35%dropinreportedexperiencecomparedto13%intheBWBS,whichcouldbethesubjectofmoredetailedanalysis,alongwithacomparisonofthetwodatasetsonanitem-by-itemandvariable-by-variablebasis.Theilltreatmentprevalencefiguresareconsiderablyhigherthanstudiesofworkplacebullying,giventhebroaderconstructofilltreatment,butmayalsobeduetothemethodemployed.Manyworkplacebullyingprevalencestudiesareundertakeninworkplacesorthroughwork-relatedorganisations,whilethisstudyemployedageneraldoor-to-doorsurvey,whichallowsparticipantstoanswerinawaythatavoidsconstraintsthatmayoperatewhenreportingexperiencesinthecontextoftheirownworkplace.Thedegreeof‘illtreatmentexperienced’isnot

47TheresearchteamhadaccesstotheBWBSdataset.DirectstatisticalcomparisonswiththeBWBSdatawerecalculatedforheadlinefindingsonly.48Fevre,R.,Lewis,D.,Robinson,A.&Jones,T.(2011).InsightintoIll-treatmentintheWorkplace:Patterns,CausesandSolutions.Cardiff:SchoolofSocialSciences,CardiffUniversity

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directlycomparabletopreviousIrishstudies,whichmeasuredbullyingspecifically.Althoughinthisrespecttheprevalenceoftwonegativeactsweekly,takenasanindicatorofbullying,was9%,higherthanthe2004findingof7.9%andthe2007studyof7%.49Thusimplyinganincreaseinnegativeexperienceatwork,differencesinmeasurementnotwithstanding,andisconsistentwithexpectationsinthelightofthepressuresonemployeesduringandintheimmediateaftermathoftherecession.ThefindingreinforcesaUS-basedstudythatreportedthreateningandintimidatorycommunicationandacultureoffearexperiencedduringtheeconomiccrises50,althoughtherearesurprisinglyfewstudiesoftheimpactofeconomiceventsorcyclesonworkplaceilltreatment.Theprevalenceoftwoitemsdaily,at2%,isconsistentwithotherestimatesofseverebullying.51,52Therelationshipbetweengenderandworkplacebullying,asdefinedintheliterature,isnotclear,withsomestudiesfindingwomentobeatrisk,intermsofselfreportedexperience,andothersnot.Findingsarecontradictoryandambiguous.53Whilesomestudiesshowgenderdifferencesthatfavourmen(i.e.menlesslikelytobebullied),overrepresentationofwomenastargetsofbullyingcanbeduetooverrepresentationofwomeninthesample.54ThetwopreviousIrishstudiesfoundthatwomenreporthigherlevelsofworkplacebullying,butinthemultivariateanalysis,genderwasasignificantdeterminantonlyinthe2001surveyandnotinthe2007survey.Largerscale,representativestudiesarelesslikelytoreportgenderdifferencesacrosstheworkingpopulation.Thisstudyaddstotheaccumulatingevidencethatinlargerscalestudiesdrawingonrepresentativesamples,genderdifferencesarelessevident.Here,althoughwomenreportedslightlyhigherlevelsofbothexperiencingandwitnessingformostoftheitems,differenceswereonlysignificantinrelationtoexperienceforfouritemsandwitnessingforeightitems,andwhencomparedbyfactor,genderdifferenceswerenotsignificant.Therewerenogenderdifferencesinperpetrationforanyofthefactors,althoughotherstudieshaveshownthatmenaremorelikelytoperpetratebullying.55Themultivariateanalysisconfirmedthatgenderwasnotapredictoroftheexperience,thewitnessingortheperpetrationofilltreatment.Itshouldbenotedthatthestudyheredidnotemployaselflabellingmethod,whichusuallyreflectsgreatergenderdifferences,(forexamplewomenaremorelikelythanmentolabelnegativeexperiencesasbullying).56However,thisisnottosaythatilltreatmentisnotagenderedphenomenon,assuggestedbySalinandHoel.Womenweresignificantlymorelikelytoexperienceilltreatmentatthemostseverelevel(twotypesofnegativeacts,atleastdaily),likelytobethefouritemsexperiencedatasignificantlyhigherlevelthanmen(havingviewsandopinionsignored,beingtreatedinadisrespectfulway,intimidatingbehaviouratworkandinjuryoractualviolenceatwork).Thelastofthesemaybeduetothehigherlevelsofclientviolenceinfemaledominatedprofessions,butthehigherleveloftheotherthreeitemsimplythatthesebehavioursarequitecommonlyexperiencedbywomenintheworkplace.Itislikelythatilltreatmentandgenderinteractinamuchmorecomplexway,giventhatorganisationsaregenderedandmanyofthenegativeactsinthebehaviouralchecklistusedherecouldbeexamplesoftheenactmentofmasculinity.Inthisrespectitisinterestingtoseethattheproportionofwomenintheorganisation(higher)wasassociatedwithhigherlevelsofbothincivilityandviolence.Also,itwasnotablethatinlookingatthe49ReportoftheTaskForceonthePreventionofWorkplaceBullying.(2004).GovernmentPublications,DublinandO’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocialResearchInstitute50Rouse,R.&Schuttler,R.(2009).CrisisCommunication.UniversityofPhoenix51Zapf,D.,Escartin,J.,Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.andVartia,M.(2011).EmpiricalFindingsonPrevalenceandRiskGroupsofBullyingintheWorkplace.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.).BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace:DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice.London:TaylorandFrancis52Nielsen,M.,Notelaers,G.,&Einarsen,S.(2011).MeasuringExposuretoWorkplaceBullying.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.).BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace:DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice.London:TaylorandFrancis53Salin,D.&Hoel,H.(2013).WorkplaceBullyingasaGenderedPhenomenon.JournalofManagerialPsychology,28(3)235-25154Zapf,D.,Escartin,J.,Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.&Vartia,M.(2011).EmpiricalFindingsonPrevalenceandRiskGroupsofBullyingintheWorkplace.In:Einarsen,S.,HoelH.Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.).BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace:DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice.London:TaylorandFrancis55Salin,D.&Hoel,H.(2013).WorkplaceBullyingasaGenderedPhenomenon,JournalofManagerialPsychology,28(3)235-25156ibid

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patternsofself-reportedperpetrationacrosstheindividualitems(Table4.3.1,p.39),althoughnotsignificant,therewasalotofvariationbygenderforadmittedperpetration.Whenrespondentshadtoidentifythegenderoftheperpetratorforanitemiftheyhadexperiencedthreeormoreitems,menweregenerallymorelikelytobetheperpetrators5.2,p.50).Interestingly,whenthegenderoftherespondentwastakenintoconsideration,whereonlyonegenderwasnamed,womenarefarmorelikelytosaytheirperpetratorswerealsowomenandmenthattheirperpetratorsweremen(Table5.3,p.51).Thissupportsfindingsthatthegenderofboththetargetandperpetratormatterinthelabellingofilltreatmentexperiences.57ThecorrelationbetweenbeingdisabledandexperiencingilltreatmentwasthesecondmostprominentfeatureofbivariateandmultivariateanalysisintheBWBS.Althoughtheproportionofpersonswithadisabilityreportingilltreatmentwasquitehighinthestudyhere(7%),thedifferencedoesnotachievesignificance,perhapsduetothelimitationsinsamplesize.Otherdemographicfactorswerebroadlyconsistentwithotherstudies(age,educationallevel)althoughthefindingsregardingethnicityareofnote.EthnicitywasnotmeasuredinthepreviousIrishsurveyssotheIWBSisthefirstnationalstudytomeasureilltreatmentwithregardtoethnicity.Ethnicityshowedasignificantassociationwithboththeexperienceofandthewitnessingofeachofthethreeill-treatmentfactors.Thoseofblackormixedethnicityexperiencedthehighestriskforunreasonablemanagement,andalsothehighestlevelsofwitnessingviolence.Asiansaremorelikelytoexperienceincivilityanddisrespectandalsophysicalviolence,aremorelikelytowitnessincivilityordisrespectandunreasonablemanagement,andmostlikelytoperpetrateunreasonablemanagement.ThemultivariateanalysisshowsthattheoddsofexperiencingviolenceareseventimesgreaterforAsiansworkersinIrelandthatotherethnicgroups.AnanalysisofQNHSdataondiscriminationintheworkplacealsofoundthatnon-nationalIrishweretwiceaslikelytoreportdiscriminationbothinseekingworkandintheworkplace.58ThefindingscontrastwiththeBWBS,wherewhiteworkerswereatgreaterrisk.Ireland,nowamulticulturalsociety,clearlyhaschallengesinthisrespect.However,asforgender,thepatterniscomplex.Thefollowupofitemsshowsthatalthoughahighproportionareofwhiteethnicityitcanbeseenthatperpetratorsofilltreatmentwhoreportedtobewhiteweremorelikelytohavetargetedthoseofthesameethnicity.Similarlyperpetratorsfromotherethnicitiesweremorelikelytotargetthoseofnon-whiteethnicity.Theexperienceofbothunreasonablemanagementandincivilitywasgreatestinsmallorganisations(10-49employees),butbothweremorelikelytobewitnessedinmedium-sizedinorganisations(50-249employees).Violencewasmostlikelytobeexperiencedandwitnessedinlarge(greaterthan250employees)organisations.Thispresentsamorenuancedpicturetothecommonlyreportedfindingthatbullyingismoreprevalentinlargeorganisations.Theexperienceofilltreatmentwasmorecommoninthevoluntaryandinthepublicsectorintheformofunreasonablemanagementandphysicalviolenceandinjury,consistentwithpreviousIrishstudies,theBWBSandintheliterature.59,60Themultivariateanalysisconfirmedthis,withviolenceofparticularnote,beingalmostfivetimesmorelikelytobeexperiencedinthepublicsector.Theonlyrelationshipbetweenwitnessingilltreatmentandsectorwasforviolenceinthepublicsector.However,unreasonablemanagementwasalsoimportantinthecontextofsector,being2.5timesmorelikelytobefoundinthepublicsector.Theoccupationalsectoraleffectsdemonstratedinotherstudies,wereseenhereonlyfortheexperienceofunreasonablemanagementwhichwasmostcommoninhealthandsocialservices,followedbyfinancialservicesandconstruction,andlesslikelytobeexperiencedintheagriculturalsector.BothoftheearlierIrishstudiesfoundHealthandSocialservicestobewellaboveaverageintermsofreportedbullying.Thehealthandsocialservice

57ibid58Russell,H.,Quinn,E.,O’Rian,R.&McGinnity,P.(2008).TheExperienceofDiscriminationinIreland.AnalysisoftheQNHSEqualityModule.Dublin:TheEqualityAuthorityandtheESRI59Zapf,D.,Escartin,J,Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Vartia,M.(2011)EmpiricalFindingsonPrevalenceandRiskGroupsofBullyingintheWorkplace.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.).BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace:DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice.London:TaylorandFrancis60ReportoftheTaskForceonthePreventionofWorkplaceBullying.(2004),GovernmentPublications,Dublin;O’Connell,P.J.,Calvert,E.&Watson,D.(2007).BullyingintheWorkplace:SurveyReports,2007.Dublin:TheEconomicandSocialResearchInstitute

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sectoralsodisplayedthehighestlevelsofwitnessedilltreatment.Witnessing,however,alsohadsignificantsectoralassociationsforviolence,withhealthandsocialserviceagainhavinghigherlevels.Therelationshipbetweenworkingenvironmentandtheexperienceofilltreatmenthasbeenofconsiderableinteresttoresearchersinrecentyears.Movingawayfromanearlierfocusonpersonalityandindividual-levelfactorsaskeydeterminantsofworkplacebullying,theroleoftheworkenvironmentisnowseentobeofmuchgreatersignificance,61andthefindingshereaddtotheaccumulatingevidencethatwhereyouworkmattersmorethanwhoyouare,inrelationtotheriskofbeingilltreated,(and,byextension,howilltreatmentcanbepreventedorreduced).ThecurrentstudyusedtheFAREitemstoexplorerelationshipsbetweenworkenvironmentandilltreatment.Allrelationshipsbetweentheseitemsandboththeexperienceandwitnessingofilltreatment,intheformsofunreasonablemanagementandincivilityordisrespectweresignificant.Participantsstatingthattheneedsoftheirorganisationalwayscomefirstwere3.5timesmorelikelytoexperienceunreasonablemanagementandthosewhofeeltheirprinciplesarecompromisedinworkareoverfourtimesmorelikelytoexperienceincivilityanddisrespect.Perpetrationofunreasonablemanagementandincivilitywasassociatedwiththeneedsoftheorganisationcomingfirst,havingtocompromiseone’sprinciples,perceivingpeoplenotbeingtreatedasindividuals,andhavinglesscontroloverworkorpaceofwork.Also,experiencingatleasttwoitemsweeklyandatleasttwodailywereassociatedwitheachoneoftheFAREitems.TheBWBSalsofoundsimilarrelationshipswithFAREitems,providingstrongevidencefortheimportanceoftheworkenvironmentasadeterminantofthewayinwhichpeoplearetreatedinwork,andfortherobustnessoftheFAREitems.Bothstudiesshowclearrelationshipsbetweennegativeworkingconditionsandhigherlevelofilltreatment.Interestingly,whilesignificantpredictorsinbothstudies,theproportionofrespondentswhoreportedthattheneedsoftheorganisationcomefirst,thattheyhavetocompromisetheirprinciplesandthatpeoplearenottreatedasindividuals,arelowerthanthosereportedintheBWBS,62consistentwiththelowerlevelsofeachfactorintheIrishdata(39%vs16%,30%vs9%,20%vs7.9%).ExperiencingandwitnessingviolenceandinjurywasassociatedwithonlysomeFAREitems:havingtocompromiseyourprinciples,notbeingtreatedasanindividual,controlofworkpaceandqualitystandardswereassociatedwithdirectexperienceofviolence.Theweakerrelationshipswithviolenceareborneoutinthemultivariateanalysisforbothexperienceandwitnessingilltreatment.Thosewhoreportthepaceoftheirworkhasincreasedoverthepastyearareninetimesmorelikelytoexperienceviolence.TheresultsareconsistentwiththeBWBS.Nationalleveldataontheworkpositiveitemshavenotbeenreportedpreviously.Asimilarpatternofrelationshipswasdemonstratedbetweentheseitemsandwithallill-treatmentfactors,althoughthemultivariateanalysisshowedstrongerrelationshipsbetweentheexperienceofunreasonablemanagementandofincivilityanddisrespectthanviolence.Againthedegreeofrelationshipbetweeneachfactorandthereportedlevelsofunreasonablemanagement,incivilityandphysicalviolenceshowedilltreatmentwashigherwheredemandwashighbutlowerwheretheorganisationofferedindividualcontrol,managerialsupports,peersupportandlowroleambiguity.ThismirroredthepatternfortheFAREitems.

11.2CaseStudies:PolicyandPractice,EffectivenessandImplementationTheSafety,HealthandWelfareatWorkAct(2005)isthefoundationallegislationgoverningOHSmanagementatworkinIreland.ThisactisfurthersupplementedbytheSHWWGeneralApplicationRegulations(2007).AlthoughilltreatmentandworkplacebullyingisnotspecificallyaddressedbytheSHWWAct(2005)orbytheGeneral

61Salin,D.&Hoel,H.(2011).OrganisationalCausesofWorkplaceBullying.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.).BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace:DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice.London:TaylorandFrancis62Fevre,R.,Lewis,D.,Robinson,A.&Jones,T.(2013).TroubleatWork.London:BloomsburyAcademic

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ApplicationRegulations,forthepurposeofprotectingtheiremployees,employersmustconsidertheseissuesasaworkplacehazardandperformariskassessment.Inlinewithotherworkplacehazards,thelikelihoodofilltreatmentincludingbullyingoccurringshouldbeassessedandcontrolmeasuresthatcanbeputinplacetoreducetheriskmustbeidentified.Inaddition,aquasi-legalarrangementisinplace,wherebyemployersmustcomplywithCodesofPractice(COP)thatsupplementthestatutoryinstruments.TherearethreeCOPsinIrelandpertainingtoworkplacebullyingandnegativebehaviour,whichare:TheCodeofPracticeforEmployersandEmployeesonthePreventionandResolutionofBullyingatWork2007(HSACode),TheCodeofPracticedetailingProceduresforAddressingBullyingintheWorkplace(SI17/2002)andTheCodeofPracticeonSexualHarassmentandHarassmentatWork(SI208/2012)(EqualityAuthorityCode)63.OrganisationsareadvisedbytheHealthandSafetyAuthoritytodemonstratetheircommitmenttothepreventionofbullyingandharassmentintheworkplace,byadoptingaDignityatWorkCharter.ThreeorganisationsparticipatedinthecasestudyelementoftheIWBS,andprovidedcopiesoftheirpoliciesinrespectofworkplacebullyingincludingDignityatWork,GrievanceProcedure,CodeofConduct,DisciplinaryProcedureandTrustinCarePolicies.Inaddition,29peopleintotalparticipatedininterviews.Theinterviewsconductedinthecasestudiesprovidedrichdataofferinganumberofimportantinsightsintotheimplementationofpolicyandthedifficulties‘ontheground’oftennotadequatelyaddressedbypolicy.TheImportanceofRobustPolicyEachorganisationhasaDignityatWorkpolicyinadditiontosupportingpolicies(forexampleDisciplinary,Grievance,CodeofConduct).Goodpracticeinrespectofpolicydevelopment64includes:beingdevelopedinaconsultativemanner,ownedbyarecognisablepersonoroffice,clearcommitmenttopreventingilltreatment,outliningrelativeresponsibilitiesofallparties,thesettingoutofclearprocedureswithreasonabletimelinesandacommitmenttoprotectstafffromfurthervictimisationiftheyenactproceedings.Allthreeorganisations,basedonananalysisofthewrittendocuments,appearedtohavemetallormostofthesecriteria,althoughPBS2donotappeartohaveconsultedwithtradeunionsoremployeerepresentativesindevisingtheirpolicy.Thepoliciesintwocaseswereduetobeupdated,onehavingreferencestolegislationwhichhassincebeenrevised.Anumberofissuesfeatureintheliteraturethatcanbedescribedasgoingbeyondstandardrequirements:providingtrainingformanagers,systematicdatacollection,theinclusionofadiscussionaboutilltreatmentinexitinterviews,andhavingprocessesforre-buildingworkplacerelations.Thethreeorganisationsperformedquitepoorlyonallofthese,althoughtwodidrefertomediation,whichcouldbeconstruedasaddressingthelatter.However,theeffectivenessofmediationasastrategyforaddressingbullyinghasbeenchallengedbyanumberofexperts65,66indicatingthatpolicyintheseorganisationsisnotevidenceinformed.Despitetheapparentadequacyofpolicyineachoftheorganisations,theinterviewstoldadifferentstory,invaryingdegreesofdistancefromthepolicystatements.Policiesmustbedevelopedandimplementedinawaythatitissafeforworkers.Ifworkersdonotthinktheyarebeingprotectedbythepolicy,despiteastatedcommitmenttotheirprotectioncontainedwithinit,theywillnotuseit.ParticipantsinPBS2forthemostpartthoughtthepoliciesweremeaninglessanddidnotfeelsafeusingthem.Theytalkedaboutfeelingthattheywouldbeseenatfaultiftheyraiseconcernsaboutilltreatment,andtherewasaperceptionthatthesystemfavouredtheallegedperpetrator.InPBS2,policywasdescribedasa‘joke.’

63HealthandSafetyReview(2014).TheHSRA-ZCompendiumofOSHIssues:Part3–Bullyinghttps://www.healthandsafetyreview.ie/article/5442Accessed:19/12/1664HealthandSafetyAuthority(2007)CodeofPracticeforEmployersandEmployeesonthePreventionandResolutionofBullyingatWork,Dublin:HealthandSafetyAuthority;Rayner,C.&Lewis,D.(2011).ManagingWorkplaceBullying:TheroleofPolicies.In:Einarsen,S.,Hoel,H.,Zapf,D.&Cooper,CL.(Eds.).BullyingandHarassmentintheWorkplace,DevelopmentsinTheory,ResearchandPractice,London:TaylorandFrancis;Woodrow,C.&Guest,D.(2013).WhenGoodHRgetsBadResults:ExploringtheChallengeofHRImplementationintheCaseofBullying.HumanResourceManagementJournal,24(1)38-5665Saam,N.J.(2010).InterventionsinWorkplaceBullying:AMultilevelApproach.EuropeanJournalofWorkandOrganisationalPsychology,19(1)51-75,DOI:10.1080/1359432080265140366Ferris,P.(2004).APreliminaryTypologyofOrganisationalResponsetoAllegationsofWorkplaceBullying:SeeNoEvil,HearNoEvil,SpeakNoEvil.BritishJournalofGuidanceandCounselling,32,389-395

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InSTH3fearwasanissue:fearoffurthervictimisation,fearofexposureandthattheprocedureswerenotfullyconfidential.ThosewhoparticipatedinVORG1feltthatthesheervolumeofpoliciesandprocedureswerenotonlyunhelpfulbutcouldbeusedagainstthemifanissuearose.Further,policyalthoughplentiful,stilldidnotprotectstaffagainstabusefromparentsofclients.Concernswereraisedabouthowconfidentialitycouldbemaintained,ifpolicywerecorrectlyimplementedwhereitinvolvedanallegedperpetratorbeingtemporarilysuspended.TheImportanceoftheRoleoftheManagerEmployersexpectmanagerstoplayakeyroletacklingbullying,67andparticipantsinallthreeorganisationsrecognisedthis.InSTH3itwasclaimedtobeexplicitintheirpolicy,andsomeparticipantsindicatedthatlinemanagershadtoberemindedofthisfact,sometimesexpectingHRtodealwithdifficultsituations.InthiscasetheroleofHRwasunderstood(byintervieweesinHR)todirectmanagerstopolicy.Inallthreesetsofinterviews,however,therewasreferencetomanagerseitherbeingunwillingorunableto‘havethedifficultconversation’andneedingtrainingtodoso.Therewerereferencestomanagerswhojustdidn’twanttoknowabouttheseproblems,orwhomarkedtime,hopingproblemswouldsomehowresolvethemselves.InPBS2itwasacknowledgedthatskillwasrequiredforsuchconversations.InVORG1iswasrecognisedthatsmallworkgroupsposeaparticularchallengeasmanagerscanfindthemselveshavingto‘manage’theirformerpeers.Theimportanceofclarityofrole,trainingandsupportformanagersemergesclearlyfromtheinterviews.Thecomplexrealitiesforamanagerontheground,suchashavingtomanageformercolleaguesandfriends,havingtomanagepeoplewhohavebeenintheorganisationforamuchlongertimethanthemanager,andmaintainingconfidentialityareoftennotaddressed.Itisnothoweverfullyacknowledgedthatmanagers,particularlymiddlemanagers,areofteninverydifficultpositions,whowhilebeingovertlyexpectedto‘sort’bullyingproblemsarealsoexpectedtoblind-eyebullyingifitistheorganisation’sintereststodoso,aphenomenondescribedintheliteratureasbullyingasatoolofmanagementcontrol.68TheImportanceofCultureWhiletheindividualbehaviourperspective,thatis,difficultpersonalities,surfacedinsomeinterviews,theimportanceofcultureasadeterminantofilltreatmentandbyextensiontheorganisationalresponsetoit,wasalsorecognised.Inthiswaytherewassometensionintheinterviewsbetweenthecausesofilltreatmentbeingduetoawkwardpersonalitiesorbeingduetoassumptionsemployersmakeaboutstaff,andhowtheycanbetreatedbothbyeachotherandthroughorganisationalpractices.Tosomeextentthisreflectsthetensionintheliterature,whereboththeseperspectiveshavebeenexploredanddebated.Organisationalculturehasbeengivenaconsiderabledegreeofdiscussionintheliterature,bothasanexplanationforthevariationinexposuretoilltreatmentacrosssectorsandacrossindividualorganisationswithinonesector.Forilltreatmenttooccurtotheextentthatitdoes,itmustbeoverlookedorinsomewaycondonedwithinorganisations,andthedegreetowhichthishappensmustvaryacrossorganisations.Leyman,69oneofthepioneersexploringworkplacebullying,arguedforcefullythatbullyingiscausedbytheorganisationalclimate,cultureandworkingconditionstotheextentthatanyonecanbeaperpetratororavictim,inthe‘wrong’workplaceorworkenvironment.Thefindingsofthesurveyreinforcethenotionthatthewaytheorganisationtreatspeopleisveryimportantandthattheorganisationplaysakeyrolefosteringtherightkindofculture,sendingclearsignalsabouttheappropriatenessorotherwiseofbehavioursandpractices.Therearerelativelyfewstudiesinwhichorganisationalcultureismeasuredinthecontextofworkplaceilltreatment,althoughwherethishasoccurredresultsindicatearelationshipbetweenparticularculturesandtheprevalenceofbullying,for

67Beale,D.&Hoel,H.(2011).WorkplaceBullyingandtheEmploymentRelationship:Exploringquestionsofprevention,controlandcontext.Work,EmploymentandSociety,25(1),5-1868ibid69Leyman,H.(1990).MobbingandPsychologicalTerrorinWorkplaces.ViolenceandVictims,5,119-126

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examplehierarchicalorientatedculturehasbeenshowntobeadeterminantofworkplacebullying.70,71Manyqualitativestudiesontheotherhandthatexaminethelivedexperienceofilltreatmentexposecultureasfundamentaltounderstandingwhypeoplearebulliedandwhytheyarenotadequatelyprotectedbytheirorganisation.72Cultureactslikealensthroughwhichbehaviourisrefracted.Intervieweesinallthreeorganisationsrecognisedtheimportanceofcultureindirectingthepathtakenwhenilltreatmentoccurs.ConcernsaboutcultureemergedmostvisiblyintheinterviewsinbothSTH3andPBS2.Therewasevidenceofnegativeculturalaspectsindifferingdegrees.Participantsinbothorganisationstalkedabouthowseniormanagementdon’ttakebullyingseriously,insofarasaggressivebehaviourandinstancesofrepeatedincivilityweretypicallyignoredordismissed,resultingintargetslosinganyhopethattheorganisationwillmovetoreprimandtheinstigator,andthisisseenbymanyothers,feedingintoageneralexpectationofinaction,whichinturnleadstolowlevelsofconfidenceinprocedures.Inthisway,despitepolicystatements,illtreatmentbecomesnormalised.InSTH3incivilitywasalsoseentobenormalised,aswereexclusioncliquesandoutgroups.Whenilltreatmentisnormalised,theculturehasbecometoxic,andthiswasrecognisedinPBS2andtoanextentinSTH3.Theplacingofapolicyonawebsiteorinafoldercangiveanorganisationasenseofsecurity,butifinfactitdoesnotgiveseriousconsiderationtotheimplementationofpolicy,itismeaningless.Whenthisoccurs,itisseentobeafunctionofanegativeculture,onethatdoesnotvaluestafforhaveanyconcernfortheirwelfare.ThedescriptionoftheculturethatemergesintheinterviewsofferssupportforSalin’s73modelofworkplacebullying.Salinpositstheinteractionsbetweenenabling,motivatingandprecipitatingstructuresandprocessesinanorganisationexplainworkplacebullying.Enablingstructuresandprocessesarethosethatmakeitpossibleforbullyingtooccurinthefirstplaceandincludeperceivedpowerimbalance,lowperceivedcostsanddissatisfactionandfrustration,allveryevidentinthePBS2interviews.Wordssuchasconformity,obedience,oldfashioned,dysfunctional,anddemi-godappearinthedata.Thelowperceivedcostsarealsoclearlyevident,withreferencestonoapparentrepercussionsforbullying.InSTH3,thehierarchicalnatureoftheorganisationandtheabuseofpositionalpowerwererecognisedas‘thewaythingsare’andasfactorsthatcontributetotheirexperienceofilltreatment.Salin’smodelalsoidentifieshighinternalcompetitionasaprocessthatfeedsintoaculturewherebullyingisproblematic,alongwithsystemsthateffectivelyrewardworkerswhoilltreatormanipulateothers,againbothevidentinthedata.TheImportanceofContextTheinterviewdataillustratedtheimportanceofcontext.Althoughthepolicydocumentsfortheorganisationswerenotidentical,theywereverysimilar,containingalmoststandardisedsectionson‘whatisbullying’andhowtofollowprocedure.Yettheveryspecificcontextsoftheorganisationwereraisedintheinterviewsinawaythatrevealedhowamorenuancedapproachtopolicydevelopmentmightbeasignificantadvanceinthearea.InVORG1,theparticularitiesoftheirserviceethos,thatis,theircommitmenttofamiliesandclients,placedtheminadifficultpositionwhenfamilymemberssubjectedthemtoaggressionandabuse.Policydidnotcoverthisadequately,accordingtotheinterviewees,andtheyareplacedinaproblematicalpositioniftheyneedtoraiseissuesaboutparents,asitisincontradictiontothemissionandvisionoftheorganisation.Thattheyfeltconflictedaboutthisisevidentintheinterviews.Oneparticipant,inrecountingadifficultsituationwithafamilymember,inwhichshethoughtshemightbehit,playsitdownintheinterview:andshewaskindofleaningovermeandshouting(laughs)…andIactually,Iactuallythoughtshewasgoingtohitme,that’showangryshewas.Am,Iwasactually,reallythoughtshewasgoingtohitme……am,butthatwasprobablythe,theworstofthatsituationreally’.Protectingstafffromilltreatmentnotonlyhastoincludeotherstaffmembers,thepublicandclients,but70An,Y.&Kang,J.(2016).RelationshipbetweenOrganizationalCultureandWorkplaceBullyingamongKoreanNurses.AsianNursingResearch,10(3)234-23971Pilch,I.&Turska,E.(2015).RelationshipsbetweenMachiavellianism,OrganizationalCulture,andWorkplaceBullying:EmotionalAbusefromtheTarget’sandthePerpetrator’sPerspective.JournalofBusinessEthics,128:83-93.doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2081-372Hodgins,M.(2006).AwarenessandPerceptionsofStaffoftheAnti-BullyingPolicyinaPublicSectorOrganization.5thInternationalConference:WorkplaceBullying:TheWayForward.15-17June.TrinityCollege,Dublin,73Salin,D.(2003).WaysofExplainingWorkplaceBullying:AReviewofEnabling,MotivatingandPrecipitatingStructuresandProcessesintheWorkEnvironment.HumanRelations,561213-1232

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hastobesensitivetothecontextinwhichtheyinteractwiththeclientandinthiscasethefamily.ParticipantsinVORG1alsoraisedthechallengeofhavingtoworkwithstaffthattheymayhavemadeallegationsagainstinthecontextoftheneedintheirworktosupportoneanothercloselyinworkingwithclientswithphysicalandintellectualdisabilities.InSTH3contextwasalsoimportant,inthiscasethediversitywithintheorganisationpointedtoasituationwheresubculturesexistwithinalargerculture.YetonenationalDignityatWorkpolicyisexpectedtoaddressallcircumstances.Itwasevidentfromtheinterviewsthatdifferentissuesaroseindifferentpartsoftheservice;thereweredifferencesbetweenacuteserviceunitswherethetrajectoryofworkcannotbepredictedonanyonedayandstaffcanfindthemselvesinhighlystressfulsituations,andunitswhereworkisveryroutineandmundane.Interestingly,thelatterwasasiteforilltreatmentintheformofexclusionandoutgroupbehaviour,andpossiblymoredamagingthaninthehighstressemergencyservice,wherestaffcanunderstandandtoadegreeacceptthatinamedicalemergencytempersarefrayedandshoutingwilloccur.Itispossibletootoapologiseinthelattersituation,whiletheformerismorepernicious.InbothSTH3andPBS2thereweresituationswhereprofessionalswerealsoexpectedtoengageinmanagerialworkalbeitwithinspecialisedunitsorfunctions.Yetprofessionaltrainingtypicallydoesnotequippeopleforthis,emphasizingtheneedforspecifictrainingforpeopleintheserolesandperhapsmorefinelytunedprocedures.TheImportanceofPowerInallthreesetsofinterviews,participantscouldseethatilltreatmentneedstobedealtwithverypromptly,usuallyreferredtoas‘nippingitinthebud’.Peoplecouldseehownotdealingwithmattersallowedthemtoescalate,ifconflictwasinvolved,ortofesterunpleasantlyifpeoplefeelunfairlytreated.Perceptionisveryimportantinilltreatmentsituations.Ifpeopleperceivethemselvestobetreatedunfairly,dismissively,rudelyorwithbelligerence,thiswillimpactonallsubsequentcommunicationsandsoveryearlyinterventionisessential.Yetmuchofthepolicystatements,andcertainlyexperienceonthegroundwasthatmatterscanbeprolonged,andlongwaitsaretobeexpected.Infact,ofteninordertotakeaformalcomplaintofbullyingforward,ithastobeon-goingforsixmonths.Interestingly,whileearlyresponsewasidentifiedasbeingveryimportant,preventionasinthepromotionofcivilitywasnotdiscussedatanylength,withtheexceptionofVeronicasstatementattheendofherinterview:…likeIsaytopeople,you’renotgoingtolikeeverybodyyouworkwith.Butyou’vegottorespecttheirroleandworkthroughthat,OK,youdon’thavetobetheirbestfriendandyoudon’thavetoworkwiththemout,I’mnotaskingyoutogotothepubwiththem,I’mnotaskingyoutobetheirbestfriend.ButIamaskingthatyouwouldconductyourselfprofessionallyintheworkplace,andmakesurethatyourbehaviourisnotgoingtoimpactanyofyourcolleaguesorourserviceusersthatarearoundyou.Itwasalsoacknowledgedbyatleastoneparticipantineachoftheorganisations,usuallyamemberofmanagement,thatcurrentpolicyandprocedureisnotfullyfitforpurpose.Despitetheintenttoprotectstaffandevenwhencarefullylaidoutproceduresarefullyimplemented,theprocesswillneverresultinbothpartiesbeingsatisfied.TominSTH3sumsthisup,“OnethingIknowforcertainisthatI’venever...Idon’tthinkI’veeveryetcomeacrosssomebodywhocameoutofaprocesswheretheyfeltthattheyhadbeenpoorlytreated,gonethroughthepolicyandfeltattheendthatwellthatwasgreat,nowthat’sthatsortedkindofyouknow,it’sneverlikethatsoitisn’t.”(Tom,MM),whilePatsy,morepithilycomments‘Youcan’tun-ringarungbell’.Essentiallywhattheseparticipantsaresayingisthatthepolicyandproceduresforilltreatmentdonotaccommodatethecomplexityandsubtletiesofhumanbehaviourwithinahierarchicalstructure.Illtreatmentisenactedinacontextofpowerabusebetweenindividualsandthefailuretoaddressitadequatelyisanabuseofinstitutionalpower.Individualworkersseethisanditdetersthemfromusingthepolicies.Organisationsthatrefusetoacknowledgeitmaynotadequatelyrevisetheirpolicies.

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Theaccumulatedfindingsonthebroadconstructofworkplaceilltreatmentandthenarrowerconstructsofincivilityandbullyingindicatethattherearenoeasysolutionstothisproblem.Thisstudycertainlyreinforcessuchaconclusion.‘Solutions’areoftenofferedintheformof‘awarenessraising’,policydevelopmentormanagertraining.Itisapparentfromtheresultsofthestudyherethatsuchmeasuresareindeedrequiredinaddressingilltreatment,butitisequallyevidentthatforsuchsolutionstobemeaningfulandworkable,organisationalcultureneedstobeaddressed.StrongpredictorsofalltypesofilltreatmentwerefoundintheFAREandtheworkpositiveitems,whichtrackbackessentiallytoorganisationalculture,includingtreatingpeopleasindividuals,managerialsupport,facilitatingcontroloveraspectsofwork,andexcessivedemand.Thecasestudiesstronglyreinforcedthis,withdiscussionsofpolicyandmanagertrainingplacedinthecontextof,ultimately,apositiveandsupportiveworkingenvironment.Trainingofmanagersisclearlyrecommended.However,tobebothmeaningfulandworkable,managerscannotfindthemselves,despitehavingbeenprovidedwithtraining,inapositionwheretheyareeffectivelyexpectedtoignoresomeproblemsbecause,forexample,theperpetratorsaresenior.Soasupportivecultureandstrongleadershipisanessentialbackdroptomanagertraining.Similarly,DignityatWorkorAnti-Bullyingpolicies,areafirststepinrelationtoaddressingilltreatment.OrganisationsmustnotonlyhaveaPolicytoprotectstafffromilltreatmentintheformofbullying,butitshouldadheretogoodpracticeguidelinesandbeevidenceinformed.Critically,policiesmustbeimplementedinawaythatitissafeforworkers.Ifworkersdonotthinktheyarebeingprotectedbythepolicy,despiteastatedcommitmenttotheirprotectioncontainedwithinit,theywillnotuseit.Thisineffectmeansthattheclimateandcultureoftheorganisationiskey,andtobemeaningfultheorganisationneedstosendclearsignalsabouttheappropriatenessorotherwiseofparticularbehavioursandpractices.Itisevidentfromfindingsthatclearlinesofresponsibility,realisticandresponsivetimelinesandappropriatemechanismsofredressareveryimportanttoemployees.Employeesnotonlyneedprocedurestobeinplace,buttheyneedtohaveconfidenceinthem.Finallythepromotionofcivilityandrespectfulbehaviourcouldusefullybeincludedininductiontrainingprogrammes,thusandsignallingtoallemployeestheimportanceofpositiveactionsandcommunications,thereforefeedingintoacultureofrespectthroughouttheorganisation.

12ConclusionsTheaimofthisstudywastomeasuretheprevalenceofnegativeactsinarepresentativesampleofIrishemployees,andtocompareprevalenceacrossvarioussubgroupswithintheworkingpopulationemployingthesamedesign,measurementinstrumentandsamplingstrategyasusedintheBWBS.Thestudyalsosetouttoexploretheexperiencesofpeoplewithinsectorswhereilltreatmentisparticularlyprevalent,bywayofthreecasestudies,toinformmeaningfulandworkablesolutions.Thesurveywascompletedby1,764people,representingaresponserateof74%anddrewonasampleprofilethatclosematchednationalfigures.WorkplaceilltreatmentoverthepasttwoyearswasfoundtoaffectjustunderhalfofIrishworkers.Asmeasuredbyatleastoneitemonthe21itembehaviouralchecklist,illtreatmentwasexperiencedby43%ofparticipants.Unreasonablemanagementwasexperiencedby37%,incivilityordisrespectby31.3%andphysicalviolenceby2.6%.ThesevaluescomparefavourablytothosemeasuresintheBritishWorkplaceBehaviourStudy,fortheexperienceofilltreatment,althoughtheratesofwitnessandperpetrationforIrelandwerehigher.Thestudysuggeststhataspectsofthemeasurementofworkplaceilltreatmentmaybeculturallysensitiveandprevalenceneedstobeinterpretedinthislight.

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Althoughcomparisonswithpreviousstudiesarenotstraightforward,giventhatpreviousstudiesemployedselflabellingtechniquesandmeasuredbullyingasopposedtoilltreatment,ifthetwo-twice-weeklyindicatorisusedasanestimateofbullying,itappearsthatbullyinghasincreasedinIrelandsince2007,from7.9%to9%.Thiscouldbeafunctionoftheincreasedworkpressureassociatedwitheconomicrecession.ThestudyfoundthatthepatternsandcontoursofworkplaceilltreatmentinIrelandarebroadlysimilartothosereportedinpreviousstudiesandelsewhereintheliterature,withethnicity,ageandsectorbeingariskfactors(public,healthandsocialservices),andtheeffectparticularlystrongforphysicalviolenceinthepublicsector.Althoughilltreatmentisexperiencedatanindividuallevel,organisationsclearlybearresponsibilityforprotectingemployeesfromnegativebehaviour,andinterventionattheleveloftheorganisationisessential.Thestudyfindingsaddtotheaccumulatingevidencethatorganisationalfactorsarestrongpredictorsofilltreatment:forexampleparticipantsstatingthat‘theneedsoftheirorganisationalwayscomefirst’are3.5timesmorelikelytoexperienceunreasonablemanagementandthosewhofeeltheirprinciplesarecompromisedinworkareoverfourtimesmorelikelytoexperienceincivilityanddisrespect.Notonlydonegativeenvironmentsincreasetheriskofilltreatment,positiveenvironmentsreducetherisk.Thestudythereforeprovidesstrongevidencethattheworkenvironmentisadeterminantofilltreatment,orconverselypositivetreatment.Increasingcontroloverdecisions,tasksandpaceofwork,managinghighdemand,supportingstaffinapositivewayandtreatingpeopleasindividuals,havethepotentialreduceworkplaceilltreatment.Thecasestudies,whichfocusedonthepoliciesinthreeorganisationsandtheimplementationoftheseontheground,demonstratedclearlythatdespitemeetingthecriteriaforgoodpracticeinrespectofpolicies,thegreatestchallengeliesinimplementation.Policypublicationandavailabilitymaygiveasenseofsecuritytoanorganisation,butifattentionisnotgiventoimplementation,itdoesnotservethepurposeintended.Thestudyfoundthatorganisationsstruggledtofullyprotectworkers,evenwhendevisingarichpolicyportfolio.Ifworkersdonotfeelsafeusingpolicies,theywillnotdoso,andilltreatmentcanbecomenormalised.Thecultureoftheorganisationisoffundamentalimportanceandwherepolicyisnotproperlyimplementedandilltreatmentblind-eyedorrewarded,atoxiccultureresults.Employeesperceivenonimplementationasasignalthattheemployerdoesnottakeilltreatmentseriouslyandthereforedoesnottakeemployeehealthandwellbeingseriously.Organisationsneedtoaddressilltreatmentbyfocusingonthisfundamentalissueandassuringemployees,throughtheirattentiontoimplementation,thatthisisacorevalue.Nottodoso,isaformofilltreatment.Intermsofmeaningfulsolutions,thefindingsofthestudypointtotheneedforspecificattentiontolineormiddlemanagers,whoareexpectedtoplayakeyroleindealingwithill-treatmentissuesthatarise,andtheimportanceaculturethatsupportsthem.Conflictsbetweenstaffcanneverbefullyeliminated,butperhapsthecomplexityoftheseandtheneedfornuanced,contextspecifictraining,hasnotbeensufficientlyemphasisedinpreviousstudies.Thetrainingandon-goingsupportofmanagers,inawaythataddressestheparticularcontextoftheorganisationisessentiallyisaddressingilltreatment.Inparticular,thecomplexityofhumanbehaviourinthecontextofahierarchicalorganisation,wherepeoplearedependentontheiremployersforwork,andfearreprisaliftheyallegeilltreatment,needstoberecognised.Finally,currentpolicies,thatrequiredamagetobedone,eveninorganisationswhereworkersarenotaversetoengagingwiththepolicy,arenotfullyfitforpurpose.Organisationsmustlooktothepromotionofrespectfulbehaviour,andforthisprocedureandpracticesneedtoberespectful.TheplatformonwhichpolicyshouldbebuiltisthepreventionofIlltreatment,startingwiththepromotionofrespectfulpracticesatthehighestlevel.Respectfulbehaviourcanbemodelledbyseniormanagementandreflectedinorganisationalpractices.Addressingtheprobleminthismulti-levelmanner,offersthemosthopeforgenuinereductioninlevelsofilltreatment.

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APPENDIX1:IWBSSURVEYINSTRUMENTIll-treatmentfactorsandspecificitems

Unreasonablemanagement

SomeonewithholdinginformationwhichaffectsperformancePressurefromsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetenceHavingopinionsandviewsignoredSomeonecontinuallycheckinguponworkwhenitisnotnecessaryPressurenottoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightstaffareentitledtoBeinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlinesEmployersnotfollowingproperproceduresEmployeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace

Incivilityordisrespect

BeinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwiththeirworkGossipandrumoursbeingspreadorallegationsmadeagainstothersInsultingoroffensiveremarksmadeaboutpeopleinworkBeingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudewayPeopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroupHintsorsignalsthattheyshouldquittheirjobPersistentcriticismofworkorperformancewhichisunfairTeasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofarBeingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemperIntimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatworkFeelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork

Violenceorinjury

ActualphysicalviolenceatworkInjuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork

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SCREENINGQUESTIONSWorkingstatusWhatisyourcurrentworkingstatus? 1 Workingfull-time(30+hoursaweek) 2 Workingpart-time(8-29hoursaweek) 3 Workingpart-time(under8hoursaweek) 4 Retired(nopaidworkatall) 5 Stillatschool 6 Full-timehighereducation 7 Unemployed(seekingwork) 8 Notemployed(notseekingwork) Q.XiAreyouworkingasanemployeeorareyouself-employedorownyourownbusiness? 1 Employee 2 Self-employed(withorwithoutemployees) 3 Ownerofbusiness 4 (DK)Q.XiiHaveyoubeenemployedfullorparttimeatanytimewithinthelast2years?Pleaseexcludeself-employment. 1 Full-timepaidwork(30+hoursperweek) 2 Part-timepaidwork(8-29hoursperweek) 3 Part-timepaidwork(under8hoursperweek) 4 Noemploymentinthelast2years 5 (DK)Q.XiiiHowlongagowasitsinceyoulastworkedasanemployee? 1 Stillworkingasanemployee 2 Withinthelast6months 3 6monthsuptooneyearago 4 Onetotwoyearsago 5 Morethantwoyearsago

6 (DK)Ethnicity Whichofthesebestdescribesyourethnicgroup? 1 WhiteBritish 2 WhiteIrish 3 AnyotherWhitebackground(IncludingeasternEU)

4 Mixedbackground(White&BlackCaribbean,White&BlackAfrican,White&Asian)

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5 Asianbackground(IncludingBangladeshi,Pakistani,Indian,Chinese) 6 BlackAfrican 7 AnyotherBlackbackground(IncludingBlackCaribbean) 8 Anyother 9 (R) 10 (DK)Religion Andwhatisyourreligion,evenifyouarenotcurrentlypractising?

1 Christian(includingCatholic,Protestant,andallotherChristiandenominations) 2 Buddhist 3 Hindu 4 Jewish 5 Muslim 6 Sikh 7 Anyotherreligion(pleasespecify) 8 Noreligionatall 9 (R) 10 (DK)DISABILITYDoyouhaveanyofthefollowinglong-standingconditions?

1Deafnessorseverehearingimpairment2Blindnessorseverevisualimpairment3Aconditionthatsubstantiallylimitsoneormorebasicphysicalactivitiessuchaswalking,climbingstairs,liftingorcarrying4Alearningdifficulty5Along-standingpsychologicaloremotionalcondition6Other,includinganylong-standingillness7No,Idonothavealong-standingcondition8Refused

9Don’tknow

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IWBSSURVEYQUESTIONNAIREQ.1Thinkingaboutyourcurrent/mostrecentemployeroverthelasttwoyears,howoften,ifatall,haveyouexperiencedanyofthefollowinginanegativeway,thiscouldbefrompeopleyouworkwithorfromclientsorcustomers.(item1)…Someonewithholdinginformationwhichaffectsyourperformance.(item2)...Pressurefromsomeoneelsetodoworkbelowyourlevelofcompetence.(item3)...Havingyouropinionsandviewsignored(item4)...SomeonecontinuallycheckinguponyouoryourworkwhenITISNOTNECESSARY(item5)...PressurefromsomeoneelseNOTtoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightyouareentitledto(e.g.sickleave,holidayentitlement,travelexpenses)(item6)...Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines(item7)...Youremployernotfollowingproperprocedures(item8)...Beingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersinyourworkplace(item9)...Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwithyourwork(item10)...Gossipandrumoursbeingspreadaboutyouorhavingallegationsmadeagainstyou(item11)...Beinginsultedorhavingoffensiveremarksmadeaboutyou(item12)...Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway(item13)...Peopleexcludingyoufromtheirgroup(item14)...Hintsorsignalsfromothersthatyoushouldquityourjob(item15)...Persistentcriticismofyourworkorperformancewhichisunfair(item16)...Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar(item17)...Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemperwithyou(item18)...Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork(item19)...Feelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork(item20)...Actualphysicalviolenceatwork(item21)...Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork1:Never2:Justonce3:Nowandthen4:Monthly5:Weekly6:Daily7(R)8(DK)Q.2Thinkingofthesame21itemswehavejusttalkedabout,haveyouseenanyofthesethingshappen,onmorethanoneoccasion,tootherpeopleinyourcurrent/mostrecentworkplaceinthelasttwoyears?…Someonewithholdinginformationwhichaffectsperformance....Pressurefromsomeoneelsetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence....Havingopinionsandviewsignored...SomeonecontinuallycheckinguponworkwhenITISNOTNECESSARY…PressureNOTtoclaimsomethingwhichbyrightstaffareentitledto(e.g.sickleave,holidayentitlement,travelexpenses)...Beinggivenanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines...Employersnotfollowingproperprocedures...Employeesbeingtreatedunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace...Beinghumiliatedorridiculedinconnectionwiththeirwork

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...Gossipandrumoursbeingspreadorallegationsmadeagainstothers

...Insultingoroffensiveremarksmadeaboutpeopleinwork

...Beingtreatedinadisrespectfulorrudeway

...Peopleexcludingothersfromtheirgroup

...Hintsorsignalsthattheyshouldquittheirjob

...Persistentcriticismofworkorperformancewhichisunfair

...Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar

...Beingshoutedatorsomeonelosingtheirtemper

...Intimidatingbehaviourfrompeopleatwork

...Feelingthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork

...Actualphysicalviolenceatwork

...Injuryinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork(None)0No1Yes2(R)3(DK)Q.3Thinkingofthesame21itemswehavejusttalkedabout,haveyoudoneanyofthesethings,onmorethanoneoccasion,tootherpeopleinyourcurrent/mostrecentworkplaceinthelasttwoyears?…Withheldinformationwhichaffectedsomeone’sperformance…Putpressureonsomeonetodoworkbelowtheirlevelofcompetence...Ignoredopinionsandviewsofothers...Continuallycheckeduponsomeone’sworkwhenITWASNOTNECESSARY...PutpressureonsomeoneNOTtoclaimsomething,whichbyrighttheywereentitledto(e.g.sickleave,holidayentitlement,travelexpenses)...Givensomeoneanunmanageableworkloadorimpossibledeadlines...Notfollowedproperproceduresintheworkplace...Treatedsomeoneunfairlycomparedtoothersintheworkplace...Humiliatedorridiculedsomeoneinconnectionwiththeirwork...Spreadgossipandrumoursormadeallegationsagainstsomeone...Insultedormadeoffensiveremarksaboutsomeone...Treatedsomeoneinadisrespectfulorrudeway...Excludedpeoplefromyourgroup...Givenhintsorsignalstoothersthattheyshouldquittheirjob...Persistentlycriticisedworkorperformancewhichwasunfair...Teasing,mocking,sarcasmorjokeswhichgotoofar...Shoutedatorlostyourtemperwithsomeoneatwork…Intimidatingbehaviourtopeopleatwork...Madesomeonefeelthreatenedinanywaywhileatwork...Actualphysicalviolenceatwork...Injuredanyoneinsomewayasaresultofviolenceoraggressionatwork0No1Yes2(R)3(DK)

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Q.4(a)CanIjustcheck,theseareallthingsthathappenedtoyouinyourcurrent/mostrecentplaceofworkandwithinthelasttwoyears.Isthiscorrect?Q.4(b)Yousaidthatyouhadexperiencedthis/thesenegativebehaviour(s)overthelasttwoyears,ofthese,whichoneaffectedyouthemost? Q.5Andwhatdidthisexperienceinvolve?Q.5bSummaryofNumberofresponses

1 ThreeormorevalidresponsestoQ1ANDQ4a

Validresponse=codes02-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

2 LessthanthreevalidresponsestoQ1ANDQ4a

Validresponse=codes02-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

3itemswillbeselectedtouseforfollowupquestions.Decidingwhichonestoselect:

Priorityscores:

53 Item21codes02-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

52 Item20codes02-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

51 Item19codes02-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

50 Item18codes02-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

49 Item17codes02-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

48 Item9codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

47 Item14codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

46 Item13codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

45 Item15codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

44 Item16codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

43 Item11codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

42 Item10codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

41 Item12codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

40 Item8codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

39 Item5codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

38 Item7codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

37 Item1codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

36 Item2codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

35 Item3codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

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34 Item4codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

33 Item6codes04-06atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

32 Item9code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

31 Item14code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

30 Item13code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

29 Item15code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

28 Item16code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

27 Item11code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

26 Item10code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

25 Item12code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

24 Item8code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

23 Item5code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

22 Item7code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

21 Item1code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

20 Item2code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

19 Item3code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

18 Item4code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

17 Item6code03atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

16 Item9code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

15 Item14code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

14 Item13code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

13 Item15code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

12 Item16code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

11 Item11code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

10 Item10code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

9 Item12code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

8 Item8code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

7 Item5code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

6 Item7code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

5 Item1code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

4 Item2code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

3 Item3code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

2 Item4code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

1 Item6code02atQ1ANDcode1atQ4a

(anywhicharenotcode1atQ4aareinvalidresponsesandsopriority0)Q.6(a)Yousaidthatyouhadexperiencedatleastthreenegativebehavioursoverthelasttwoyears.Thesearethreeofthenegativebehavioursthatyousaidyouhadexperienced.Iamgoingtoaskyouafewquestionsabouteachoneinturn.

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Q.6(b)Firstthinkingaboutwhenyouexperienced[inserttextoffirstitemfromQ6a].Inthelast6months/Inthelast6monthsyouwereworking,howoftenwouldyousaythishappened?1Never2Justonce 3Nowandthen 4Fortnightly 5Weekly6Daily7(R)8(DK)Q.7Inthemostrecentincidentofthiskind,thisneednothavebeeninthelast6months,whatgenderwasthepersonorpersonsresponsible?1:Male2:Female3:Bothmalesandfemales4(R)5(DK)Q.8Inthemostrecentincident,whatethnicgroupwasthepersonorpersonsresponsible?01:White02:Black03:Asian04:Other05:Mixedrace06:Mixedgroupincludingpeopleofdifferentraces(R)(DK)Q.9Inthemostrecentincidentwastheperson/personsresponsiblea1:Employer,supervisor(s)orline-manager(s),seniormanager(s)2:Co-worker(s),colleague(s)3:Subordinate(s)orpeopleinlowerpositionsthanyou4:Client(s),customer(s)5:Notanindividual(i.e.theorganisation)(R)(DK)Q.10Doyoubelieve,inthemostrecentincident,thisnegativebehaviourwasbecauseofanythingonthisscreen?[Screen1]1:Yourpositionintheorganisation2:It’sjustthewaythingsarewhereyouwork3:Yourperformanceatwork

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[Screen2]5:Theattitudeorpersonalityoftheotherperson(s)6:People’srelationshipsatwork(e.g.favouritism)7:Peoplehaveagrouporcliqueatworkandexcludeyoufromit[Screen3]9:Yourage10:Yourgender11:Yournationality12:Yourreligion13:Yourrace,ethnicgroupand/orcolourofskin[Screen4]14:Yoursexualorientation(e.g.gay,straight,lesbian,bi-sexualetc.)15:Yourdisability16:Yourlong-termillnessorotherhealthproblems17:Yourunionmembership[Screen5]18:Yourphysicalappearanceorthewayyoudress19:Youbeingpregnant/yourfamilyorcaringresponsibilitiesormaritalstatus20:Youraccentorthewayyouspeak,addressorwhereyoulive,orsocialclass21:Somethingelseaboutyou(e.g.yougetsingledout,yougetpickedon)22:Somethingelsenotalreadyspecified(pleasespecify)(None)Q.11Whatdoyouthinkcausedoriscausingthisnegativebehaviour(pleasespecify)?FARE Thinkingaboutyourcurrentworkplace/workplaceduringthelastyearthatyouspentinyourmostrecentjob,whichofthefollowingstatementsapply?Youcanchooseasmanyasyoulikeornoneatall.

…WhereIwork,theneedsoftheorganisationalwayscomebeforetheneedsofpeople…WhereIwork,youhavetocompromiseyourprinciples…WhereIwork,peoplearetreatednotasindividuals…IcannotdecidehowmuchworkIdoorhowfastIworkduringtheday…MymanagerdecidesthespecifictasksIwilldofromdaytoday…Ineedpermissiontotakeabreakduringtheworkingday…InowhavelesscontrolovermyworkthanIdidayearago…Thepaceofworkinmypresentjobistoointense…Thenatureofmyworkhaschangedoverthepastyearorso…ThepaceofworkinmyjobhasincreasedoverthepastyearorsoQ.WPStillthinkingaboutyourcurrentworkplace/workplaceduringthelastyearthatyouspentinyourmostrecentjob,canyoutellmewhether...-Iamclearwhatisexpectedofmeatwork-Icandecidewhentotakeabreak-Differentgroupsatworkdemandthingsfrommethatarehardtocombine

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-Iknowhowtogoaboutgettingmyjobdone-Ihaveunachievabledeadlines-Ifworkgetsdifficult,mycolleagueswillhelpme-IamgivensupportivefeedbackontheworkIdo-Ihavetoworkveryintensively-Iamclearwhatmydutiesandresponsibilitiesare-IhavetoneglectsometasksbecauseIhavetoomuchtodo-Iamclearaboutthegoalsandobjectivesformydepartment-Thereisfrictionorangerbetweencolleagues-IhaveachoiceindecidinghowIdomywork-Iamunabletotakesufficientbreaks-Iunderstandhowmyworkfitsintotheoverallaimoftheorganisation-Iampressuredtoworklonghours-IhaveachoiceindecidingwhatIdoatwork-Ihavetoworkveryfast-Ihaveunrealistictimepressures-Icanrelyonmylinemanagertohelpmeoutwithaworkproblem-IgetthehelpandsupportIneedfromcolleagues-IhavesomesayoverthewayIwork-Ihavesufficientopportunitiestoquestionmanagersaboutchangeatwork-IreceivetherespectatworkIdeservefrommycolleagues-Staffarealwaysconsultedaboutchangeatwork-Icantalktomylinemanageraboutsomethingthathasupsetorannoyedmeatwork-Myworkingtimecanbeflexible-Mycolleaguesarewillingtolistentomywork-relatedproblems1:Never2:Seldom3:Sometimes4:Often5:AlwaysQ.AThinkingaboutyourcurrent/mostrecentjob,canyoutellmewhatdoestheorganisationyouwork/workedformainlymakeordoattheplacewhereyouwork/worked?Pleasedescribefully.1Agriculture,huntingandforestry2Fishing3Miningandquarrying4Manufacturing5Electricity,gas,andwatersupply6Construction7Wholesaleandretailtrade,repairofmotorvehicles&motorcycles8Hotelsandrestaurants9Transport,storageandcommunication10Financialintermediation11Realestate,rentingandbusinessactivities12Publicadministrationanddefence,compulsorysocialsecurity13Education14HealthandSocialWork15Othercommunity,socialandpersonalserviceactivities

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16Privatehouseholdsemployingstaffandundifferentiatedprod17Extra-territorialorganisationsandbodies18Refused/NotStatedQ.BAndstillthinkingaboutyourcurrent/mostrecentjob,whatis/wasyour(main)jobrolethere?Whatis/wasyourjobtitle?Q.CAndwhatdo/didyoumainlydoinyourjob?Pleasealsotellmeifyouneededanyspecialqualificationsortrainingtodothejob.Q.DAnddo/didyouhaveanymanagerialdutiesordo/didyousuperviseotheremployees?1:Manager2:Supervisor/foreman3:No4:Refused5:(DK)Q.EIs/Wasyourjobapermanentjoboris/wastheresomewayinwhichitis/wasnotpermanent?1:Yes-Permanentjob2:No-notapermanentjob3:Refused4:(DK)Q.FWhichoftheseBESTdescribesthewayinwhichyourjobis/wasNOTpermanent?1:Seasonalwork2:Undercontractforafixedperiodoftimeorforaparticulartask3:Agencyworkortemping4:Casualwork5:Governmentsupportedscheme[e.g.JobsBridge,unpaidIntern]6:Othernon-permanentarrangement7:Refused8:(DK)Q.GIncludingyourself,howmanyemployeesare/werethereintotalattheplacewhereyouwork/worked.Pleaseincludeallcontracted,non-contracted,agency,freelanceandtemporaryworkersBUTEXCLUDEanyowners,ordirectorsoftheorganisation.01:1only(meonly,nootherEmployees)02:2to403:5to904:10to1905:20to2406:25to4907:50to99

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08:100to14909:150to24910:250to49911:500orover12:Don’tknowbutlessthan25013:Don’tknowbut250ormore14:Refused15:(DK)Q.HIs/Wasyourplaceofworkpartofalargerorganisation?Ifyes,canyouestimatethetotalnumberofemployeesinthatlargerorganisation?1:Notinalargerorganisation2:Under103:10-494:50-2495:250-4996:500-9997:1,000-9,9998:10,000+9:Refused10:Don’tknowQ.IWhatkindoforganisationis/wasit?1:Aprivatefirmorbusinessoralimitedcompany2:ApubliclimitedcompanyorPLC3:Anationalisedindustryorstatecorporation4:CentralGovernmentorCivilService5:Localgovernmentorcouncil(includingtheFireService)6:ASchool7:AUniversityorcollege8:AHealthAuthorityortheHSE9:ACharityorVoluntaryorganisation10:ThePolice11:Thearmedforces12:Anotherkindoforganisation(Pleasespecify)13:Refused14:(DK)Q.JHowlonghaveyoubeenworkingforyourcurrentemployer?Pleasedonotincludeanytimespenttempingbeforebeingdirectlyemployedbytheorganisation.Ifyoucan’trememberexactly,pleasegiveyourbestestimate.1:<1year2:1-2years3:2-3years4:3-4years5:4-5years6:5-10years7:10-15years

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8:15years+9:Don’tknow/NotansweredQK.Whatwouldyousaywasthecompositionofthestaffinyourcurrent/lastworkplaceintermsofrace/ethnicity:1:NoBlackorEthnicMinoritiesinmyworkplace(0%)2:AfewBlackorEthnicMinoritiesinmyworkplace(5-10%)3:AboutaquarterBlackorEthnicMinorities(about25%)4:AbouthalfBlackorEthnicMinorities(about50%)5:MorethanhalfBlackorEthnicMinorities(about60%)6:Aboutthree-quartersBlackorEthnicMinorities(about75%)7:NearlyallBlackorEthnicMinorities(about85-90%)8:AllBlackorEthnicMinorities(100%)9:(R)10:(DK)QL.Whatwouldyousaywasthecompositionofthestaffinyourcurrent/lastworkplaceintermsofgender:1:Nowomeninmyworkplace(0%)2:Afewwomeninmyworkplace(5-10%)3:Aboutaquarterwomen(about25%)4:Abouthalfwomen(about50%)5:Morethanhalfwomen(about60%)6:Aboutthree-quarterswomen(about75%)7:Nearlyallwomen(about85-90%)8:Allwomen(100%)9:(R)10:(DK)QM.Whatwouldyousaywasthecompositionofthestaffinyourcurrent/lastworkplaceintermsofyoungpeopleunder25:1:Noyoungpeopleinmyworkplace(0%)2:Afewyoungpeopleinmyworkplace(5-10%)3:Aboutaquarteryoungpeople(about25%)4:Abouthalfyoungpeople(about50%)5:Morethanhalfyoungpeople(about60%)6:Aboutthree-quartersyoungpeople(about75%)7:Nearlyallyoungpeople(about85-90%)8:Allyoungpeople(100%)9:(R)10:(DK)Q.NAre/WerethereanyTradeUnionsorstaffassociationsatcurrent/mostrecentworkplacethatsomeonedoingyourjobcouldjoin?1:Yes-TradeUnion2:Yes-StaffAssociation3:No

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4:Refused5:(DK)Q.OAre/Wereyouamemberofthetradeunionorstaffassociationthere?1:Yes-TradeUnion2:Yes-staffassociation3:No4:Refused5:(DK)Q.PPleaselookatthisandtellmewhatyourusualpayisforyourcurrentjob/wasforyourmostrecentjob,BEFOREanydeductionsfortax,PRSIandsoon. Perweek Permonth Peryear CodeA Under€193 Under€834 Under€10,000 1B €193-€384 €834-€1,667 €10,000-€19,999 2C €385-€575 €1,668-€2,500 €20,000-€29,999 3D €576-€767 €2,501-€3,333 €30,000-€39,999 4E €768-€959 €3,334-€4,167 €40,000-€49,999 5F €960ormore €4,168ormore €50,000ormore 6R 7DK 8

Perhapsyoucouldlookatthiscardnowandtellmeinalittlemoredetailwhereyourusualpay,BEFOREanydeductionsfortax,PRSIandsoon,wouldfall? Perweek Permonth Peryear CodeH25A[FURTHERBREAKDOWNOFCATEGORYAABOVE]

€86orless €375orless €4,499orless 1€87-€109 €376-€475 €4,500-€5,699 2€110-€153 €476-€667 €5,700-€7,999 3€154-€192 €668-€833 €8,000-€9,999 4

H25B[FURTHERBREAKDOWNOFCATEGORYBABOVE]

€193-€240 €834-€1,042 €10,000-€12,499 5€241-€288 €1,043-€1,250 €12,500-€14,999 6€289-€336 €1,251-€1,458 €15,000-€17,499 7€337-€384 €1,459-€1,667 €17,500-€19,999 8

H25C[FURTHERBREAKDOWNOFCATEGORYCABOVE]

€385-€432 €1,668-€1,875 €20,000-€22,499 9€433-€479 €1,876-€2,083 €22,500-€24,999 10€480-€527 €2,084-€2,292 €25,000-€27,499 11€528-€575 €2,293-€2,500 €27,500-€29,999 12

H25D[FURTHERBREAKDOWNOFCATEGORYDABOVE]

€576-€623 €2,501-€2,708 €30,000-€32,499 13€624-€671 €2,709-€2,917 €32,500-€34,999 14€672-€719 €2,918-€3,125 €35,000-€37,499 15€720-€767 €3,126-€3,333 €37,500-€39,999 16

H25E[FURTHERBREAKDOWNOFCATEGORYEABOVE]

€768-€815 €3,334-€3,542 €40,000-€42,499 17€816-€863 €3,543-€3,750 €42,500-€44,999 18€864-€911 €3,751-€3,958 €45,000-€47,499 19€912-€959 €3,959-€4,167 €47,500-€49,999 20

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H25F[FURTHERBREAKDOWNOFCATEGORYFABOVE]

€960-€1,151 €4,168-€5,000 €50,000-€59,999 21€1,152-€1,343 €5,001-€5,833 €60,000-€69,999 22€1,344-€1,534 €5,834-€6,667 €70,000-€79,999 23€1,535ormore €6,668ormore €80,000ormore 24

R 25DK 26

Q.QStartingfromthetopofthescreen,pleaselookdownthelistofqualificationsandtellmethenumberofthefirstoneyoucometothatyouhavepassed.(FromCensus2011)1:HigherdegreeorpostgraduatequalificationsNFQLevel9or10PostgraduateDiploma,MastersDegreeorequivalent,PhD2:DegreeHonoursBachelorDegree/ProfessionalqualificationorbothNFQLevel7or83:DiplomasinhighereducationorotherHEqualifications,HigherCertificateNFQLevel6NCEA/HETACNationalCert.orequivalent,AdvancedCertificate/CompletedApprenticeshipNFQLevel6FETACAdvancedCert.,NCVALevel3,FÁSNationalCraftCert.,TeagascFarmingCert.,CERTProfessionalCookeryCert.orequivalent4:UpperSecondaryNFQLevels4or5LeavingCert.(includingAppliedandVocationalprogrammes)orequivalent5:TradeapprenticeshipsTechnicalorVocationalNFQLevels4or5FETACLevel4/5Cert.,NCVALevel1/2,FÁSSpecificSkills,TeagascCert.inAgriculture,CERTCraftCert.orequivalent6:LowerSecondaryNFQLevel3Junior/Inter/GroupCert.,FETACLevel3Cert.,FÁSIntroductorySkills,NCVAFoundationCert.orequivalent7:PrimaryeducationNFQLevels1or2FETACLevel1or2Cert.orequivalent8:Otherqualifications(includingoverseas)(pleasespecify)9:Noneofthese10:Refused11:(DK)Q.SWhatisyourcountryofbirth?1:England2:Wales3:Scotland4:NorthernIreland5:removedforIre6:RepublicofIreland7:Poland8:Lithuania9:Latvia10:Romania11:Germany12:Slovakia

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13:Hungary14:France15:Italy16:Spain17:Netherlands18:OtherEU27(Luxembourg,Slovenia,Cyprus,Malta,Greece,Austria,Finland,Denmark,Belgium,Sweden,Bulgaria,Portugal,Estonia)19:Nigeria20:SouthAfrica21:OtherAfrica22:China23:India24:Philippines25:OtherAsia26:USA27:Brazil28:Canada29:OtherAmericas30:Australia31:NewZealand32:Somewhereelse(pleasespecify)33:Refused34:(DK)Q.TAndinwhatyeardidyouFIRSTcometotheRepublicofIrelandtoliveortowork?Q.VDoyouhaveanyofthefollowinglong-standingconditions?1Deafnessorseverehearingimpairment2Blindnessorseverevisualimpairment3Aconditionthatsubstantiallylimitsoneormorebasicphysicalactivitiessuchaswalking,climbingstairs,liftingorcarrying4Alearningdifficulty5Along-standingpsychologicaloremotionalcondition6Other,includinganylong-standingillness7No,Idonothavealong-standingcondition8Refused9Don’tknowQWDoesalong-standinghealthproblemordisabilitymeanyouhavesubstantialdifficultiesdoingday-to-dayactivities?1Yes2No3R4DK

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APPENDIX2:TOPICGUIDEFORINTERVIEWSTopicGuideforEmployees1)PERSONALPROFILE:Tellmeabitaboutyourself……2)PERCEPTIONOFILLTREATMENTINTHEORGANISATION:(BULLYING,HARASSMENT,RUDENESS,VERBALABUSE,UNREASONABLEBEHAVIOUR)

Ø Whatdoyouunderstandbyilltreatmentintheworkplace?Ø Doyouthinkilltreatmentisprevalentinyourworkplace?Ø Whatareyourexperiencesofilltreatmentintheworkplace?(cancapturepersonalexperiencesandalso

witnessed/observedexperiences)Ø Whatwastheoutcomeforemployee?Ø Whatwastheoutcomefortheorganisation?Ø Whatdoyouthinkhasbroughtitabout?

3)KNOWLEDGEOFSUPPORTAVAILABLE:

Ø Tellmeaboutthesystemsthatareinplacetodealwithissuesofilltreatment?(policies/procedures)?Ø Whowouldyougoto?Ø Whatworks?Whatdoesn’twork?Whymightthisbe?Ø Howeffectivearetheprocesses?

4)OUTCOMES:

Ø Whataretheconsequencesofusingthesystems/proceduresthatareinplace?Ø Whathappensonceyoudoaccessthem?Ø Consequencesofreportingilltreatment?Ø Istheoutcomegenerallysatisfactory?Ø Otherthantheformalprocedures/supports,whatelsehashelpedyouorothersthroughsuch

experiences?Ø Inwhatway?Ø Othersupportmechanisms?

5)SOLUTIONS:

Ø Whatdoyouthinkshouldhappen?Ø Inthefuture,whatwouldbeabetterwayofdealingwithissuesofilltreatmentintheworkplace?Ø Whatchallengesmayarise?

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APPENDIX3:CALLTOPARTICIPATEININTERVIEWS

IrishWorkplaceBehaviourStudy2015-2016 DearStaffMember

WearewritinginrelationtotheIrishWorkplaceBehaviourStudy,whichisbeingconductedbyresearchersintheNationalUniversityofIreland,GalwayandtheUniversityofLimerick.Negativebehaviours,suchasbullying,harassmentorincivility,haveasignificantimpactonemployeehealthandwellbeing.Organisationstypicallyfinditdifficulttopreventorevenmanagenegativebehaviours,evenwithpoliciesandproceduresinplace.Thisresearchispartofanationalstudy,whichaimstoexplorethecausesandeffectsofnegativeworkplacebehavioursandalsotheimplementationofsupportsandproceduresforaddressingpotentialissues.Yourorganisationisjustoneoftheorganisationsparticipatinginthestudy.Wewouldliketotalktopeople,inanygradeorroleinyourorganisation,togainadeeperunderstandingofperceptionsandexperiences,frompeopleontheground,abouthowtheseproblemsariseandaremanagedinyourworkplace.Ultimately,wewillusethisinformationtomakeusefulandpracticalrecommendationsforworkplacesgenerally.Tofacilitatetheresearch,wewillbeconductinginterviews,whichwillincludequestionssuchasperceptionsofnegativebehavioursinyourworkplace,andproceduresandsupportsfordealingwithsuchissues.Interviewswilltakeapproximately30minstocompleteandallinformationcollectedwillbecompletelyconfidentialandanonymous,meaning:1.Youremployerwillnotbetoldwhoparticipatesintheinterviews2.Thedatawillbepresentedinageneralwayandextremecarewillbetakentoensureandnoone

canbeidentifiedthroughanycommentstheymake3.Theorganisationitselfwillnotbeidentifiedintheprojectreporttofunder(Institutionof

OccupationalSafetyandHealth,UK)4. Onlygeneralissuesarising,andrecommendationsforactionswillbesummarisedandgiventoyour

organisationInterviewscanbeheldinpersoneitherinyourworkplaceifthatcanbearranged,orintheUniversity,ifthatisyourpreference.Wewouldliketoinviteyoucontactusifyouareinterestedintakingpartinthisstudyandtoshareyourexperiencesregardingthisissue.Pleasecontactuson0860208015Thankyouforyourtime.Yourssincerely,DrMargaretHodgins, PrincipalInvestigator,IWBS.SchoolofHealthSciences, NationalUniversityofIreland,GalwayPh(091)493349, Email:margaret.hodgins@nuigalway.ie

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APPENDIX4:EDUCATIONALSESSIONSFLYER

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While this paper reports on research that was funded by IOSH, the contents of the document reflect the views of the authors, who are solely responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented. IOSH has not edited the text in any way, except for essential formatting requirements. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of IOSH.

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Suggested citation: Hodgins M, Pursell L, Hogan V, McCurtain S, Mannix-McNamara P and Lewis D. Irish workplace behaviour study. Wigston: IOSH, 2017.

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