The English Language in Ireland Prof. R. HickeyWS 2015/2016

Irish English until 1600

Anna-Lena Pflips

Gina Zaremba

Hannah Heese

Katharina Häuser

Sina Petrasch

Structure

1. The influence of Latin in Ireland

2. The Vikings

3. The Anglo-Normans in Ireland

4. Kildare Poems

5. Forth and Bargy

The influence of Latin in Ireland

1) Name: Anna-Lena Pflips

2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor

3) Type of credit: TN

4) Module G

Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=89

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Irish_clover.jpg

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Basic Information

- Christianisation in 5th century

- Celtic monuments recreated

Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Di Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí: Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169, in: Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Ed.): A new history of Irelan I – Prehistoric

and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.Paul Russel: What was best of every language: The early history of the Irish language, in: Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Ed.): A new

history of Irelan I – Prehistoric and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Basic Information

- Sacred texts, Gospels and hagiography

- Interlinear glosses in Insular Script

- Hiberno-Latin language of communication

- Origin of Ogham alphabet

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Latin loanwords in Irish

- Ecclesiastical terms

– Hell: infemus → ifreann

– Church: cella → cill

– Sin: peccatum → peaca

– Priest: sacerdos → sagart

– Monk: monachus → manach

– Body: corpus → corp

Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Latin.htmDi Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.

Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Latin.htmDi Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Latin loanwords in Irish

- Daily life

– Cheese: caseus → cáis

– Man: vir → fear

– Old: senex → sean

– Sea: mare → muir

– Water: unda → uisce

Sources: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hagiography

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Irish hagiography

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Irish hagiography

- Greek hagios: saint, grapho: I write

- Saints as role models

- e.g. The Book of Armagh

- e.g. Vita Brigitae

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells

- Most famous of the illuminated manuscripts

- 800 – 1000 AD

- Several writers

- Past: Abbey of Kells in Kells, Co. Meath

- Four Gospels

- Ornate letters at beginning of each section

- Now: Trinity College in Dublin

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells

Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells

Source: Own Image

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Durrow

- Approx. 7th century

- Abbey of Durrow, Co. Offaly

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/

The influence of Latin in Ireland – Latin and Celtic scholarship

- First grammar books of Irish in Latin

- Until 20 th century

The Vikings

1) Name: Gina Zaremba

2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor

3) Type of credit: TN

4) Module: G

The Vikings: A general overview

- The term ‚Viking‘ : derivation is uncertain, linked to activities based on the sea à ‚a-Viking‘

- Described as barbarians, heathens à contain an ‚air of mystery‘

- There was never ONE Viking people - à home of the Vikings: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, part of Finland

The Territorials of the Original Kingdoms

Source: The Vikings: James Graham Campell British Museum Publications Limited, 1980

- The original Danish Kingdom:Border at the Jutland Peninsula, Ca.500 Danish islands, provincesof southern SwedenImportance of Hedeby

- The original Norway: Trondheim, major centre at theCoast (Kaupang)

The Vikings: A general overview

- Northern version of the Germanic language which was understood across Scandinavia

- Opportunity to understand each other

- Scandinavia was inhabited by farmers and fishermen

- Strong connection between the people

- Gaining power was very important à gain wealth in the territories around Scandinavia

The Movement of the Vikings

795: Viking raid near Dublin

830s: Raids on Ireland intensify

840s: Dublin established as Viking base

850s: The Danes invaded Dublin

902: Expel of the Vikings

The Movement of the Vikings- First raid on Lambey in

795

- Shortly before 840 Turgeis from Norway invaded Ireland and captured Armagh

- He established harbor –strongholds at Dublin, Wessex, Waterford, Cork, Limerick

- In 845 Turgeis was killed

Source: A History of the Vikings, Second Edition Oxford University Press 1968

Kilmainham Cemetery

Source:http://www.thejournal.ie/hidden-ireland-the-capitals-oldest-graveyard-609289-Sep2012/

The Norse Language

- Linguistic traces of the Vikings- Difficult interpretation of Scandinavian names- Influence on place names, such as…- The island of Dalkey (south side of Dublin, the English

name comes from Norse dalkr ‘thorn’ + ey ‘island’

- small island just north of Dublin, Ireland’s Eye, the second element is Scandinavian ey meaning ‘island’

- Munster, Leinster, Ulster, Connacht. The second syllable of the first three of these derive from a Norse ending staðr ‘place’

- Affection of dialects; Replacement through Norse

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Old_Norse.htm

Old Norse loan – words in Old/ Middle Irish

Source: Old Norse in Ireland, Britta Schulze – Thulin

Old Norse loan – words in Old/ Middle Irish

The Anglo-Normans in Ireland

1) Name: Hannah Heese

2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor

3) Type of credit: TN

4) Module G

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

The coming of the Anglo-Normans

- at the end of the 12th century (1169)

- from the coast of West Wales to the coast of South-East Ireland

- initiated a long period of involvement of England with Ireland

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

The status of Anglo-Normans

- leaders among new settlers

- English rulers were French-speaking

- Anglo-Norman Language established itself

- large number of loanwords

- language of law

- influence in church

- impact of Anglo-Norman recognizable in surnames

- landlords established bases in countryside, granted by English King

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Anglo-Norman loanwords

- Anglo-Norman words diffused into Irish

- quantity of loans from Anglo-Norman

- phonological adaption to Irish sound system

- Anglo-Normans assimilated rapidly to the Irish

- change over to Irish showed Anglo-Norman domination of Ireland

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/

Examples of loanwords

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/

The Statutes of Kilkenny

-1366 statutes were issued

- to forbid all manners and customs which were too Irish

- English Language was to be spoken

- linguistically not successful

- Normans easily switched to Irish

The Kildare Poems and the Loscombe Manuscript

1) Name: Katharina Häuser

2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor

3) Type of credit: LN

4) Module G

Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 54-55.

Irish English of the Middle Ages – General Information

• Recorded in

1) Kildare Poems

• Assumed that they were composed in the first quarter of the 14th century

2) Loscombe Manuscript

• End of 14th century

• “on blood-letting” & “the virtue of herbs”

General Information

p Kildare Poems: Irish provenance

p Probably written in Kildare but copied in Waterford (Benskin 1989) -> in-line spellings cherch/church for chirch

p Difficult to say how the remains represent Irish English language at that time -> no comparison

p Initial input -> west and south-west England

p Possibility that Irish influenced the language

Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 54-56.

https://www.stepmap.de/landkarte/grossbritannien-und-irland-125567.png

Kildare

Waterford

Change in sound segments

Coronal fricatives and plosives ending of 3rd person singular verbs:“t” instead of “th” = fallytOr “th” instead of “t” = sith (sit)

Voicing if initial fricatives Uoxe = fox ; velle = fell

Loss of nasals “haue” = haveBefore coronal stops: “fowden” = founden; “mouthes” = monthsBefore pre-velar sounds: “fowge” = fong (catch)

Loss of /h/ “is” = his; “ad” = had-> in the Irish language the initial /h/ only under certain morpholoical conditions

Consonant doubling “delle” = deal; “hoppe” = hope-> vowel shortness

Interpretation of <sch> and <ss> “sch” interpreted as /ʃ/; “s” interpreted as /s/ but also /ʃ/Etymological comparison: “scholder” = shoulderHickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University

Press, pp. 56-58.

Sound processes

Vowel raising Most common: e -> I“silf” = selfPlural endings: namis, herbis…

metathesis /r/ and a short vowel change in sequence -> “fryst” = first; “Gradener” = Gardener

Epenthesis Initial: “uerisse” = freshMedial: “Auerill” = April

Final devoicing “delet” = dealed; “purget” = purged

Fortition after sonorants “fent” = fend, “spent” = spend

Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 59-62.

Open syllable lengthening

Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 62-66

p Tendency that low vowels lengthen more than high vowelsp Western Irish: common to lengthen /a/ to [a:] (low vowel)

but not /i/ or /u/ high vowelp Phenomenon of early Middle English period p One syllable words tend to have a longer vowel ->

mad/madder p No lengthening of high vowels in Kildare poems -> this

process started later

Conclusion

p The medieval Irish English language was influenced by Irish and English

p Settlers and immigrants from west-/ southwest England influenced the language

p Examples: Kildare Poems and Loscombe Manuscript

Source: Literature reference OR My own text

Forth and Bargy

1) Name: Sina Petrasch

2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor

3) Type of credit: TN

4) Module: G

Forth and Bargy

− Dialect of the south-east corner of Ireland in the baronies

of Forth and Bargy

− Stress system is similar to surrounding varieties of Irish

− Dialect as a continuation of the Kildare Poems

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Baronies of Forth and Bargy

Source: https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/ForthAndBargy.gif

Origin of Forth and Bargy

− First settlers arrived in the south-east of Ireland

− Baronies of Forth and Bargy are quite isolated

− Characteristics of the Forth and Bargy dialect:

- initial voicing

- final stressed vowels

- Irish loanwords

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Development of Forth and Bargy

− 15th and 16th century: Ireland became more and more Irish

speaking

− Forth and Bargy as relic areas

− Irish and Flemish loanwords

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Forth and Bargy

Mid. English

Flemish

1. grate groat groot “small coin”

2. hamas hame hame “wooden frame on horse collar“

3. prate prate praten “talk”

Sound System: Long Vowels

− Seven long vowels in late Middle English

− /iː/ à comree (FB), coimri (I) = protection, patronage

/iː/ à dreeve /driːv/ “drive“

− /eː/ à lear /leːr/ “empty”

− /aː/ à glaade /glaːde/ “glad”

− /ɔː/ à sau /sɔː/ “saw”

− /oː/ à yullou /ˈjeloː/ “yellow”

− /uː/ à stuggoone (FB), stagún (I) = stubborn person

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Sound System: Diphthongs

− /ai/ is often represented by y à ryne, “rain“

dialect of Forth and Bargy tends to lengthen vowels

à waate, “wait”

− /au/ greound “ground”

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Sound System: Short Vowels

− /ɪ/ grip, “sharp pain”

− /ɛ/ dhen, “ten”

− /a/ sankt, “saint”, thet, “that”

− /ɔ/ written with o, vorreat, “forehead”

− /ə/ existence is assumed in the Forth and Bargy dialect

− Vowels before nasal consonants tend to be raised in this dialect

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Sound System: Consonants

− Sibilants: substitution of /s/ by /ʃ/

− Dental to labial shift: brover – brower “brother”

− Dentalisation before /r/

− Exchange of sonorants: /r/ and /n/ shift to /l/

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Accent

− Slow tempo of speech

à lengthening of vowels

− Stress with most polysyllables fell on the final syllable

à lengthening

− Lengthening before r

− Influenced by Anglo-Normans or by dialects of south-eastern

Ireland?

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

Conclusion

− Forth and Bargy are separate from other Irish speaking areas

− Dialect with a very conservative grammatical structure

− Use of Irish loanwords

− Lengthening

− Initial voicing

Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.

References

Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge University Press.

Language in Ireland (c) Raymond Hickey. Access: https.www.uni-due.de/LI/

Studying Varieties of English (c) Raymond Hickey. Access: https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/ForthAndBargy.gif

Picture map. Access: https://www.stepmap.de/landkarte/grossbritannien-und-irland-125567.png

References

Sawyer, P.H. 1982. Kings and Vikings. Scandinavia and Europe. AD 700 – 1000. Methuen. London and New York.

Muldoon, James. 2009. The North Atlantic Frontier of Medieval Europe, Vikings and Celts.

Graham, James. 1980. The Vikings. British Museum Publications.

Jones, Gwyn. 1968. A History of the Vikings. Second Edition. Oxford University Press

References

Di Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.

Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí: Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169, in: DáibhíÓ Cróinín (Ed.): A new history of Ireland I – Prehistoric and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.

Paul Russel: What was best of every language: The early history of the Irish language, in: Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Ed.): A new history of Ireland I – Prehistoric and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.