Islamic Republic of Iran Ministry of Energy

National Water and Wastewater Engineering Company

IRAN - WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

Environmental Assessment Draft Executive Summary

January, 2004

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Lar Consulting Engineers in collaboration with Halcrow Group Ltd. No. 23, Sharifi Street Vineyard House North of Vanak Square 44 Brook Green Vali-asr Avenue London W6 7 BY Tehran 19699 United Kingdom Islamic Republic of Iran

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ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRAN . WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................... ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................ INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... BACKGROUND ............................................................................ PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIPTION ........................................... POLICY. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .................................

Applicable World Bank Policies ............................................ Applicable Iranian Environmental Legislations ........................ 0

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INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT .......... ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT .................................... SIGNIFICANTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...........................................

0 Potential Positive Impacts of the Project ................................. 0 Potential Adverse Impacts of the Project .................................

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) .................................... 0 Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts ......................... 0 Monitoring Plan ............................................................... 0 Institutional Strengthening .................................................. 0 Cost Estimate ..................................................................

PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE .......................................... REFERENCES AND DOCUMENTS CONSULTED ....................................... ANNEXES ANNEXA . LIST OFEA TEAM MEMBERS ........................................... ANNEX B . AHWAZ LOCATION MAP’ ................................................. ANNEX C . SHIRAZ LOCATION MAP AND SITES OF WWTPS .....................

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13 13 14

19 19 20 21 21

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ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRAN - WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Processes

Table 2 Influent and Effluent Data for Wastewater Treatment Plants

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Table 13

Table 14

Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase

Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water Supply System

Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Wastewater System

Monitoring Program for the Construction Phase

Monitoring Program during the Operation of the Water Supply System

Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent and Karoun River

Monitoring Program for the Wastewater Treated Sludge

Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil

Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan in Ahwaz

Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan in Shiraz

Key Comments of Governmental Organizations

Key Comments of Non-Governmental Organizations

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AWWC BOD CAP CHO DOE EA EPHC ESO EMP EU FA0 MOAJ MOE MOHME NGO OP ss swwc TA TOR TSU QMQc WB WHO WTP WTPO w w c s WWTO WWTP

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRAN - WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Ahwaz Water and Wastewater Company Biochemical Oxygen Demand Compliance Action Plan Cultural Heritage Organization Department of Environment Environmental Assessment Environmental Protection High Council Environmental and Safety Officer Environmental Management Plan European Union Food and Agriculture Organization Ministry of Agriculture Jihad Ministry of Energy Ministry of health and Medical Education Non-Governmental Organization Operational Policy Suspended Solids Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company Technical Assistance Terms of Reference Technical Support Unit Quality Assurance and Quality Control World Bank World Health Organization Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Plant Operator Water and Wastewater Companies Wastewater Treatment Operator Wastewater Treatment Plant

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ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRAN - WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

1. This executive summary is aimed at presenting the main findings of the Environmental Assessment conducted for the Iran - Water Supply and Sanitation Project (the Project). The objective of the environmental assessment is to examine the environmental, economic, physical, and biological impacts in the areas which may be affected by the project, and propose mitigation measures, as well as construction and operation environmental management and monitoring plans.

2. This executive summary is intended to be a self-contained, stand-alone document that can be relied upon to provide major information necessary to understand the environmental and social sensitivities, potentially significant impacts, and mitigation measures to be undertaken under the proposed project. The reader is referred to the main body of the two Environmental Assessment (EA) reports for the cities of Ahwaz and Shiraz for specific information or further details not presented in depth in this summary, in particular for a description of the existing social and ecological environment as well as relevant baseline data.

3. The Project is partly financed by the World Bank and as such will have to comply with World Bank guidelines relative to environmental and social safeguard policies as well as Government of Islamic Republic of Iran applicable laws and regulations.

4. The EA reports were prepared by an Iranian Independent Consulting Firm (Lar Consulting Engineers) in collaboration with an international firm (Halcrow Group Ltd.). The names of the experts in these firms that participated in the preparation of the EA reports are listed in Annex A.

BACKGROUND

5. Serious sanitation problems such as the present unreliable water supply systems, the inconsistent quality of drinking water, the poor performance of water distribution networks and the lack of adequate wastewater collection and treatment systems coupled with rapid growth of population and expansion of urban centers has prompted the Government of Iran to consider water supply and sanitation projects as a high priority. Among others currently under development, the

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Iran - Water Supply and Sanitation Project is being developed by the Iranian Ministry of Energy to provide adequate water supply and sewerage systems for the cities of Ahwaz and Shiraz.

6. Ahwuz the capital of Khouzestan province is located at approximately 875 km from Tehran (see MAP in Annex B). The present population is about 950,000 and is projected to reach 2.2 million by the year 2027. Ahwaz is one of the most important economical centers of the Islamic Republic of Iran as it is located in an oil-rich region and hosts a number of large industries. The Karoun River, the largest river in Iran, flows along Ahwaz and divides the city into two separate drainage zones: the eastern zone and the western zone. At present, 99% and 63% of the population are connected to public water supply and sanitary sewerage, respectively. Areas without wastewater either use seepage pits or discharge their wastewater in open channels, rivers or in open grounds creating wastewater pools, polluting the soil and water resources, and creating health hazards. To improve the wastewater situation, the existing wastewater treatment plant that was constructed in 1977 has been recently rehabilitated and put into operation. This treatment plant, which is based on tertiary activated sludge with nitrification, denitrification and chlorination, serves the Western drainage zone but can only treat the wastewater generated by 140,000 persons.

7. The pollution of the Karoun River is a major problem and a priority issue not only for Ahwaz but for the whole province. The discharge of untreated municipal and industrial effluents, the drainage from agricultural lands, and the uncontrolled discharge of solid wastes directly into the River and its tributaries have considerably degraded the water quality of Karoun. Available treatment facilities have proved to be insufficient to produce adequate drinking water quality. At present, water from well fields is being transferred around 70 km and blended with the river water in order to reduce the concentration of contaminants and make it treatable. However, the maximum water that can be obtained represents less than 10% of Ahwaz water demand and as such cannot improve the degraded water quality to acceptable levels. In parallel, the Ahwaz Water and Wastewater Company (AWWC) is evaluating the provision of additional water treatment techniques. Consumers are switching to new sources of drinking water (15-20 liter deposit-refund containers) or taking measures to reduce the contamination of the drinking water (filtering and boiling tap water).

8. The poor water quality is largely contributing to high diarrhea prevalence that reaches 50% during peak months. Out of the total gastro-enteritis cases in Iran during the year 2000, 10% were reported in Ahwaz, which accounts for only 1.5% of the total population of the Islamic Republic of Iran but where there is acute pollution of both ground water and surface water. Furthermore, estimates of water production and consumption rates indicates a very high percentage of unaccounted for water (around 40%) as-a result of the poor conditions of the existing distribution network.

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9. Shiraz is the capital of Fars province and is located at approximately 925 km to the south of Tehran (see MAP in Annex C). The present population is about 1,200,000 and is projected to reach 1,950,000 by the year 2027. Shiraz has a rich historical heritage and is close to Persepolis, the most important archeological site of the country.

10. It is estimated that more than 99% of the inhabitants of Shiraz are currently connected to the city’s water supply network. Water quality monitoring indicates that the water supply is of acceptable quality and in compliance with national and WHO standards. Chemical, physical and bacteriological analyses are conducted on a daily basis at various points including water sources, storage reservoirs and distribution network. The major problem raised by Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company (SWWC) is the high percentage of unaccounted for water (around 30%) and the need to rehabilitate a considerable portion of the network. Rehabilitation of the network has been initiated but is proceeding at a very slow rate due to limited financial resources. Other problems identified by SWWC are the relatively low water quality of Alluvial ground water sources that have high levels of hardness and nitrates, and the insufficient water pressure in some zones of the distribution network.

11. Similar to other cities, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal are the main environmental concern in Shiraz. At present only 8% of the population is connected to the wastewater collection system. Due to the high water table and low soil permeability, the use of existing seepage pits has been unsatisfactory causing groundwater contamination. A great part of the wastewater is discharged in the seasonal rivers of the city or in open drainage channels that run along the roads adjacent to the residential areas. During the dry periods, the channels become open wastewater collectors emitting noxious odors, attracting mosquitoes and affecting the health of the residents. The wastewater collected by the existing sewers is conveyed along Khoshk River that divides the city in two parts and ultimately discharges in Maharloo Lake.

12. The impact of wastewater on public health is considered to be less than that experienced in other cities yet water related diseases such as cholera and gastro enteritis are being reported by the health centers of the city and have been attributed mainly to the irrigation of raw eaten vegetables with untreated wastewater. It was also reported that around 21 wells have been decommissioned due to contamination, mainly in areas where groundwater is relatively high. In order to improve public health conditions and to reduce the contamination of the water resources, the Water and Wastewater Company has started implementing a wastewater system for the whole city.

13. The execution of the project will have positive environmental impacts in terms of reducing pollution of natural resources, generation of significant economical, social and public health benefits, and will facilitate the enforcement of existing environmental regulations and standards by the government. Although the proposed project will reduce the pollution loads discharged to Karoun River and Maharloo lake, it will not solve the pollution problem of these two water bodies

which is primarily due to agricultural drainage and industrial discharges. The management of these two pollution sources is outside the scope of the project and should be addressed through a national environmental management plan of Karoun River and Maharloo Lake.

14. Potential negative impacts from the proposed project are mainly related to the construction phase of the project, and are thus of temporary nature. Other negative impacts that might arise from the project will be mitigated through appropriate measures. The present report summarizes the findings of the environmental assessment study that was conducted and the environmental management plan (EMP) that will be adopted for the project.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIPTION 15. The objectives of the Water Supply and Sanitation Project are:

(a) enhance the quality of life in the proposed cities , Ahwaz and Shiraz, particularly in poor areas by: (i) improving access to satisfactory water supply and significantly increasing coverage of sanitation services; and (ii) improving environmental, hygiene and health conditions as well as promoting reuse of treated effluents;

strengthen and develop the capacity of Ahwaz and Shiraz Water and Wastewater Companies (WWCs) and assist the latter in improving their efficiency, sustainability and financial autonomy; and initiate sector reforms, particularly with respect to institutional arrangements, the regulatory framework, demand management, as well as prepare a sanitation strategy.

(b)

(c)

16. Bank financing is US$253.32 million will consist of:

For the cities of Ahawaz and Shriaz, the Project of a total cost of US$ 427.91 of which

The rehabilitation, improvement and expansion of the water systems and facilities (Bank financing US$5 1.6 million)

The rehabilitation, improvement and expansion of the waste water systems and facilities (Bank financing US$ 178.01 million)

Provision of Operation and Maintenance equipment (Bank financing US$ 1.73 million)

Technical assistance and consultant services (which include the implementation of EMPs (Bank financing US$ 19.68 million)

17. Long-term development plans have been designed for the extension of water and wastewater systems and facilities in Ahwaz and Shiraz over the period 2004-2027. These plans are formulated to serve a population of about 2.2 and 1.9 million respectively in Ahwaz and Shiraz by

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2027. They are scheduled to be implemented in four phases and the project under consideration covers works proposed under phase 1.

18. The detailed project description is described in the EA reports, below is just a summary of the different components for the water supply and waste water rehabilitation for the cities of Ahwaz and Shiraz respectively.

19. In Ahwaz: The water component of the project aims at improving the quality of water and regulating the pressure in the water system. This will be done by rehabilitating the existing water treatment plants and providing additional treatment to ensure adequate water quality, constructing new reservoirs and the required pumping stations, and implementing the necessary transmission lines. Additionally, rehabilitation of the water network and implementation of house connections will take place where needed throughout the project period. As part of the project the following works will be executed:

Repair and rehabilitation of the two existing water treatment plants (WTP 1 and WTP 2) to meet drinking water quality standards by replacing the single layer filters with double layer filters, installing ozonation and powder activated carbon units as well as constructing a pre-sedimentation unit;

Minor rehabilitation to the Emergency treatment plant;

Execution of one expansion module of 1.15 m3/s capacity at the existing water treatment plant WTP 2;

Installing transmission pipelines to convey raw water from the new water intake to the water treatment plants and from the plants to the storage reservoirs;

Construction of a new pump station to pump water from the intake to WTPl and WTP2;

Construction of 5 storage reservoirs with a total capacity of 250,000 m3;

Replacing and expanding the existing distribution network.

20. The wastewater component includes the improvement and rehabilitation of the existing WWTP in the west of Ahwaz (Chouneibeh), the construction of the first two module of a new treatment plant in the east of Ahwaz, and the implementation of the wastewater collection system that are planed to connect 750,000 persons by 2007. Works to be covered will be as follows:

Provision of around 23,575 new connections;

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Execution of around 266 km of main collectors, laterals and interceptors;

Construction of lifting and pumping stations;

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Rehabilitation of existing Chouneibeh WWTP and addition of an aeration unit to increase the plant treatment capacity to approximately 55,000 m3/d;

Construction of two treatment modules with a total capacity of 120,000 m3 /d in the eastern new WWTP.

21. In Shiraz: The water component will finance works that will increase supply capacity and regulate the pressure in the water network. This will be achieved by digging and equipping 17 wells, constructing four reservoirs, the required pumping stations and pressure reducing valves, laying and extension of the transmission and distribution system. Rehabilitation of the water network and implementation of house connections will take place where needed throughout the project period. As part of the proposed project, the following works will be executed:

Digging and equipping 17 wells in the Karstic aquifer with a total flow of 82,400 cubic meter per day;

Construction of 4 ground reservoirs with a total capacity of 70,500 cubic meter;

Laying of 44 km transmission mains between reservoirs;

Construction of 2 pumping stations with a total capacity of 47,500 cubic meters per day;

Extension, replacement and rehabilitation of distribution system: 270 km of pipes with diameters between 100 and 1200 mm;

Installation of 36 pressure reducing valves.

22. The wastewater component will include works that will extend the collection system in the city and the construction of the first two modules of a new WWTP. The following wastewater works will be executed under the project:

Execution of around 740 km of main collectors and laterals with diameters between 200 and 400 mm;

Execution of around 95 km of trunk mains with diameters between 500 and 1800 mm;

Construction of two treatment modules with a total capacity of 100,000 m3 /d of the Long Term WWTP;

Construction of discharge outfalls for conveying the treated effluent of the Emergency and the Long Term WWTPs.

23. For the wastewater treatment works of the first phase in both cities, it is proposed to apply the design-build-operate approach in order to optimize the design and to ensure proper operation and maintenance of completed works in the initial stages of operation while building local capacity to run the treatment plants. Build-operate and transfer-type of contracts would be considered for the

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subsequent phases. These contracts will increase the involvement of international private sector in providing wastewater services, which will ensure sustainable service delivery.

24. The project also includes the provision of operation and maintenance equipment and consumer water meters to WWCs. Capacity building, Technical Assistance (TA), training and consulting services for institutional development and project management, engineering design, leak detection, environmental management, construction supervision, updating of the wastewater development program and feasibility studies and engineering design for phase 2 investments will be also provided as part of the proposed project.

Other Relevant Development Plans and Environment Studies

25. The last Section (Reference and Consulted Documents) of this executive summary contains a list of studies and documents that were used in the preparation of the EA reports. The Key documents that were used include:

Feasibility Studies for Water Supply and Wastewater Collection, Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Ahwaz; 2003.

Final Report of Geotechnical Conditions of Wastewater Network for the City of Ahwaz; 2002.

Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater Collection Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz; 2003.

Economic-Social-Environmental-Technical Justification of Shiraz Sewerage Plan by Mahabghods Consulting Engineers, prepared for Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company; 2002.

POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

26. The Environmental Assessment for the project must meet a number of policy and legal requirements. The World Bank safeguard policies and the Iranian Decree 138 and detailed requirements for conducting EA as defined in the Code of Practice of 23/12/1997 have been complied with during the course of project preparation and will also be complied with during project implementation.

Applicable World Bank Policies

27. Operational Policy 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. The World Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of Environmental Assessment (EA). The World Bank classifies any proposed project into one of four categories (A,B,C,FI), depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. A Category ‘A’ project is likely to

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have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works.

28. The proposed project in Ahwaz and Shiraz is considered Category A project as the rehabilitation, improvement and expansion of water and wastewater services will produce impacts from noise, dust and water quality degradation during construction, water and waste water quality, sludge and solid waste during operation that could be significant for a number of people living in the areas. It should be noted that there will also be a number of nominal benefits resulting from these projects including improved water quality, waste management, access to clean water supply and sanitation, and most importantly improvement of public health.

29. Operational Policy 4.12 on Znvoluntary Resettlement: This operational policy examines whether the development project would require any involuntary resettlement and/or land acquisition. A resettlement action plan and a resettlement framework were prepared as the operational policy on involuntary resettlement is triggered.

30. The implementation of the proposed water works in Ahwaz will not induce any resettlement. Rehabilitation, additional treatment processes and increase in the capacities of the two existing water treatment plants will be implemented within the land of the existing treatment plants and within public lands. The construction of ground water reservoirs would require a total of five hectares of land most of which is in public lands. Small areas falling within private lands are being expropriated by the Ahwaz Water and Wastewater Company according to the land acquisition plan that has been prepared for the project and in line with the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the World Bank Operational Policy. The land required for the construction of the eastern WWTP has been acquired by the Ahwaz Water and Wastewater Company, while lands required for the extension of the existing wastewater treatment plant in the western zone and for the construction of pumping stations are public lands and would not require expropriation.

31. Similarly, the implementation of the proposed works in the city of Shiraz will not induce any resettlement. Ground reservoirs and pumping stations will be constructed in public lands whereas pipelines will be laid along the streets within the right of ways. The land required for the construction of the Long Term WWTP has been recently acquired by the SWWC. Pipelines will be laid within the right of way of public streets, while outfalls from both wastewater treatment plants will be laid within the right of way of the existing drainage channel.

32. Operational Policy 4.11 on Cultural Property: This operational policy addresses the impact on physical cultural properties having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The policy aims at ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage.

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33. The policy is triggered for the city of Shiraz which has a rich historical heritage and is close to Persepolis, the most important archeological site of the country. The implementation of the water supply and sanitation project will not require the demolition of any known historical sites, nor will it directly affect any known archeological sites. On the contrary, the long term permanent impact of the project on the existing archeological sites will therefore be positive due to proper collection of wastewater, reduced incidence of flooding, improved amenity and aesthetic quality of the city which would outweigh any temporary adverse impacts.

34. The sitting of the all the project works was selected in close coordination with the Cultural Heritage Organization (CHO) following several site visits so as to ensure that these facilities are remotely located from the archeological and historical sites as well as from areas where there is potential of finding archeological remains. During final design stages, further site inspections will be conducted by surveyors and archeologist to check the construction drawings in the field. Construction activities that are close to existing archeological or historical sites will be identified, and special protection and construction procedures will be developed to mitigate any potential impact on these sites. Moreover, during the execution of works if a “chance find “ of archaeological significance occurs the civil work contract will require the contractor to immediately inform the employer and stop further work as this is standard practice in Iran. Employer will in turn inform the CHO for further investigation and action.

Applicable Iranian Environmental Legislations

35. The competent body for EA as defined in Decree 138 of 12/04/1994 is the Iranian Department of Environment (DOE), under the authority of the Environmental Protection High Council (EPHC) which is composed of senior representatives of government ministries, senior academics and advisers to the Iranian government. EA in Iran was enabled by Note 82 of the Law for the Second State Economical, Social and Cultural Development Plan of 1994, amended by Note 105 of the Third Development Plan. EA was approved by the EHC through Decree 138 and detailed requirements for conducting EA were defined in the Code of Practice of 23/12/1997. The enabling law requires that large manufacturing and service projects be subject to EIA prior to implementation at the feasibility and implementation stages, and gives the EPHC power to determine both the interpretation of what is a large project and the pattern of the assessment. The EPHC has defined seventeen project types subject to EIA, seven in Decree 138, with a further 10 added in 2000. EPHC may also require an EIA for any other large project. Screening thresholds for the first seven classified types are defined in the 1997 Code of Practice, together with the requirements for the pattern of the assessment. Improvement and rehabilitation of water supply and waste water systems are not among the 17 projects that require the preparation of EA.

36. Apart from Environmental Assessment, there exist a wide range of regulations regarding environmental protection including the Environmental Protection Act of 1974 and its executive by- law dated 1975, the Clean Water Act of 1982 that was amended in 1994 and the executive by-law

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on the prevention of water pollution (1994), the Air Pollution Abatement Act of 1995 and its executive by-law dated 1997, the Game and Fish law of 1957 with subsequent amendments made in 1975 and 1996. In addition, there are standards for drinking water, effluent discharges, noise levels and ambient air quality.

37. The project will adhere to the aforementioned laws and standards. Furthermore, the treated effluent will meet WHO guidelines for treated wastewater to be used in Agriculture. These guidelines specify a nematode level of less than 1 egg per liter and fecal coliform of less than 1000 MPN per 100 ml. With respect to the re-use of sludge as soil conditioner for agriculture, the project will ensure compliance with the EU Directive with respect to toxic elements, the WHO guidelines including the limit of less than 1 intestinal nematode egg per lOOgms of dry solids as well as the FA0 guidelines for sludge re-use.

38. With respect to industries, existing national legislation provides for control of industrial discharges, DOE is mandated with the enforcement of the limits for industrial discharges and has secured so far a modest record in terms of enforcement of the laws and regulations against polluters by issuing warnings, imposing fines and eventually bringing them to courts. This will be reinforced in this project and in the Bank-financed Environment Management Support Project. In summary, the project will abide by all national laws and standards and will follow internationally accepted best practices.

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

39. A number of governmental organizations have responsibilities for managing and monitoring environmental impacts. The Water and Wastewater Companies (WWCs) who are in charge of water supply as well as wastewater collection and treatment will be in charge of managing, operating and maintaining the project, Among their duties the WWCs will have responsibility for ensuring the supply of adequate water quality and quantity. WWCs will also be responsible for controlling discharges into the wastewater collection system and as such will be responsible for ensuring that industries pre-treat their wastewater before discharging into the collection network. WWCs will also monitor the implementation of the compliance action plans (see section on industrial effluent below) for polluting industries that do not pre-treat their industrial waste water or will not be connected to the waste water networks.

40. The DOE will have the responsibility for monitoring the environmental impacts. It will monitor construction activities, will check water quality in Karoun River, Maleh stream and Maharloo Lake and will ensure compliance with effluent standards for industries and wastewater treatment plants. The DOE will also monitor the quality of treated effluents and sludge to be used for irrigation and soil conditioning. The regional branch of the DOE will also enforce the implementation of the CAP, and in case of non compliance will require the relevant municipalities to suspend their operational permit.

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41. The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad (MOM) has responsibility to supervise and regulate the reuse of treated effluents and sludge, while the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) will be responsible for monitoring water quality and the occurrence of water born diseases.

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT

42. The option of continuing with the current water supply system and wastewater disposal methods as well as alternative water supply schemes and wastewater treatment processes have been explored and compared in terms of capital costs, operational costs, land requirements, length of transmission lines, consumed energy, environmental impacts, management needs, reliability of the process and local conditions.

43. In the case of no project, households and other users would have to find alternative means of meeting their needs, essentially by purchasing water from water vendors at high prices and by investment in storage capacity. The avoidance of such cost is the main benefit of the project. Secondly, given the advantage of house connection over buying and storing water and the big difference in cost, the project will allow households to consume a larger volume of water than under the alternative, which will increase their welfare (their consumer surplus). Thirdly, the WWCs provide water in much better hygienic conditions than water vendors, which reduces health hazards.

44. The “no project” option would avoid the temporary environmental impacts of installing pipelines and constructing treatment plants, however this option is rejected on the ground of economic cost and adverse long-term environmental and social impacts. It would mean two whole cities with poor quality water supply and without wastewater collection and treatment, Under such conditions severe adverse environmental impacts such as pollution, flooding, and poor health conditions would increase and the prevailing environmental conditions will further deteriorate.

45. Moreover, the economic benefits of the proposed project are greater than the cost of not implementing it; taking into account revenues from charges for water supply, wastewater, and treated effluent as an irrigation source, the cost of the degradation of surface and ground water resources; the cost of treating additional water quantities to compensate for the high unaccounted for water; the high maintenance cost for the aged water supply system; lost working days due to water related diseases; cost of medical treatment; costs of wastewater disposal by tankers; the use of raw wastewater for irrigation purposes instead of treated wastewater; and the use of commercial fertilizer instead of treated sludge.

46. Another alternative that has been considered for the water supply system is the possibility of having two separate distribution systems in Ahwaz: one for drinking water and one for regular domestic uses. Drinking water would be obtained from well fields located around 70 km from

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Ahwaz, while non-potable water would be obtained from Karoun with limited treatment. This alternative has been rejected on the grounds of economic cost related mainly to the construction and maintenance of two water supply systems as well as other environmental and social considerations including health risk associated with using the two water types interchangeably.

47. With respect to wastewater collection and treatment, a number of alternatives have been considered including on-site sanitation, decentralized treatment and centralized treatment. On-site sanitation has proved to be difficult to achieve because of the high ground water and the low soil permeability. People living in areas served with on-site sanitation facilities face severe difficulties disposing their sewage. Taking into consideration the environmental limits set by the department of environment regarding the construction of treatment plants within city limits and the presence of an existing treatment plant and collection networks in West Ahwaz and the construction of a wastewater treatment plant for the Emergency Zone in Shiraz. The option of decentralized treatment was also rejected based on cost, availability of land and potential adverse environmental impacts. Furthermore, the option of decentralized treatment could not be adopted for East Ahwaz and the Long-Term Zone in Shiraz because of higher construction and operation cost as compared to centralized treatment especially with respect to environmental management and monitoring.

Hence, the option of on-site sanitation is rejected.

48. The proposed activated sludge process and two other processes: lagoons and stabilization ponds were also evaluated and compared. The comparison between the different alternatives took into account investment, long-term operation and maintenance costs as well as evaporation and seepage costs. The activated sludge system was selected in view of reliability, operational flexibility, and lower construction cost and environmental impacts. A summary of the environmental impacts of wastewater treatment processes is given in Table 1. Furthermore, since the lands for the Eastern WWTP and the Long-Term WWTP have already being acquired and since the plots have limited areas, both the stabilization ponds and the lagoons were rejected as they would require larger areas.

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is the protection of groundwater resources from contamination by untreated sewage. As a result, economic benefits will occur in terms of increased water volume of good quality, increased tourism activities, and lower medical costs associated with treating water-borne diseases. There will be considerable benefits to the farmers who are presently using polluted water or raw wastewater.

52. Finally it is worth noting that the design of the WWTPs has taken into consideration the use of their by-products (treated effluent and generated sludge) with the aim of protecting the environment and the water resources. This will generate significant economic, social and health benefits and will enable the Government to enforce the law that prohibits the use of raw wastewater for irrigation.

Potential Adverse Impacts of the Project

53. These are summarized below under the following sections and reflected in the EMP: Water quality and quantity Treated effluents quality Sludge quality Industrial Effluent Protection of cultural property Agriculture pollution Solid waste Other impacts: noise, dust, safety and odor

Drinking Water Quantity and Quality

54. The total water demand of Ahwaz city is 4.53 m3/s and is expectec. to reach 6.4 m3/s "y the year 2027. Karoun River is the main source of water for the City of Ahwaz. Over the past 30 years, average and minimum flows in the river were 700 and 170 m3/s, respectively which by far exceeds the total water demands of the year 2027. Water quality analyses over the past 20 years clearly show that the river water does not meet potable water standards and requires additional treatment mainly for eliminating odor and taste, and reducing dissolved solids prior to its use. In addition and to meet the water demand of the year 2027, an increase in the capacity of existing facilities (treatment plants, storage reservoirs and distribution network) is needed

55. At present, the total water demand of Shiraz is 288,600 m3/day and is expected to reach 474,400 m3/day by the year 2027. The current water demands are supplied from surface and ground water resources. Surface water is provided from the Douroudzam dam located 100 km north-west of Shiraz. The quantity of water that is currently transferred from the Dam is about 71,700 m3/day and is being increased by the Fars Regional Water Board to reach 155,500 m3/day by the year 2005. The existing water treatment plant utilizes a conventional water treatment scheme which includes:

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Table 1: Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Processes

Activated Partial Mix Complete Parameter Stabilization Pond

Sludge Lagoon Mix Lagoon Surface and ground water quality Very Low Negative-Medium Negative-Low Negative-High Ground water level Very low Negative-Medium Negative-Low Negative-High

Negative- Medium

Impact on health Negative-Low Negative-Medium Negative-Medium

Discharge of effluent in water bodies

Very Low Negative-Medium Negative-Low Negative-High

Reuse of effluent in agriculture Positive-Low Positive-Medium Positive- Medium

Positive-High

Amount of sludge produced Negative-High Negative-Low Negative-Low Very Low Reuse of sludge in agriculture Positive- (amount) Medium

Positive-High Positive-Medium Positive-Low

Reuse of sludge in agriculture Negative-Low Positive-Medium Positive-Low Positive-High

(quality) ~~~ ~~ ~

Impact on soil Very Low Negative-Medium Negative-Low Negative-High Odor generation Very Low Negative-Medium Negative-Low Negative-High

Noise generation Very Low I Negative- I Medium Negative-Low I Negative-High I

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Potential Positive Impacts of the Project

49. The environmental assessment reports indicated that the execution of the project will have positive environmental impacts in terms of reducing pollution of natural resources, will generate significant economical, social and public health benefits, and will enable the government to improve the enforcement of existing environmental regulations and standards.

50. The project will extend and rehabilitate water networks to ensure 100% water supply coverage, to provide good quality water on a continuous basis, to cater for population growth and to reduce unaccounted for water. Thus the project will provide controlled water supply to the households and will reduce overdraft of the aquifer. It will improve health conditions of the population by providing them with adequate water quantity and quality from sustainable sources.

51. The provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities will have a strong positive effect on the overall environment and the public health conditions. There will be improvement of water quality in the streams and rivers that flow throughout the cities. A major benefit of the project

13

flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination. The remaining supply of the city’s water is provided from 69 ground water wells which supply 261,800 m3/day.

56. The treated water quantity and quality will meet water demand as well as allowable drinking water standards set by the Iranian Government and WHO. Among the parameters of concern are the bacteriological contamination of the water, the concentration level of nitrate, the presence of nitrite and the concentration of heavy metals. After construction and commissioning of the water supply system, operation and maintenance work will mostly involve routine inspections and monitoring. Chlorine will be required for disinfection of both surface and ground water. Proper safety procedures will be followed for the transportation and handling of chlorine and other chemicals to ensure the safety of operators and workers in accordance with Iranian law and internationally accepted Good Practices.

57. In order to safeguard public health, regular monitoring of raw and treated water at the treatment plants, storage reservoirs and in the distribution network will be implemented to ensure that drinking water limits are not exceeded.

Treated Effluent Quality

58. Treated effluent should be of acceptable quality so that it can be safely discharged into water bodies or re-used for irrigation. This means that the effluent quality should meet the standards for discharge into water bodies and the WHO guidelines for agriculture re-use. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes eggs which should be less than 1 egg per liter for water used in irrigation. The other major concern is the concentration level of nutrients such as ammonia, nitrate and phosphate which could result in algal growth in the receiving water bodies. The level of heavy metals is also of concern and could have adverse impacts on agriculture and water bodies. Regular monitoring of these variables will be required to ensure strict adherence to the prevailing standards.

59. Existing and proposed treatment plants, in both cities, are based on the activated sludge process plus chlorination. In addition, the existing and proposed wastewater treatments in Ahwaz are provided with a nitrification-denitrification process. Activated sludge can ensure a treated effluent of acceptable quality for discharge in receiving water bodies and/or re-use in agriculture. This process will result in the removal of nematodes to less than one percent of the concentration in the raw wastewater entering the treatment plant. Therefore the presence of nematodes in the treated effluent will be directly related to their concentration in the raw wastewater. Analyses conducted on raw wastewater (ref. Table 2) indicated the presence of nematodes but at very low levels. As soon as the wastewater treatment plants start operating, monitoring of nematodes in the influent and effluent will be conducted. An allocation for the installation of filters for the removal of nematodes has been made in case the treated effluent does not meet the required standards with respect to nematodes.

15

60. Ahwaz: The discharge of treated effluent from Chouneibeh WWTP into Karoon River occurs mostly in winter. During that period, the treated effluent will not be chlorinated in order to avoid the formation of halogenated compounds (trihalomethanes) in the river. Moreover, the existing outfall from the treatment plant will be extended to the inside of the river in order to ensure proper mixing. By the year 2027, the treatment plant capacity will be 2.36 m3/s, which represents 1.18 % and 0.34% of the minimum and mean annual flow of Karoon, respectively. Analyses of water quality before and after discharge of treated effluent indicated that water quality in Karoon will not be affected by the discharge of treated effluent. During the operation phase, continuous monitoring of raw wastewater, treated effluent as well as water quality of Karoon river before and after the discharge point will be undertaken. Under emergency conditions and in case the treated effluent does not meet the standards for discharge, the effluent will be re-routed and discharged in the sludge lagoons that will be constructed at 6.5 km from the treatment plant site. An emergency pipeline connection has been provided from the discharge outlet to the station that pumps the sludge to the lagoons.

61. Treated effluent from Ahwaz Eastern WWTP will be discharged in a concrete channel that runs for a distance of 5 km after which it will discharge in Maleh Stream. The channel runs along agricultural areas and has adequate capacity to accommodate the generated effluent by year 2027. At present, the channel receives most raw wastewater but once the project is operational, the channel will only receive the treated wastewater which can be re-used for agricultural purposes.

62. Shiraz: treated effluent from both WWTPs will be discharged into concrete channels that run along agricultural areas and ultimately discharge into Maharloo Lake which covers an area of around 200 hectares with an average water depth of 40 cm. The lake water is brackish with high levels of salts (average NaCl 188 g/l) and metals including iron, cadmium and lead. Hence, the lake water will not be affected by the discharge of treated effluent. The discharge of treated effluent to Maharloo Lake will occur mostly in the winter season, since in summer the effluent will be used for irrigation. In view of the treated effluent quality, which will be in compliance with the prevailing standards for discharge to water bodies, and the dilution effects of the rainy season, no adverse impacts are envisaged on the lake. In fact, the environmental state of the lake is expected to improve in comparison to the base condition due to improved water quality of the discharging rivers.

63. Continuous monitoring of treated effluent, to ensure compliance with standards, and of receiving water bodies, to detect any deterioration in water quality, will be conducted as part of the EMP.

16

Ahwaz West WWTP:

Ahwaz East WWTP:

Sludge Quality

64. Sludge produced from Ahwaz western and eastern WWTPs Ahwaz in 2007 is estimated at 1540 tons/year and 2570 tons/year, respectively and will reach 6050 tondyear and 8390 tons/year by year 2027. Sludge produced from Shiraz Emergency treatment plant in the year 2007 is estimated at 1825 tons/year and will reach 6000 tons/year by year 2027, whereas the sludge produced at the Long Term treatment plant is estimated at 2000 tondyear in year 2007 and will reach 12400 tondyear by year 2027. For the purpose of long term storage of the sludge, covered areas have been allocated at each WWTP.

65. Sludge treatment is achieved through blending, thickening, anaerobic digestion, followed by storage for one year. The sludge will be treated to achieve WHO guidelines of less than one nematode egg per 100 grams dry solids, as well as FA0 and EU guidelines for heavy metals content including cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc. Following storage of dried sludge for a one year period; the sludge will be transported by trucks in closed containers to agricultural areas where it will be used as soil conditioner. The use of sludge will be restricted to cereals and in case of non- compliance with the required standards, the sludge will be disposed in the existing city landfills.

66. Moreover, national guidelines for sludge re-use would be developed in coordination with line ministries (Ministry of Energy, Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad,

17

Ministry of health and Medical Education, etc.) and concerned stakeholders. These guidelines would set out good standards of practice and monitoring and define roles and responsibilities.

Industriul Effluents

67. The city of Ahwaz is an important industrial center with more than 661 factories operating in the urban and rural areas of the City. Out of the total existing industrial facilities, 57 facilities are located within the project area of which 11 are of significance with respect to their impacts on wastewater quality and quantity. Similarly, a number of industrial facilities are also located in Shiraz, however only 5 facilities are located within the project area and include: two food industries, one electronic industry, one rubber industry and one medical industry. According to current policy that limits the operation of industries to rural areas of the two cities, no further industrial development within the urban areas of the cities is expected.

68. Wastewater treatment facilities will provide an opportunity to better control industrial discharges through pretreatment and connection to the collection system as stipulated in the Iranian law. In addition, the project will only provide connections to industries that do not discharge toxic substances which may affect the performance of the sewage treatment plant. The project will ensure that the industrial effluent discharges are pre-treated to levels which comply with the World Bank’s Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, taking into account the treatment efficiency that can be achieved by the treatment plant for the various parameters of concern. For those industries for which their industrial water will not be pre-treated, andor will not be connected to the network, DOE regional branch will require that each polluting industrial establishments will prepare a compliance action plan (CAP) which will address the major pollutants, the type of pre-treatment required and the investments, and monitoring costs for the pre-treatment facility. Operational permits for those industries will be subject to the implementation of the CAP as yearly monitored by the WWCs and enforced by the DOE. This will be reflected in the EMP of the Project.

Cultural and Archeological Heritage

69. the section on the compliance of cultural property (Para 32 above) and are reflected in the EMP.

Adverse and positive impacts as well as the proposed mitigating measures were described in

Agricultural Pollution

70. In Ahwaz, the primary sources of irrigation are Karoon River, Maleh stream and raw wastewater. During the past few years water quality in Karoon River considerably degraded as a result of agriculture drainage. Agricultural production, especially in the northern and eastern parts has been limited by water shortage. Agricultural areas are also dispersed within Shiraz with the majority located outside the urban area. Present irrigation sources in Shiraz include river water, wells and springs. However, in view of the limited water sources, an important percentage of the agricultural areas are rain fed.

18

plant operators (operation phase) with supervision by the WWC. Tables 3, 4 and 5 summarize the major impacts and the mitigation measures for the construction and operation phases.

77. The final design process will detail and finalize construction drawings and tender documents of the project components. This process has incorporated final review of the designs by environmental specialists to ensure that all required environmental issues are properly addressed and tender documents include specific provisions concerning environment, health, safety as well as the use of archeological chance find procedures in the event that unknown archeological andor historical sites are encountered during the course of construction.

78. In addition, pre-tender conferences will be held to brief pre-qualified contractors on the effective implementation of mitigation measures. All pre-qualified contractors will be called to a pre-tender conference at which environmental, health and safety issues will be outlined. Cultural heritage issues in Shiraz will be also addressed. The contractors will be briefed on: (i) chance find procedures, (ii) special procedures to be adopted in the vicinity of sites defined as requiring protection, (iii) penalties for non-compliance, and (iv) coordination with concerned authorities.

79. Liaison arrangements will be established between the public, contractors, and the Project Management Unit. A procedure will be established to allow the general public to lodge complaints at the Project Management Unit about excessive disturbance.

80. The contractors will provide suitable and reliable equipment for construction, with a formal maintenance program to ensure efficient operations. The WWCs will develop and establish appropriate safety procedures for the operation and maintenance of the treatment plants. All employees of the contractors and WWCs will get suitable training in occupational health and safety.

Monitoring Plan

81. Monitoring of construction activities will have to ensure that mitigation measures of construction impacts are being implemented properly, while monitoring of operation activities is to ensure that no unforeseen negative impacts are arising. Tables 6 to 10 give the proposed monitoring requirements during the construction and operational phases.

82. The Ministry of Energy will have the overall responsibility to ensure that adverse impacts are maintained to acceptable levels and corrective actions are taken when required. A project monitoring report will be prepared on the effectiveness of the EMP once every 6 months and will be sent to the World Bank after review and approval of DOE.

20

71. The treated effluents and sludge from the WWTPs will be used for irrigation purpose and therefore will provide a better irrigation water quality and will increase crop production. Potential contamination and accumulation of heavy metals in crops and soil will be closely monitored to ensure compliance with EC, WHO and FA0 standards. Training workshops on re-use of treated effluent and sludge as well as awareness campaigns will be also provided to all concerned stakeholders.

Solid Waste

72. Solid waste generated at the water and wastewater treatment plants as well as screenings and grit from the inlet works will be collected and disposed by WWCs in the appropriate allocated spaces in the landfills of the cities. In case of waste contamination, WWCs will ensure that signs are posted in the landfills areas notifying of the special waste contaminations.

Other Impacts

73. Adverse environmental impacts during construction could be significant, however they are only temporary. Typical impacts are those of dust, noise, traffic congestion, and disturbance to the residents of the area. Good construction practices would mitigate most of these temporary impacts to acceptable levels. Dangerous activities in public areas will be controlled to reduce risk to the public, traffic and warning signs will be placed at construction sites, trenches will be provided by fences, or railings. The construction contract document will incorporate all requirements to minimize disturbance from construction activities which will be monitored by the Supervision Engineer and the Environment Officer at WWCs to ensure compliance and implementation of the required provisions by the Contractor.

74. Odors emissions from the wastewater treatment plants will be minimized by careful planning and implementation of the plant operation and maintenance procedures. Regular Odor emissions monitoring from the wastewater treatment plants will be implemented to mitigate any non-compliance by taking appropriate operating measures

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

75. The EMP identifies feasible cost effective meabures that may be used to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts that might occur during the construction and operation of the project. The EMP covers mitigation measures, monitoring and institutional strengthening.

Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts

76. Mitigation measures have been identified to ensure that the defined objectives of the project are achieved whilst preventing and reducing any adverse environmental impacts. The mitigation measures are to be executed by the construction contractor (construction phase) and the treatment

19

Znstitutional Strengthening

83. The institutional arrangement and capacities of the organizations in-charge with the implementation and management of the proposed project were reviewed with the intention of providing technical assistance and proposing reinforcement of these organizations as required.

84. Training programs as summarized in the EMP, will be designed and implemented with the assistance of local and international experts and will include: Treatment Plant Operators, Municipalities, Khouzestan and Fars DOES, Line Ministries, as well as Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants. Workshops and awareness campaigns will be also implemented to raise awareness of farmers, NGOs and residents of Ahwaz and Shiraz.

85. Technical assistance will be provided to DOE to set up baseline data on existing environmental conditions and to develop a quality assurance and a quality monitoring program as well as an enforcement program for industrial discharges. I'hese activities will be implemented in close coordination with the on-going World Bank Environmental Management Support Project in Ahwaz. Similarly, technical assistance will be provided to the MOHME to set up baseline data on the occurrence of water born diseases and to develop a monitoring program for their occurrence.

Cost Estimate 86. A total amount of 4.3 million dollars will be allocated for the implementation of the environmental management plan as detailed in Tables 11 and 12 and will be included in the project cost. It should be noted that the total cost does not include the following:

> Cost of additional treatment incorporated in the design of the project;

> Cost of mitigating negative construction impacts (included in the construction contract cost);

> Cost of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring of the Eastern Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ahwaz and the Long-Term Wastewater Treatment Plant in Shiraz (included in the construction and operation and maintenance contract cost);

> Cost of setting up a new laboratory at the Eastern Wastewater Treatment Plant and at the Long-Term Wastewater Treatment Plant (included in construction cost).

21

Measures during the Construction :

Mitigation Measures

Restrict work to normal working hours; Use equipment with appropriate silencers; Only run equipment when required.

Employ dust suppression measures such as wetting and dust enclosures.

~ ~ ~~ ~~

Restrict movement of construction vehicles to and from the sites to normal working hours; Diversion of traffic through suitable roads to the expected traffic loading; Provision of adequate diversion signs; Minimizing lengths of open trench; Expeditious completion of backfill and reinstatement.

Site access roads will be inspected regularly and repairs made where necessary; All roads and streets used for laying pipes will be covered and paved.

Application of protection measures in areas close to existing historical sites; Implementation of Chance Find Procedures.

Collect and dispose wastes, demolition and excavated materials at appropriate locations; Restrict surface runoff from the site.

Control access of unauthorized personnel; Provide pedestrian access; Provide safety barriers and signs.

Do not bum wastes on site; Routine maintenance of construction equipment md vehicles to minimize exhaust emissions

Minimize wastes generated during construction rid reuse construction wastes where practicable; Jse appropriate methods for the storage of waste naterials;

Responsible 0 1

Performing

Contractor monitored by ESO

Contractor monitored by ESO

Contractor monitored by ESO

Contractor monitored by ESO

Contractor monitored by Archeologist and

ESO

Contractor monitored by ESO

Contractor monitored by ESO

Contractor monitored by ESO

Zontractor monitored by ESO

mization

QA/QC

DOE

DOE

DOE

DOE

Cultural Heritage

Organization

DOE

DOE

DOE

DOE

ESO: Environment and Safety Officer a t Project - TSU DOE: Department of Environment

22

Table 4: Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water Supply System

Potential Impacts

Degradation of water quality

Reduction in available water supply

Health and Safety of the employees

Mitigation Measures

Ensure proper operation and maintenance of the water treatment plant.

Continuous monitoring of raw water and treated water as well as water quality at various locations within the water supply system; avoid cross contamination with sewage;

Prohibit illegal connections to the network; avoid leakage in the network; ensure proper maintenance of the system including treatment plant, pumping stations, pipelines and house connections.

Maintain hygiene and have medical surveillance; maintain showers and sanitary facilities; provide first aid and have an emergency response plan.

Capacity building and training in occupational health and safety procedures and in operation and maintenance of treatment plants.

toperator L WTPO: Water Treatment P1 ESO: Environment and Safety OfJicer at TSU DOE: Department of Environment

Responsible 1

Performing

WTPO supervised by ESO

WTPO supervised by ESO

WTPO supervised by ESO

:ganization

QNQC

DOE

DOE

DOE

23

Table 5: Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Wastewater System

ESO: Environment and Saj

Mitigation Measures

Adequate treatment (retention time) should be provided to control the number of nematode eggs; chlorine will be used to disinfect the effluent and for Ahwaz nitrification and denitrification will be provided to control concentration of nitrogen.

Regular monitoring of treated effluent; treated effluent will not be discharged in Karoun river nor will be re- used in irrigation if its quality does not meet the standards.

Development of re-use guidelines for treated effluent;

Capacity building, training and awareness.

Drying beds for one-year storage will be provided to dry and store sludge following de-watering and digestion.

Monitoring of nematodes, coliforms and heavy metal content of treated sludge.

Transportation of treated sludge in closed containers.

Capacity building, training and awareness.

Careful planning and implementation of operation and maintenance.

Providing covers to equipments and containers that are likely to cause odor nuisance.

Prohibit connections to the sewer networks in case industrial establishments do not have pre-treatment

Require that each polluting establishment prepare a compliance action plan

Maintain hygiene and have medical surveillance; manage wastewater operations to minimize contact of personnel with sewzge; maintain showers and sanitary facilities; provide first aid and have an emergency response plan.

Capacity building and training in occupational health and safety procedures and in operation and

ent Plant Operator DOE: Department

Responsible

Performing

WWTO supervised by

ESO

WWTO supervised by

ESO

WWTO supervised by

ESO

WWCs and municipalities

WWTO supervised by

ESO

- 'Environment

rganization

QUQc DOE

DOE

DOE

DOE

DOE

- Of$cer I ut TSU

24

WWCs: Water and Wastewater Companies

Table 6: Monitoring Program for the Construction Phase

Environmental Parameter to be monitored

Noise

Air Quality and Dust

Traffic disruption

Monitoring Location

At construction Sites

At construction Sites

At construction Sites

At construction sites

Frequency

Every day

Every day

At peak hours

Standard

70 dB (A)

Working hours and holidays are

observed

150 ps/m3

Traffic regulations

Responsible

Performing

Supervision Engineer

monitored by ESO

Local police

Supervision Engineer

monitored by ESO

Local police

-

rganization

QAIQC

DOE

DOE

WWC

- ESO: Environment and Safety O f h e r at TSU

DOE: Department of Environment

25

Table 7: Monitoring Program during the Operation of the Water Supply System - Frequency

- Monitoring

Location

Responsible Standard Organization

Performing

WTPO Supervised b j

ESO

QAfQc

MHME Every day 6.5 - 8.5 5 NTU 01100 ml ot100 ml 01100 ml

At Water sources

(treatment plants, dam and wells)

At Water sources

(treatment plants, dam and wells)

400 pStcm 0.05 - 0.5 mgA 0-45mgA 0 mgA 25 - 200 mgfl 1.0 mgA 100 mgfl 30 - 50 mgfl 20 - 150 mgll 10 -12 mgA 250 mgA 50 - 200 mgA

0.1 pgfl 0.02 mgA 0.05 mgA 3 mgfl 0.003 mgfl 0.01 mgfl 0.001 mgfl

Every Week WTPO Supervised bq

ESO

MHME

Every Month WTPO Supervised by

ESO

MHME At Water Sources

(treatment, plants, river,

dam and wells)

0.05 - 0.5 mgfl 1.0 mgA o mgn 25 - 200 mgA 0/100 ml 0/100 ml 01100 ml 0.2-0.8 mgfl

Dt100 ml D/lOO ml 01100 ml D.2-0.8 mgfl

At Water Reservoirs

Every day WTPO Supervised by

ESO

MHME

WTPO Supervised by

ESO

Distribution Network

Every day MHME

20 - 40 1000 - 1750 300 - 400 750 - 1200 2500 - 4000 16 25

WTPO Supervised by

ESO

DOE Every week

- At Water Treatment

Plants - ESO: Environment and Safety Ojfficer WTPO: Water Treatment Plant Operator

MHME: Ministry of Health and Medical Education DOE: Department of Environment

26

Table 8: Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent and Karoun River

Monitoring Location

At Wastewater

Plants

At Wastewater Plants and in Karoun River

before and after

discharge

At Wastewater Plants and in Karoun River before and

after discharge

At the discharge from the

butfall or at 1 km from the

WWTP -

Frequency

Every day

Every week

Every munth

Every week

Stand a r d

25 mgA 125 mgll

10 mg/l 50 mgA 10 mg P/1 30 mg N/1 I 1 eggAiter 200 MPN/100 ml

6- 9

10 mgA 5 mgA 10 mgA 90 mgA 20 mgA 500 mgA 1 mgA 0.2 mg/l D.5 mgA

3.1 mgA 3.1 mgA 3.5 mgA 3.5 mgA 1.1 mgA 1.1 mgA 1.5 mg/l 2.0 mg/l

1.2 mgA

Responsible

Performing

WWTO Supervised by

ESO

WWTO Supervised by

ESO

WWTO Supervised by

ESO

WWTO Supervised by

ESO

kganization

QNQc

DOE

DOE

DOE

DOE

WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator ESO: Environment and Sa$ety Officer DOE: Department of Environment

27

Table 9: Monitoring Program for the Wastewater Treated Sludge

Environmental Parameter to be

Monitored

Nematode eggs (egg/lOOgm solids)

Fecal Coliforms

Heavy Metals (mg/kg sludge):

Cd c u Ni Pb Zn Cr

Monitoring Location

At Wastewater

Plants

At Wastewater

Plants

-

Frequency

Every Batch

Every Batch

-

Standard

20 - 40 1000 - 1750 300 - 400 750 - 1200 2500 - 4000 16 25 -

WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator ESO: Environment and Safety Oficer DOE: Department of Environment

Table 10: Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil

Environmental Parameter to be

Monitored

Nematode eggs (egg/100gm solids)

Heavy Metals (mgkg soil):

Cd c u Ni Pb Zn Cr

Monitoring Location

At Agriculture

land

At Agriculture

Land

c1

P'requency Standard

Responsible Organization

Performing

WWTO Supervised

by ESO

WWTO Supervised

by ESO

QAfQC

DOE

DOE

-

Responsible Organi

Performing

MOAJ Supervised

by ESO

MOAJ Supervised

by ESO

tion

QAJQC - DOE

DOE

- MOJ: Minktty of Agriculture Jihad ESO: Environment and Safety Oficer DOE: Department of Environment

28

Table 11: Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan for Ahwaz

Component

AWWC

Environmental and Safety Officer at Technical Support Unit (TSU)

Short term international environmental consultant to provide technical assistance to AWWC

Environmental Monitoring Program for WTP I

Environmental Monitoring Program for WTP 2 Environmental Monitoring Program for western WWTP

p Development of baseline data on water related diseases and a monitoring program for the occurrence of these diseases

Development and implementation of a QNQC monitoring program for the proposed project to be implemented by Khouzestan DOE.

Development of compliance actions plans (CAP)

Two days workshop to AWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Ahwaz Municipality and Khouzestan DOE on environmental management, monitoring, analysis and evaluation

Two days workshops for AWWC, Municipality, Khouzestan DOE and Line Ministries on treated effluent and sludge re-use

One week training workshop to laboratory Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants on laboratory sampling, analysis, environment monitoring and QA/QC

One day training workshop on occupational health and safety to staff at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants

One day workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes.

Awareness campaigns and pamphlets

Western WWTP

lksubtotal

11 Monitoring and evaluation at the project level

11 TOTAL

- Quantity

5 years

10 months

1 1 CAPS

2 workshops

2 workshops

4 workshops

4 workshops

4 workshops

! MM

Unit Rate

US$

12000/year

12000/month

60 000/year

60 000/year

75 000/year

15,000/CAP

7000/workshop

7000/workshop

4000/workshop

1000/workshop

1000/workshop

12000

- Total Cost

in Thousands

US$

60

120

300

300 375

1125

50

60

165

14

14

16

4

4

50

377

600 400

1000

24

2526 - 29

Table 12: Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan for Shiraz

Component

- swwc Environmental and Safety Officer at Technical Support Unit (TSU)

Short term international environmental consultant to provide technical assistance to SWWC

Short term Archeological consultant for monitoring archeological surveys and construction works Environmental Monitoring Program for Water Supply System

Environmental Monitoring Program for emergency zone WWTP

Subtotal

Studies. Training and Awareness Development of baseline data on water related diseases and a monitoring program for the occurrence of these diseases

Development and implementation of a QNQC monitoring program for the proposed project to be implemented by Fars DOE

Development of Compliance Action Plan (CAP)

Two days workshop to SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipality and Fars DOE on environmental management, monitoring, analysis and evaluation

Two days workshops for SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministries on treated effluent and sludge re-use

One week training workshop to Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants on laboratory sampling, analysis, environment monitoring and QNQC One day training workshop on occupational health and safety to staff at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants

One day workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes.

Awareness campaigns and pamphlets

Subtotal ;%;tow EsuiDments I

11 Emergency zone WWTP

11 Monitoring and evaluation at the project level

11 TOTAL

- Quantity

5 years

10 months

12 months

5 CAPS

2 workshops

2 workshops

4 workshops

4 workshops

4 workshops

! MM

Unit Rate

US$

12000lyear

12000lmonth

1 500lmonth

60 0001year

75 0001year

60001CAP

7000/workshop

7000lworkshop

4000lworkshop

10001workshop

1000Iworkshop

12000

- Total Cost

in Thousands US$

60

120

18

300

300

798

50

60

30

14

14

16

4

4

50

242

400 300

700

24

1764 - 30

PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

Public Consultation

87. Numerous governmental and non-governmental organizations were consulted at various stages of project preparation, as shown in Tables 13 and 14. At the initiation of the project, technical, financial, environmental and social issues associated with the project were discussed in meetings attended by design consultants, representatives of the City Councils, Municipalities, WWCs and various other stakeholders. Terms of reference (TOR) for the EA studies were developed and shared with key stakeholders in scoping meetings, which were held on April 2002.

88. The purpose of the public consultation meetings was multifold, namely:

To disseminate information about the nature of the proposed project.

To raise the awareness of the public regarding the nature and purpose of the Environmental Impact Assessment process in simple-to-follow terms.

To identify a preliminary list of potential environmental and social issues and impacts.

To explore, discuss, and document the issues of concern to the public; which would be addressed in the future phase of impact assessment.

To disclose to the public how the impacts were determined, the magnitude and severity of the impacts, and the proposed mitigation measures.

89. Upon the completion of the draft EA reports, the executive summary was translated to Farsi and a public hearing was held in each city for presenting the findings and recommendations of the consultants at the end of the EA process. Public hearings were held in Ahwaz and Shiraz on October 28th, 2003 and January 4th, 2004, respectively and were attended by a large number of people including representatives of most ministries, Governors, MPs, local communities, NGOs, contractors, consultants, university professors and medias.

90. The public did not have any restriction on the implementation of the project; on the contrary all presents welcomed the project, requested its initiation the soonest possible, as it would result in improved health and welfare benefits not only to Ahwaz and Shiraz but for the whole region and asked for additional activities to solve pollution problems.

91. There was concern about the capacities of the WWCs to implement the project without technical and financial assistance. Representatives of NGOs expressed their concern about the pollution of Karoun River and whether the project could improve the conditions of the river including the absent of marine species that used to live in the river. The Consultant explained that within the first phase, considerable technical assistance will be provided in various fields to

31

strengthen the capacities of WWCs. Upon completion of the first phase works, pollution loads discharged to Karoun River will be reduced. However, this will not solve the problem of Karoun which is mainly due to industrial and agricultural discharges. On the other hand, workshops and awareness campaigns will be conducted throughout the life of the project to raise awareness of NGOs, farmers and local communities. AWWC will disseminate regular information and updates about the project.

92. The main concern in Shiraz was expressed by NGO and MOE representatives concerning the impact of the project on Maharloo Lake, and whether alternative effluent discharge options are available to avoid these impacts. The Consultants clarified that the alternative of reusing the treated effluent in agricultural irrigation is adopted in the project, and therefore the discharge of effluent in the lake will take place during the wet season only. Furthermore, the treated effluent of the WWTPs would be in compliance with the national standards for surface water discharge. Also to evaluate potential effects on the lake, the project includes a comprehensive program for monitoring the Lake’s water quality. Other concerns related to the impact of the project on the historical buildings of Shiraz and the measures foreseen to mitigate these adverse impacts. The Consultants clarified that the design of the project was studied carefully to site all facilities and align all underground lines away from historical sites; furthermore the project will ensure compliance with the permit requirements of the SCHO, whose representative will attend the construction sites near cultural heritage areas. MOAJ requested clarification on how the project will address the reuse of treated sludge in agriculture. It was clarified that adequate design provisions have been incorporated in the sludge treatment process, sludge application, sludge and soil monitoring to address all the requirements of the national and international standards.

Public Disclosure

93. Complete sets of draft EA reports for the proposed Water supply and Sanitation Project in Ahwaz and Shiraz, including the Farsi Version of this executive summary have been posted for public disclosure purposes in the following places accessible to the public:

Ministry of Energy - Tehran

Ahwaz Water and Wastewater Company

Shiraz Water and wastewater Company

Department of Environment - Tehran

Khouzestan and Fars Departments of Environment

94. Bank Information Center (Infoshop) website (www.worldbank.org/infoshop).

Moreover, the documents have been also disclosed electronically through the World

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Table 13: Key Comments of Governmental Organizations

Key Comments - Existing systems: water shortage, low pressure, poor quality, old network, absence of suitable waste water collection system, need to control for spread of disease, need hygienic conditions, current system has adverse impact on natural resources - New systems: improve efficiency of municipal activities, removal of odor would increase land values, improvement to residents welfare and livelihoods, sludge should be used instead of fertilizers and irrigation of green areas, need educational aspects to inform residents of benefits of schemes. - Existing systems: bad taste, bad odor, contaminants in water, loa pressure, old age of network.

-New systems: use the sludge instead of fertilizers and irrigation of green areas, (negative impact such as disease distribution should be considered) execute the project as soon as possible - Existing systems: problems due to water distribution, shortage of water , drinking water not being separated from the sanitary water, absence of modem svstems for waste water treatment

~

-New systems: usage of treated sludge for irrigation and improve the physical structure of soil, would like schemes implemented as soon as

- Existing systems: old network, low pressure, existence of leaching pits, conduct wastewater to open channels, municipal wastewater dumped into to the river, absence of wastewater treatment system

-New systems: improve the present living conditions, need to consider the design of wastewater treatment plant, control of agricultural related diseases and diseases in the cattle herds, the training of farmers , scheduling for the continuation project beyond 2027, sludge will need to be treated to the level of (B) class in order to use for crops such as grain - Existing systems: drop of water pressure, poor quality of water, low zfficiency of network -New systems: the new scheme should improve the hygiene of people living in the downstream of River Karoun, treated wastewater and sludge should be used in agriculture, the welfare and social conditions of the Zity should improve, not likely to have direct visual impact, would like xoject to commence immediately, construction materials and machinery ihould be selected to ensure long period of operation and efficiency

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Table 14: Key Comments of Non-Governmental Organizations

Key Comments

- Ekisting systems: low pressure, offensive odor and unsuitable taste, olc network, entrance of untreated waste water to the river, absence o suitable waste water collection system, insufficient treatment facilitie presently -New systems: consideration should be given to undertaking of public participation, using up to date data and information, monitoring an( comparing the project with national and global standards should forn part of the assessment, using treated sludge instead of fertilizers an( using treated waste water for irrigation is supported, disease should bc reduced and public hygienic conditions improved, would like project tc cotnmence as soon as possible - Existing systems: poor quality of water, local environment destruction inqeasing contaminant factors, socio- economic impacts, effect ot efficiency of the civilians, spread of diseases is a serious problem -New systems: need to consider the local conditions of the region, i should be necessary to provide environmental management plan, neec coordinated management using sludge optimize energy consumption scheme should improve the soil quality, improve the welfare anc livelihood of the residents, decrease in polluting factors, accepting globa standards, not using sludge for short plants, continuous monitoring i! required, rely on experts for managing and monitoring, need to keep tht public informed, should not use sludge for crops that are consumed raw - Existing systems: low pressure, poor quality of water, old network entrance of municipal raw waste water to Karoun River, absence o proper treatment system, increase of pollutants in water resource, watei born diseases problems, lack of compliance with standards anc regulations -New systems: want scheme implemented as soon as possible educational courses for workers, reuse of treated wastewater, monitoring and control by expert personnel, need to keep the public informed should not use the sludge for crops that are consumed raw . Existing systems: high occurrences of diseases, problems and s a n i t q :cfsts, water quality has decreased over time, pests have increased, high isk of industrial waste water entering water resources, decrease in igricultural activities, decrease in environmental standards, increase of he salinity of the land has led to unemployment, increase in water born liseases. ~ ~

New systems: using mass media to educate and train, sludge should be ised as soil fertilizer, need to ensure new system does not lead to )#ensive odor and unsuitable taste.

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REFERENCES AND DOCUMENTS CONSULTED

Ahwaz 1. First Interim Report- Feasibility Studies for Water Supply and wastewater Collection,

Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Ahwaz; Rey-Ab Consulting Engineers; Vol I; 2002.

.2 Second Interim Report- Feasibility Studies for Water Supply and wastewater Collection, Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Ahwaz; Rey-Ab Consulting Engineers; Vol 2; 2002.

.3 Third Interim Report- Feasibility Studies for Water Supply and wastewater Collection, Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Ahwaz; Rey-Ab Consulting Engineers; Vol 3; 2002.

.4 Draft Report- Feasibility Studies for Water Supply and wastewater Collection, Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Ahwaz; Rey-Ab Consulting Engineers; 2002.

5 . Final Report- Feasibility Studies for Water Supply and Wastewater Collection, Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Ahwaz; Rey-Ab Consulting Engineers; 2003.

6. Background Reports of Ahwaz Wastewater Plan; Rey-Ab Consulting Engineers and Ahwaz water and Wastewater Company.

7. Environmental Assessment of the Wide Sheet Calendar Factory; Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, N., et al; 2002; School of Health, Ahwaz Medical Science University.

8. Environmental Assessment of Engineering-Sanitary Solid waste landfill of Ahwaz City; Jaafarzadeh Zadeh Haghighi Fard, N., et al; 2002; School of Health Ahwaz Science Medical University.

9. History of Ahwaz City Sewage Design Report for Presenting to the World Bank; Ahwaz Sewage and Water Organization; Rey-Ab Consultant Engineers Co.; 2001.

10. Khouzestan Province Statistical Yearbook; 2001.

11. Khouzestan Province Statistical Yearbook; 2000.

12. The Results of Analyses in Sewage Laboratory; Exploitation Assistance of Ahwaz

13. The Report of Karoun Water Quality in 2000 and 2001; Ahwaz Sewage and Water Co.

14. Tracing and Determining Studies of Heavy Metals Amount in Karoun Aquatic System; 1997-2000; Jaafarzadeh Zadeh Haghighi Fard, N., et al; School of health Ahwaz Medical Science University; Environmental Protection Organization.

15. Determining the Amounts of Phosphorous Toxins and D.D.T. Isomerouses in Karoun Water; 1999; Jaafar Zadeh Haghighi Fard, N., et al; Environmental Protection Organization; Organization of Removing the Vegetative Pests.

16. Surveying the Performance of Maleh Stream in Decreasing Some Pollutants; Eskandari Makvandi, M.T.; 1999; Thesis of M.S.; Center of Supplementary research and Education of Azad University; Ahwaz Center.

Sewage and Water Co.; 2001.

35

17. Expansive Studies of Khouzestan Province Development; Natural Resources; Programming and Management Organization; February 1997.

18. Limnological Survey of Karouq River (Band e Ghir to Khorram Shahr); Safi Khani, H; 1998; Fisheries Research Center of Khouzestan Province.

19. Studies of the Master plan for decreasing the Ahwaz Air Pollution; Jaafar Zadeh Haghighi Fard, N., et al; 2002; School of Health Ahwaz Medical Science University.

20. Determination of Sound Level of Central Regions of Ahwaz; Rafi’ei, M.; 2001; School of Health Ahwaz Medical Scienke University.

21. Flora of Khouzestan; Mozaffarian, V.; 1999; Ministry of Jahad e Sazandegi; Research Center of Natural Resources and Husbandry of Khouzestan.

22. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Iran; Zia’ei, H.; 1996; Department of the Environment.

23. The Birds of Iran; Firouz, E.; 1976; Department of the Environment.

24. Extensive Water Program of the Country (Karoon and Dez Basins); 1988; Jamab

25. Geotecnic Report of Ahwaz; 1995; Soil Research Institute.

26. The Geological Report of Logistics Plan of the Karoon River; 2000; Dezab Consulting

27. The Hydrological Report of Logistics Plan of the Karoon River; 2000; Dezab Consulting

28. The Meteorological Report af Logistics Plan of the Karoon River; 2000; Dezab

29. Final Report of Geotechnical Conditions of Wastewater Network for the City of Ahwaz;

Consulting Engineers.

Engineers.

Engineers.

Consulting Engineers.

2002; Reyab Consulting Engineers

Shiraz 1,

2.

3.

4.

5 .

6.

A Study of Air Pollution in Shiraz; A.Safari, Organization of Environmental Protection, Fars Branch, 1999 A Study of Contamination and Contamination Resources of Water in Shiraz Plain; M. Koochmeshkian; Organization of Environmental Protection, 1993 A Study of Ways for Water Table Drawdown in South-east of Shiraz Plain; Parab Fars Consulting Engineers, 1991 A Synthesis of the Comprehensive Study for Revitalization and Development of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Fars Province (Parts 6 and 7); Yekom Consulting Engineers, 2000 A Synthesis of the Comprehensive Study for Revitalization and Development of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Fars Province, Part 19 (Environment); Yekom Consulting Engineers, 2000 Contamination of Water and ’soil in Catchment Area of Maharloo Lake; K. Banani, Organization for Environmental Protection, Fars Branch, 1996

36

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12. 13. 14.

Draft report -Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater Collection Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers, 2002 Economic-Social-Environmental-Technical Justification of Shiraz Sewerage Plan; Mahab ghods Consulting Engineers, prepared for Shiraz Water and Sewage Company,2002 Environmental Impact Assessments of Shiraz Sewage Treatment Plant during Construction and Operation; Z.Saboori; Graduation Paper; School of Environmental Studies, University of Tehran, 2001 Final Report- Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater Collection Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers; 2003 First Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewater collection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iraanab Consulting Engineers; Vol. 1 ;2002 General Census of People and Houses; Iran Census Center; 1996 Identification of Iranian Villages; Iran Census Center; 1999 Iran Wild Life (Vertebrae); Eskandar Firooz; University Press Center, 1999

17. Phase 1 Study Report for Rehabilitation of Shins Water network (Parts 1 and 2); Iranab

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24. 25.

26. 27.

28.

Consulting Engineers, 2001 Plan for Development and Extension of Shiraz (Part 5); Parhas Consulting Engineers, prepared for Fars Housing and City Planning Branch Office, 1996 Report on Geo-electrical investigation of groundwater resources of Shiraz; Abkav-Tehran Consulting Engineers, 197 1 Report on Geology of Catchment Area of Shiraz Khoshk River; Parab Fars-Haseb Fars Consulting Engineers, 2002 Report on Hydrogeology and Water Resources (Rehabilitation Plan of Khoshk River in Shiraz); Parab Fars-Haseb Fars Consulting Engineers, 2002 Report on Morphology of Shiraz Khoshk River; Parab Fars-Haseb Fars Consulting Engineers, 2002 Second Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewater collection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iran Ab Consulting Engineers; Vol. 2; 2002 Soil Study of Shiraz; Center for Investigation of Water and Soil, 1969 Study of Contamination of Maharloo Lake Water; Organization for Environmental Protection, Fars Branch-Shiraz University, 1998 The Birds of Iran, Firooz .E; 1976; Department of the Environment Third Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewater Collection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iran Ab Consulting Engineers; Vol. 3 ;2002 Tracing of Heavy Metals in Water, Soil and some Agricultural Products around Khoshk River in Shiraz; Moslemi, Jaafar-Zadeh, Abbasi; Organization for Environmental Protection, Fars Branch.

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ANNEX A

LIST OF EA TEAM MEMBERS

38

LIST OF CONSULTANTS THAT PARTICIPATED IN THE EA REPORTS OF AHWAZ AND SHIRAZ

Mrs. Anhari, Hamideh Mr. Arbabi, Mohsen Mr. Ashrafi, Mohammad Dr. Azimi, Ali Akbar Mr. Bahout, Edward

I NAME

Biologist Public Health Engineer Environment Engineer Sew age Treatment Engineer EA Expert

I PROFESSION

%s. Chitsazan, Zahra Mr. Dadrast, Mohammad Javad

I I Mrs. Aghamohammadi. Nasrin I Public Health Engineer

Environment Management Environment Management

Mr. Rezayei, Abdolmajid Mrs. Sabori, Zinat

Geologist Environment Management

I k s . Omidvar, Pegah I Environment Management

Mr. Sayari, Mojtaba Mrs. Sabzevari. Farahnaz

1 Mrs. Porteus, Louise I EAExpert

Natural Resource Engineering Environment Management

Mrs. Taban, Parisa Mr. Taghizadeh, Mohammad Mehdi

Environment Engineer Environment Engineer

I Mr. Younessi, Mohammad I Mining Engineer I

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ANNEX B

AHWAZ LOCATION MAP

40

i /

ANNEX C

SHIRAZ LOCATION MAP AND SITES OF WWTPs

42

43