DIPLOMATIC HISTORY

IR 205-03

Fall 2015-2016

Lecturer: Ali Oğuz Diriöz

Review for the Midterm Examination ( Westphalia to French Revolution)

Change and Continuity; Turning

Points in International History

Change in history relates to events that are critical

turning points in international.

Examples of turning points: - Peace of Westphalia

Continuity refers to aspects of international relations

that doen not change and phenomena are often re-

observed)

● Examples of constancy: - diplomatic relations

BALANCE OF POWER

● Balance of Power is a term or a concept used to describe the distribution of power in the international system.(Nye & Welch, 2014)

Hence, further implies:

● - Checking the power of a major power and/or alliance.

● - An assumption of Anarchy in the international system.

States in the international system are often classified as great powers, middle powers and small states, etc.

An alternative to BoP is HEGEMONIC STABILITY

Ex: Peloponnesian War , Athens vs. Sparta accounted by Thucydides ( good example of Security Dilemma )

Another good example: 30 Years War , France Balancing against Habsburg Spain and Austria

The Emergence of the System of

Modern States

● We live in a state with specific borders, which

does not recognize higher authority.

● It is a member of a large group of other states

with the similar characteristics, in spite of their

geographic, cultural, political, and economic

variations.

● This large group of other states constitutes the

modern state system.

● It's called modern because the state system is

a recent phenomenon.

The Emergence of the Modern

state System

● Definition of the modern state system:

● ''The international state system characterised by a relatively small number of relatively large independent and sovereign political units (countries)''

● Shimko (2010) p.2

So how did we get here?

The Emergence of the Modern

State System

● The emergence of the modern state is a

complex phenomenon.

● Resulted from gradual economic, religious,

and military changes. These changes

undermined feudal order in Europe.

● 1648: Peace of Westphalia that followed the

Thirty Years War (1618-1648) → most

convenient date.

The Emergence of the Modern State which Ottoman Sultan at the time ?

Peace of Westphalia

Before 1648

● No specific borders

● Weak central power

(princes, lords)

● Religion supersedes

legality

After 1648

● Specific borders and new countries (Ex: Netherlands)

● Stronger central government

● Legality supersedes religion

Westphalia :

A Multilateral Peace ● Peace of Westphalia (1648): example of multilateral

diplomacy in international history. A system where multiple states agreed for peace. (as opposed to the bilateral peace treaty such as the 1259 BC Egyptian-Hittite Peace treaty at Kadesh)

● It is also significant as a basis for International Law, and established practice in diplomacy (Protocols, Customs, Formalities, Precedents, Discourse, Social events, courtesies etc),

Also notion of direct and indirect negotiations.

Concept of International or rather “European” Society of States.

HUGO GROTIUS

Hugo Grotius was Dutch jurist, historian, philosopher, and statesman, but Ambassador of Sweden in Paris (episode of horse carriage skirmish with England and the dignity of Sweeden. Famous work include Mare Liberum,1609 and De Jure Belli Ac Pacis,1625.

The Emergence of the Modern

State System

'revolutions' were the facilitators of the emergence (gradual, not overnight !) of the modern state system:

● The Navigation and Commercial Revolution (16th -18th century)

● Renaissance (15th and 16th Century)

● The Gunpowder Revolution (15th century)

● The Protestant Reformation (16th century)

The Protestant Reformation ● Catholic Church: central in political and social life of

feudal Europe

● New Christian tradition, Protestantism, rose as an alternative to Catholicism

● Protestants sought freedom from the authority of the Pope and Catholic rulers

● Thirty Years War (1618-1648) started as conflict between Protestants - Catholics

● The Peace of Westphalia introduced sovereignty: the right of states to decide their own policies

● Result: religious reasons → emergence of modern state

Renaissance and Reformation HUMANISM was an important consequence of the Renaissance.

- Return to Roman and Greek Classics in arts and literature

● Lead to also a return to ancient philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

● - More human at the center as portraits and sculpture are again

● - more freedom of ideas, such as Protestantism and Reformation movement.

Empire of Charles V

Holy Roman Empire Circa 1600

From the Renaissance to Westphalia, Religion became a huge issue with Reformation And Counter-Reformation. Protestant Reformation and attempts for liberty on one hand Claim of Habsburg Universal Empire and European Dominance on the other. Habsburg Empire (Charles V) on one hand and Ottoman Empire on the other, France (François I) and England (Henry VIII) were resembling modern states. After Westphalia, Religion becomes an issue at domestic level and no longer a main issue of INTERSTATE dispute in Europe Religious conflict at domestic level in England and France before the 30 years war. So the 30 Years war started at a time of heightened antagonism between Catholics and Protestants

30 Years War started as a rebellion of Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire It was a reflection of nearly a century of religious conflicts in Europe between Protestants and Catholics. Much of the fighting took place in Germany and Central Europe It marked the end of the Counter-Reformation, and curbed the power of the Habsburg By making the Holy Roman Empire even more decentralized. It also ended the “Universal Empire” claim of the Holy Roman Emperor. It brought an equilibrium and with the Peace of Westphalia 1648, the emergence of Modern Nation State. Since Then, there was a system of Equilibrium, and Balance of Power in Europe

30 YEARS WAR 1618-1648

- France Henry IV was actually the first Bourbon ruler of France but was raised Protestant. He survived the 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre which was on the occasion of his wedding Was symbolic Leader of the Huguenots (French Protestants) Was Henry III King of Navarre, and finally established as King Henry IV of France in 1589 by converting He became Catholic to take Paris. - Edict of Nantes 1598 gave more liberty to Huguenots

He later annulled his marriage to Margaret and married Anne of Austria (actually Habsburg from Spain)

He was assassinated in 1610 and his 9 year old Son Louis XIII became King in 1610. From 1624 to 1642 it was Cardinal de Richelieu who was 1st Minister of France Henry IV, Richelieu, Louis XIII and Louis XIV were state builders Distinction of the Nobles of the Sword and Nobles of the Robe Spain and France continue a war until the Treaty of they Pyrenees in 1659 ( France territorial gains). ABSOLUTE MONARCHY strong from 1648 to 1789 1668-1711 King Louis XIV builds the Versailles Palace: a symbol of Centralized Power and Divine Right Monarchy. Louis XIV Revokes the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

- England Henry VIII had split from the Catholic Church (Became head of English Church) in order to divorce. His son Edward died young, then her daughters Queen Mary (Catholic), followed by Queen Elisabeth I (Protestant/Anglican) were the Tudor rulers. England had restrictions on King since the Magna Carta (1215) and had a tradition of Parliament Elizabeth’s and James I era were when discoveries started ( Frances Drake , Jamestown Colonies) Literature: William Shakespeare King James’ Bible The King of Scotland James VI became King James I of England (1603-1625). King Charles I ( 1625-42) 1628 – Parliament petition of rights 1629 Charles I disbands Parliament Civil War 1642-1649, Charles I beheaded and Cromwell in power, England is a Commonwealth and a period of Interregnum 1649-1660 1660 Stuart Restoration; Charles II becomes king of England Glorious Revolution 1688-1689. James II deposed and Parliament replaces him with his daughter Marry and her Husband William King of Netherlands as Co-Monarchs. Bill of Rights lets parliament essentially control the budget and finances; hence gradually more power on most decisions. Parliament since the 1688-89 Glorious Revolution gradually has more and more power, and colonies In India and North America Expand until 1776. Also Anglo-Dutch Rivalry transformed to cooperation

Economics, Agriculture and Mercantilism Coffeehouses were an important phenomenon starting at the Ottoman Empire and spreading through The Rest of Europe in the 1600s. It was one of the many ways how new things changed the consumption habits and culture of Europe. Not just Gold, Sugar, Potato, Chocolate, and other things came from the New World Agricultural Reform had also allowed population Growth all over Europe. But Nations did not always cooperate and trade with each other. Mercantilism (Sanctions, Blockades and restrictions on foreign vessels and imports) was seen As a way governments could accumulate “national’ wealth in order to increase their material and military power. Anglo –Dutch Rivalry turning to a Cooperation was important in that respect. By the 1700s, Colonialism was also a private Venture British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, French Companies in India and Louisiana. Economics and Colonialism were important reason why First Spain but later France started to have financial difficulties through the 18th Century.

Rivalry over Central, Eastern, and Northeastern Europe Russia became a rising power, The Ottoman Empire and Sweeden would eventually start losing power in the 18th century Austria would become more active in expanding in Central Europe

Important Events:

- Westernization and rise of Russia under Peter the Great ,1682-1725

- Second Siege of Vienna, Grand Turkish war, and Treaty of Karlowitz, 1683-1699 Grand Vizeer Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha executed / Jan III Sobieski King of Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth

- Great Northern War, 1700-1721, Sweedish power checked, Russia emerges as a European power.

- Pruth River Campaign and Peace Treaty 1710-11

- War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714 - Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, French bid for Hegemony Stopped, Louis XIV defeated

- Treaty of Passarowitz, 1718 - Reign of Ahmet III as Ottoman Sultan, 1703-1730

- Age Of Tulip (Lale Devri) 1718-1730

Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715 (Personal Rule from 1661 onwards Following the death of Cardinal Mazarin

18th Century bids for supremacy in Europe

This was a time when Prussia and Russia were increasingly becoming stronger armies in the continent. France was strong but no longer as dominant as under Louis XIV. Austria was also no longer as dominant over the rest of Europe, and especially was weakened following the war of the Austrian Succession. Later on, this would lead to growth towards Central and Eastern Europe - 1707, Great Britain ; Union of England and Scotland

- War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714

- Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, French bid for Hegemony Stopped, Louis XIV defeated

- War of the Austrian Succession (Rise of Prussia), 1740-1748

- Seven Years War / French and Indian War 1756-1763

- 1775 -1783 American Revolution ( 4th of July 1776, Declaration of Independence ).

- First Partition of Poland 1772

- 1789- 1799 French Revolution ( 14th of July 1789 storming of the Bastille ).

NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

American Declaration of Independence, 4th of July 1776

Storming of the Bastille Prison on 14th of July 1789

Marie Antoinette, Queen Consort Of Louis XVI of France from 1774-1792

Goya’s painting in 1814 depicts the popular uprising against the French Imperial army, Peninsular Wars 1807-1814 (Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal, but faces uprising 1808 onwards)

Napoleon Bonaparte I General then later Consul of the 1st French Republic from 1799 To 1804. Emperor of France 1804-1814 Final Defeat in Waterloo

Some Important Dates - King Henry III of Navarre succeeds as King Henry IV of France. Bourbon Dynasty established, 1589 - King James VI of Scotland succeeds Queen Elisabeth I as King James I of England ,1603 - The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 - Peace of Westphalia, 1648 - Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum in Britain, 1649-1660 - Dutch-English wars for naval supremacy, 1652 to 1674 - Westernization and rise of Russia under Peter the Great ,1682-1725 - Second Siege of Vienna, Grand Turkish war, and Treaty of Karlowitz, 1683-1699

Grand Vizeer Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha executed / Jan III Sobieski King of Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth - 1688-89 Glorious Revolution in England ( William King of Netherlands becames co-monarch with his wife Marry) - Great Northern War, 1700-1721, Sweedish power checked, Russia emerges as a European power. - Pruth River Campaign and Peace Treaty 1710-11 - 1707, Great Britain ; Union of England and Scotland - War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714 - Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, French bid for Hegemony Stopped, Louis XIV defeated - Treaty of Passarowitz, 1718 - Reign of Ahmet III as Ottoman Sultan, 1703-1730

- Age Of Tulip (Lale Devri) 1718-1730 - War of the Austrian Succession (Rise of Prussia), 1740-1748 - Seven Years War / French and Indian War 1756-1763 - First Partition of Poland 1772 - 1775 -1783 American Revolution ( 4th of July 1776, Declaration of Independence ). - 1789- 1799 French Revolution ( 14th of July 1789 storming of the Bastille ).

- King Louis XVI executed in 1793, Robespierre executed in 1794 ( Jacobins replaced by the Directory) - 1798 -1801 Napoleon Campaign in Egypt and Syria 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte becomes 1st Consul 1804 Napoleon Crowned Emperor of France 1807-1814 Peninsular War ( Napoleon faces popular resistance in Spain ) 1812-1814 Napoleon’s Defeat following the failed attempt to conquer Russia

1815 Final Defeat of Napoleon I at the Battle of Waterloo (Duke of Wellington, commander of the coalition forces)