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IPv6 Fundamentals Chapter 3 : IPv6 Addressing. Rick Graziani Cabrillo College [email protected] Fall 2013. Topics. Format of an IPv6 Address IPv6 Address Types Global Unicast IPv6 Address Subnetting. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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IPv6 FundamentalsChapter 3: IPv6 Addressing
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
Fall 2013
2© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential.Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada
Topics• Format of an IPv6 Address
• IPv6 Address Types
• Global Unicast IPv6 Address
• Subnetting
3© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential.Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada
So we can finish, please hold questions until the end….I will be available afterward!
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Why are they making me learn IPv6?
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The Internet of Things, The Internet of Everything
• The Internet is more than just connecting people.
• At the very least we need IPv6 for the Internet to continue.
• So, the “killer application” for the Internet is the Internet itself.
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Important moments in history…
• Monday, January 31, 2011 IANA allocated two blocks of IPv4 address space to APNIC, the RIR for the Asia Pacific region
• This triggered a global policy to allocate the remaining IANA pool of 5 /8’s equally between the five RIRs.
• So, basically…
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“All of this could have all been avoided with IPv6.”
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IPv4 IPv6
When do I have to go to IPv6?
• IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist for the foreseeable future.
• Dual-stack – Device running both IPv4 and IPv6.
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Various transition strategies
Tunneling – IPv6 packets encapsulated inside IPv4 packets.
NAT64 – Translating between IPv4 and IPv6.
Native IPv6 – All IPv6 (our focus and the goal of every organization).
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No more NAT as we know it
• IETF does not support the concept of translating a “private IPv6” address to a “public” IPv6 address.
• NAT for IPv4 breaks many things.
192.168.1.0/24RFC 1918 Private Address
Public IPv4 Address
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IPv4 and IPv6
• IPv6 is more than just larger address space.
• It was a chance to make some improvements on the IP protocol.
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IPv6 at a Glance • Next Header = Protocol field in IPv4.
• Indicates the data payload type (TCP, UDP, ICMPv6)
• Hop Limit = TTL (Time to Live) in IPv4. • Number of router hops before packet is discarded.
• Routers do not fragment IPv6 packets unless it is the source of the packet.
• Use of a Link-Local Address.
• ICMPv6 is more robust than ICMPv4.
• SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) for dynamic addressing.
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Understanding the format of IPv6 Address
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IPv6 Address Notation
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses represented in:
Eight 16-bit segments or “hextets” (not a formal term)
Hexadecimal (non-case sensitive) between 0000 and FFFF
Separated by colons
Reading and subnetting IPv6 is easier than IPv4!
One Hex digit = 4 bits
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 010016 bits
116 bits
216 bits
316 bits
416 bits
516 bits
616 bits
716 bits
8
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How many addresses does 128 bits give us? 340 undecillion addesses or … 340 trillion trillion trillion addresses or … “50 billion billion billion addresses for every person on earth” or…. “A string of soccer balls would wrap around our universe 200 billion
times!” … in other words … You won’t need to learn IPv7 for the next version of CCNA!
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 010016 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits
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This isn’t the first time
• Early versions of CCNA included:•IPv4•Appletalk•IPX
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Rule 1: Leading 0’s Two rules for reducing the size of written IPv6 addresses. The first rule is: Leading zeroes in any 16-bit segment do not have to
be written.
2001 : 0DB8 : 0001 : 1000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0ef0 : bc002001 : DB8 : 1 : 1000 : 0 : 0 : ef0 : bc00
2001 : 0DB8 : 010d : 000a : 00dd : c000 : e000 : 00012001 : DB8 : 10d : a : dd : c000 : e000 : 1
2001 : 0DB8 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0500 2001 : DB8 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 500
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Rule 2: Double colon :: equals 0000…0000 The second rule can reduce this address even further:
Any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments consisting of all zeroes can be represented with a double colon.
FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001
FE80 : : 1
FE80::1
Second Rule First Rule
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Rule 2: Double colon :: equals 0000…0000 Only a single contiguous string of all-zero segments can be
represented with a double colon.
Both of these are correct…
FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0014 : 0000 : 0000 : 0095
FE80 :: 14 : 0 : 0 : 95
OR
FE80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 14 :: 95
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Rule 2: Double colon :: equals 0000…0000 Using the double colon more than once in an IPv6 address can create
ambiguity because of the ambiguity in the number of 0’s.
FE80::14::95
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0014:0000:0000:0095
FE80:0000:0000::0014:0000:00000000:0095
FE80:0000:0014:0000:0000:0000:0000:0095
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Network Prefixes IPv4, the prefix—the network portion of the address—can be identified
by a dotted decimal netmask or bitcount.
255.255.255.0 or /24
IPv6 prefixes are always identified by bitcount (prefix length).
Prefix length notation:
3ffe:1944:100:a::/64
16 32 48 64 bits
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IPv6 Addresses
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IPv6 Addressing
MulticastUnicast Anycast
Assigned Solicited Node
Global Unicast
UnspecifiedLoopback Embedded IPv4
Link-Local Unique Local
FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104
::/128::1/128
2000::/33FFF::/3
FE80::/10FEBF::/10
FC00::/7FDFF::/7
::/80
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Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses
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Interface IDSubnet IDGlobal Routing Prefix
Global Unicast Address (GUA)
001 Range: 2000::/3 0010 0000 0000 0000 :: to 3FFF::/3 0011 1111 1111 1111 ::
• Global unicast addresses are similar to IPv4 addresses• Routable• Unique
IANA’s allocation of IPv6 address space in 1/8th sections
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Interface IDSubnet IDGlobal Routing Prefix
Global Unicast Address (GUA)
001 Range: 2000::/3 0010 0000 0000 0000 :: to 3FFF::/3 0011 1111 1111 1111 ::
• Global unicast addresses are equivalent to IPv4 public addresses• Except under very specific circumstances, all end users
will have a global unicast address• Terminology:
• Prefix equivalent to network address• Prefix length equivalent to subnet mask in IPv4• Interface ID equivalent to host portion
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Typical Global Unicast Address and Why We Love IPv6!
IPv4 Unicast Address
32 bits
Network portion Host portionSubnet portion
/?
IPv6 Global Unicast Address
128 bits
Global Routing Prefix Interface ID16-bit Fixed Subnet ID
/64
• 64-bit Interface ID = 18 quintillion (18,446,744,073,709,551,616) devices/subnet• 16-bit Subnet ID = 65,536 subnets
/48
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Interface IDSubnet IDGlobal Routing Prefix
/64 Global Unicast Addresses and the 3-1-4 rule
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100
3 + 1 = 4 (/64) : 42001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/642001:0DB8:AAAA:1111::100/64
16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits
3 1 4
/48 /64
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Subnetting IPv6 and Why Our Students Will Love IPv6
Just increment by 1 in Hexadecimal:
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000::/64
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0001::/64
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0002::/64
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:000A::/64 Valid abbreviation is to remove the 3 leading 0’s from the first shown quartet
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:1::/64
3-1-4 Rule
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Interface ID
Subnet IDGlobal Routing Prefix
Subnetting into the Interface ID
Prefix
64 bits48 bits 16bits/48 /112
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 00002001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001 : 00002001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0002 : 0000 thru2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : FFFE : 00002001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : 0000
Global Routing Prefix Subnet-ID Interface ID
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Subnetting on a nibble boundary
Interface IDSubnet IDGlobal Routing Prefix
/68 Prefix
60 bits48 bits 20 bits/48 /68
Subnetting on a nibble (4 bit) boundary makes it easier to list the subnets: /64, /68, /72, etc.2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0000::/682001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:1000::/682001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:2000::/68 through2001:0DB8:AAAA:FFFF:F000::/68
/68
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Subnetting within a nibble
Interface IDSubnet IDGlobal Routing Prefix
/70 Prefix
58 bits48 bits 22 bits/48 /70
2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0000::/70 00002001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0400::/70 01002001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0800::/70 10002001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0C00::/70 1100
Four Bits: The two leftmost bits are part of the Subnet-ID, whereas the two rightmost bits belong to the Interface ID.
bits
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1 bit Interface ID
Global Routing Prefix
Do we need the IPv6 equivalent to a /30?Debate for the need to use a /127
127-bit Prefix
79 bits48 bits 1bit/48 /127
• Beyond the scope of CCNA but may be of interest….• RFC 6164 - Using 127-Bit IPv6 Prefixes on Inter-Router Links
• Ping-Pong Issue • Neighbor Cache Exhaustion Issue
Subnet ID
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Global Unicast
Configuring a Global Unicast Address
Dynamic
IPv6 Unnumbered
Stateless Autoconfigurati
onDHCPv6
Static EUI-64
Manual
IPv6 Address
CCNA or CCNP Routing
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Topology
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• Exactly the same as an IPv4 address only different.• No space between IPv6 address and Prefix-length.• IOS commands for IPv6 are very similar to their IPv4 counterpart.• All 0’s and all 1’s are valid IPv6 host IPv6 addresses.
No space
R1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/0R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:1::1/64R1(config-if)#no shutdownR1(config-if)#exit
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R1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1 R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:2::1/64R1(config-if)#no shutdownR1(config-if)#exitR1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:3::1/64R1(config-if)#clock rate 56000R1(config-if)#no shutdown
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show running-config command on router R1R1# show running-config<output omitted for brevity>interface GigabitEthernet0/0 no ip address duplex auto speed auto ipv6 address 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1/64!
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show ipv6 interface brief command on router R1R1# show ipv6 interface briefGigabitEthernet0/0 [up/up] FE80::FE99:47FF:FE75:C3E0 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1 Global unicast address
Link-local unicast address
• Link-local address automatically created when (before) the global unicast address is.
• We will discuss link-local addresses next.
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PC1: Static Global Unicast Address
2001:db8:acad:1::10
2001:db8:acad:1::1
64
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PC1> ipconfigWindows IP ConfigurationEthernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:db8:acad:1::10
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1%11 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 2001:db8:acad:1::1
PC1: Static Global Unicast Address
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PC1> ping 2001:db8:acad:1::1
Pinging 2001:db8:acad:1::1 from 2001:db8:acad:1::100 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 2001:db8:acad:1::1: time=1msReply from 2001:db8:acad:1::1: time=1msReply from 2001:db8:acad:1::1: time=1msReply from 2001:db8:acad:1::1: time=1ms
Ping statistics for 2001:db8:acad:1::1: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 1ms
PC1>
Pinging a Global Unicast IPv6 AddressesPing uses ICMPv6 Echo Request and Echo Reply messages similar to ICMPv4.
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Global Unicast
Manual
IPv6 UnnumberedIPv6
AddressStateless
Autoconfiguration
DHCPv6
Static EUI-64
Dynamic
Next Week: Configuring Dynamic IPv6 Addresses
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IPv6 Addressing
MulticastUnicast Anycast
Assigned Solicited Node
Global Unicast
UnspecifiedLoopback Embedded IPv4
Link-Local Unique Local
FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104
::/128::1/128
2000::/33FFF::/3
FE80::/10FEBF::/10
FC00::/7FDFF::/7
::/80
Next Week: Other IPv6 Address Types
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Web Site, Book, Etc.• Rick Graziani - [email protected]
• PowerPoints for CCNA, CCNP, IPv6• www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani• Username = cisco• Password = perlman
Shameless plug!
Quality time with my two nieces…
IPv6 FundamentalsChapter 3: IPv6 Addressing
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
Fall 2013