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IPUMS-Eurasia, 2003-2007: Preserving Eurasian census microdata, making them useful, and promoting their use * * * Robert McCaa, Steven Ruggles, Matthew Sobek, Deborah Levison and Miriam King University of Minnesota Population Center [email protected]. ?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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www.ipums.org/international 1
IPUMS-Eurasia, 2003-2007: IPUMS-Eurasia, 2003-2007: Preserving Eurasian census Preserving Eurasian census
microdata, making them useful, microdata, making them useful, and promoting their useand promoting their use
* * ** * *Robert McCaa, Steven Ruggles, Matthew Sobek, Robert McCaa, Steven Ruggles, Matthew Sobek,
Deborah Levison and Miriam KingDeborah Levison and Miriam KingUniversity of Minnesota Population CenterUniversity of Minnesota Population Center
[email protected]@umn.edu
www.ipums.org/international 2
If so, the following needs to be If so, the following needs to be done now:done now:
IPUMS-Eurasia IPUMS-Eurasia beforebefore Europe Europe
» Official: Official: » Formalize agreementFormalize agreement» Release 1989 & 1994 samples for project Release 1989 & 1994 samples for project
developmentdevelopment» Unofficial, agree upon:Unofficial, agree upon:» Sample density: entire long-form preferred; Sample density: entire long-form preferred;
10% OK10% OK» License fee: $$$ proportional to sample densityLicense fee: $$$ proportional to sample density» Division of tasks (provisional): equitableDivision of tasks (provisional): equitable» Calendar (provisional): begin in 2003Calendar (provisional): begin in 2003» 1989 sample: OK? Or will a new one be drawn?1989 sample: OK? Or will a new one be drawn?» 1979 and 1970: do any microdata tapes still 1979 and 1970: do any microdata tapes still
exist?exist?
www.ipums.org/international 3
……official statistics that meet the official statistics that meet the
test of practical utility are to be test of practical utility are to be
compiled and made available on an compiled and made available on an
impartial basis by official impartial basis by official
statistical agencies to honor statistical agencies to honor
citizens’ entitlement to public citizens’ entitlement to public
information.information.
-- UN Statistical Commission, 1994-- UN Statistical Commission, 1994Widespread Internet Technology Widespread Internet Technology
diffusion isdiffusion is
“a pre-requisite for the development “a pre-requisite for the development
of civil society based on free access of civil society based on free access
to information through the global to information through the global
Internet.“Internet.“
--President Putin, March 6, 2001 --President Putin, March 6, 2001
http://president.kremlin.ru/events/17http://president.kremlin.ru/events/17
8.html8.html
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IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL
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» » Easy-to-use web-Easy-to-use web-interfaceinterface» » Highest scientific Highest scientific standardsstandards» » Proven, powerful Proven, powerful integrationintegration» » A quantum leap in usageA quantum leap in usage
Imagine a new statistical Imagine a new statistical productproduct: : scientifically anonymized, scientifically anonymized, integrated census microdata integrated census microdata samples made up of samples made up of unidentifiable individuals...unidentifiable individuals...
» » 1998: 1 country signed1998: 1 country signed» » 1999: 3 countries1999: 3 countries» » 2000: 9 2000: 9 » » 2001: 15 2001: 15 » » 2002: 32; first release, 6 2002: 32; first release, 6 countriescountries
www.ipums.org/international 5
BBeeffoorree
EEuurrooppee??
IIPPUUMMSS--EEUURRAASSIIAA
Eurasia Phase: Eurasia Phase: 2003-20072003-2007Advantages of a Eurasia-phase, Advantages of a Eurasia-phase, beforebefore Europe Europe• Statistical coherence of Statistical coherence of 1989/2000 censuses1989/2000 censuses• Readily organizable Readily organizable • 12 countries, not 4012 countries, not 40• One linguistic standard: One linguistic standard: RussianRussian
Progress on negotiating Progress on negotiating agreementsagreements• Technical OKsTechnical OKs: Belarus, : Belarus, Moldova RepublicMoldova Republic• Negotiating:Negotiating: Armenia, Armenia, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Republic, Georgia, Kazahkstan, Kyrghz Kazahkstan, Kyrghz Republic, Russia, Tajikistan, Republic, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UzbekistanUzbekistan• Not participating: none, as yet.Not participating: none, as yet.
www.ipums.org/international 6
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» » Researchers, world-wide:Researchers, world-wide:free, high quality datafree, high quality dataharmonized, harmonized,
comprehensivecomprehensive» » National Statistics National Statistics Institutes: Institutes:
increased usage increased usage enhanced cost-benefit enhanced cost-benefit
ratioratio payment for license payment for license
fees, expertisefees, expertise » » People:People:
who we arewho we arewhat the future may what the future may
bringbringhow policies might how policies might
improveimprove
www.ipums.org/international 7
IPUMS-International, a global IPUMS-International, a global collaboratory of National collaboratory of National
Statistical/Research Institutes:Statistical/Research Institutes: » 1. 1. InventoriesInventories the world’s census microdata the world’s census microdata» 2. 2. PreservesPreserves endangered microdata and endangered microdata and
documentationdocumentation* * ** * *
» 3. 3. IntegratesIntegrates datasets of selected countries using datasets of selected countries using UNSD, Eurostat and other standardsUNSD, Eurostat and other standards
» 4. 4. AnonymizesAnonymizes census microdata to preserve census microdata to preserve statistical confidentiality, using highest statistical confidentiality, using highest standardsstandards
» 5. 5. DisseminatesDisseminates customized extracts free of customized extracts free of charge (with complete copies on CDs to all charge (with complete copies on CDs to all partners)partners)
IIntegrated ntegrated PPublic ublic UUse se MMicrodata icrodata SSeries - eries - IInternationalnternational
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Phase 1: 1999-Phase 1: 1999-20042004
BrazilBrazil 1960, 1970, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 20011980, 1991, 2001ColombiaColombia 1964, 1973, 1964, 1973, 1985, 1993, 20031985, 1993, 2003
MexicoMexico 1960, 1970, 1980, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 20001990, 2000
FranceFrance 1962, 1968, 1975, 1962, 1968, 1975, 1982, 19901982, 1990
HungaryHungary 1970, 1980, 1970, 1980, 1990, 20001990, 2000
SpainSpain 1981, 1991, 20011981, 1991, 2001
KenyaKenya 1989, 19991989, 1999
GhanaGhana 1984, 1984, 2000 2000
ChinaChina 1982, 1990, 20001982, 1990, 2000VietnamVietnam 1989, 19991989, 1999
USAUSA 1850-1880, 1900- 1850-1880, 1900-1930, 1940 - 20001930, 1940 - 2000
www.ipums.org/international 9
IPUMS-Latin America, 2003-2007: IPUMS-Latin America, 2003-2007: 16 countries, ~500m. people16 countries, ~500m. people
» Scope: Scope: Latin AmericanLatin American census microdata, 1960-present
» Work Plan (Work Plan ( funded by National Institutes of funded by National Institutes of Health)Health)» 2222222 2 n l ns n r m nts w t oig ice i g ag ee e i h fficil n sa age cie
» 2002: Obtain funding from U.S. NIH2002: Obtain funding from U.S. NIH» 2003: Develop/translate microdata & metadata 2003: Develop/translate microdata & metadata » 2004: Country expert teams design national 2004: Country expert teams design national
integrationsintegrations» 2005: MPC/expert teams design regional integration2005: MPC/expert teams design regional integration» 2006: MPC integrates microdata and metadata2006: MPC integrates microdata and metadata» 2007: MPC disseminates to bona fide researchers who 2007: MPC disseminates to bona fide researchers who
sign non-disclosure license. sign non-disclosure license. National census/research institutes via CDs/web. National census/research institutes via CDs/web.
www.ipums.org/international 10
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Europe Phase: Europe Phase: 2004-82004-8Phase 1 European partners:Phase 1 European partners:INSEE-France INSEE-France 1962, 1968, 1962, 1968, 1975, 1982, 19901975, 1982, 1990CSO-HungaryCSO-Hungary 1970, 1980, 1970, 1980, 1990, 20001990, 2000INE-SpainINE-Spain 1981, 1991, 20011981, 1991, 2001Phase 2, 2004-2007:Phase 2, 2004-2007:10 OK10 OK: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech : Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Republic, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Poland, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, UK Romania, Slovenia, UK5 Approval pending5 Approval pending: Finland, : Finland, Iceland, Israel, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Portugal Norway, Portugal11 Negotiating:11 Negotiating: Belgium, Belgium, Denmark, Greece,Denmark, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Russia, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, YugoslaviaYugoslavia2 Not participating:2 Not participating: Estonia, Estonia, SlovakiaSlovakia
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PPRREESSEERRVVEESS
UN Demographic Center for Latin UN Demographic Center for Latin America America
(CELADE, Santiago, Chile)(CELADE, Santiago, Chile)~3000 microdata tapes preserved~3000 microdata tapes preserved
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and metadata (documentation)and metadata (documentation)
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IPUMS-International Samples
Country Census Year % Sample Persons (000s)
2002 Data Release
Colombia 1964 2 3501973 10 1,9891985 10 2,6431993 10 3,274
France 1962 5 2,3211968 5 2,4881975 5 2,6291982 5 2,7141990 4.2 2,361
Kenya 1989 5 1,0741999 5 1,410
Mexico 1960 1.5 5031970 1 4831990 1 8032000 10.6 10,099
United States 1960 1 1,8001970 6 12,0301980 6 12,2671990 6 12,500
Vietnam 1989 5 2,6271999 3 2,368
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National experts are paid National experts are paid to:to:
»Assemble microdata and Assemble microdata and documentationdocumentation»Develop samplesDevelop samples
» to minimize confidentiality risksto minimize confidentiality risks» and to maximize robustnessand to maximize robustness
»Design national/regional Design national/regional integration planintegration plan
»census-by-censuscensus-by-census»concept-by-concept»code-by-code
»Write integrated documentation Write integrated documentation
National Statistical National Statistical Institutes are paid a non-Institutes are paid a non-exclusive license fee for exclusive license fee for
integrated dataintegrated data
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IINNTTEEGGRRAATTEESS
Photos from Colombia Photos from Colombia integration projectintegration project, February, February--
March, 2000:March, 2000:4 experts from DANE (census 4 experts from DANE (census
office)office)+7 academics (3 universities)+7 academics (3 universities)
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Standard:UN/Standard:UN/Eurostat Eurostat Principles & Principles & Recs...Recs...
Census Census documentation documentation compiled for compiled for Colombian Colombian microdatamicrodata
www.ipums.org/international 16
IPUMSIPUMSii integration principles integration principles
» 1. 1. RespectRespect absolute anonymity and confidentiality absolute anonymity and confidentiality» 2. 2. PreservePreserve all original data, except adjustments all original data, except adjustments
to insure privacy (top codes, blurrings, masking, to insure privacy (top codes, blurrings, masking, re-ordering, etc.)re-ordering, etc.)
» 3. 3. HarmonizeHarmonize codes using international codes using international standardsstandardsoccupation: ISCO, HISCO (detailed, general)occupation: ISCO, HISCO (detailed, general)education: ISCED education: ISCED “ “ “ “family: IPUMS, etc. family: IPUMS, etc. “ “ “ “
» 4. 4. EnhanceEnhance with constructed variables with constructed variables
www.ipums.org/international 17
Variable availability, preliminary Variable availability, preliminary releaserelease
64 73 85 93 62 68 75 82 90 89 99 60 70 90 00 60 70 80 90 89 99Geography and internal migration
Place of usual residence x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xPlace of birth x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x . .Duration of residence x x . . . . . . . . x x x . . x x x x . .Place of previous residence x x . . . . . . . . . x x . . . . . . . .Place of residence at a specified date in the past . . x x x x x x x x x . . x x x x x x x x
Household and family structureRelationship to head of household/householder x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Demographic and socialSex x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xAge x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xMarital Status x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xCitizenship . . . . x x x x x x x x . . . . x x x . .Religion . . . . . . . . . . x x x x x . . . . . xLanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . x x x . . x x . .National and/or ethnic group . . . x . . . . . x x x . . x x x x x x x
Fertility and mortalityChildren ever born . x x x . . . . . x x x x x x x x x x x xChildren living . x x x . . . . . x x . . . x . . . . x xDate of birth of last child born alive . x . x . . . . . x x . . . x . . . . x xDeaths in the past 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xMaternal or paternal orphanhood . . . . . . . . . x x . . . . . . . . . .Age, date or duration of first marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x x x . . .
EducationLiteracy x x x x . . . . . x . x x x x . . . . x xSchool attendance . x x x . . . . . x x . x x x x x x x x xEducational attainment x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xField of education and educational qualification . . . . x x . . . . . . . . x . . . . x x
EconomicsActivity status x x x x x x x x x x x . x x x x x x x x xTime worked x . x . . . . . . . . x x x x x x x x . .Occupation x x . x x x x x x . x x x x x x x x x xIndustry x x . x x x x x x . . x x x x x x x x x xStatus in employment x x x x x x x x x x . x x x x x x x x . .Income . . . . . . . . . . . . x x x x x x x . .Institutional sector of employment . . . . x x x x x . . . . . . . . . . . xPlace of work . . . . x x x x x . . . . . x x x x x . .
International migrationCountry of birth x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x . .Citizenship . . . . x x x x x . . . . . . x x x x . .Year or period of arrival . . x . . . . . . . . . . . . . x x x . .
DisabilityDisability . . . x x . . . . . . . . . x . x x x . .Cause of disability . . . . x . . . . . . . . . x . . . . . .
Selected Variable Topic Availability, by Country and Census Year
Colombia France Kenya Mexico United States Vietnam
www.ipums.org/international 18
Composite coding scheme Composite coding scheme example:example:
marital statusmarital status
Code Label 64 73 85 93 62 68 75 82 90 89 99 60 70 90 00 60 70 80 90 89 99
100 SINGLE/NEVER MARRIED X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
MARRIED/IN UNION
210 Married (not specified) X X X X X X X X X X X . . . . X X X X X X
211 Civil . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
212 Religious . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
213 Civil and religious . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
214 Polygamous . . . . . . . . . X X . . . . . . . . . .
220 Consensual union X X X X . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
SEPARATED/DIVORCED/SPOUSE ABSENT
310 Separated or Divorced . X X X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
320 Separated . . . . . . . . . X X . X X X X X X X X X
330 Divorced . . . . X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
340 Married, spouse absent (n.s.) X X X X X X X X X X X . . . . X X X X X X
341 MSA, civil . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
342 MSA, religious . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
343 MSA, civil and religious . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
344 MSA, polygamous . . . . . . . . . X X . . . . . . . . . .
350 Consensual union, spouse absent X X X X . . . . . . . X X X X . . . . . .
400 WIDOWED X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
999 UNKNOWN/MISSING . X X X . . . . . X X X X X X . . . . X X
Coding Scheme and Category Availability for Marital Status
Colombia France Kenya Mexico United States Vietnam
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Occupation: the ISCO standard, Occupation: the ISCO standard, preliminary releasepreliminary release: “1” digit: “1” digit
finalfinal: 2-3 or 4 digit, depending : 2-3 or 4 digit, depending upon countryupon country
OCCUPATION, ISCO
01 Legislators, senior officials and managers X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
02 Professionals X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
03 Technicians and associate professionals X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
04 Clerks X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
05 Service workers and shop and market sales X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
06 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
07 Crafts and related trades workers X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
08 Plant and machine operators and assemblers X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
09 Elementary occupations X X . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
10 Armed forces X . . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . .
98 Unknown X X . . . . . . X . X X X X X . . . . . .
99 N/A X . . . X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X . X
Code Label 64 73 85 93 62 68 75 82 90 89 99 60 70 90 00 60 70 80 90 89 99
Coding Schemes and Category Availability for Occupation
Colombia France Kenya Mexico United States Vietnam
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AANNOONNYYMMIIZZEESS
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» » Suppress geographical Suppress geographical detaildetail» » Blur/aggregate sensitive Blur/aggregate sensitive codescodes» » Convert dates to ages (blur Convert dates to ages (blur key vars.) key vars.) » » Swap cases between Swap cases between districtsdistricts
» » Scramble recordsScramble records
Using the highest standards Using the highest standards available:available:
administrative (license), administrative (license), legal, and legal, and
technical (US Census technical (US Census Bureau, Eurostat, & others)Bureau, Eurostat, & others)
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‘‘statistical confidentiality’ statistical confidentiality’ shall mean the protection of shall mean the protection of
data related to single data related to single statistical units which are statistical units which are
obtained directly for obtained directly for statistical purposes or statistical purposes or
indirectly from administrative indirectly from administrative or other sources against any or other sources against any
breach of the right to breach of the right to confidentiality. It implies the confidentiality. It implies the prevention of non-statistical prevention of non-statistical
utilization of the data utilization of the data obtained and unlawful obtained and unlawful
disclosure.disclosure. --COUNCIL REGULATION --COUNCIL REGULATION
(EC) (EC) No 322/97 of 17 February No 322/97 of 17 February
19971997
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Anonymization plan: Kenya, 1989Anonymization plan: Kenya, 1989
Kenya: Anonymization Based on Unique Characteristics Threshold (100,000 for geographic variables; 10,000 for other variables)
Type Procedure Variable Name
Key Suppressed Division, Location, Sublocation, Enumeration area
Aggregated 100,000 minimum: Province, District of Residence, Birth and Past Residence
None Sex, Marital Status, Relationship to Head
Sensitive Aggregated 10,000/1,000 minimum: Tribe/Ethnicity, Occupation, Employment Status
Transitory (information is considered too changeable to be used to identify individuals from microdata).
None Age, Urban/Rural Residence, Literacy, Educational Status, Educational Level, Labor Activity, Children Everborn/Alive/Dead, Last Birth Year, Mortality variables
Note: For greater detail and a reproduction of the 1989 enumeration form, see Appendix 3.
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EUROSTAT statistical anonymity EUROSTAT statistical anonymity standardsstandards
(Thorogood, 1999)(Thorogood, 1999)--all used by IPUMS-International--all used by IPUMS-International
» 1. small sample size1. small sample size» 2. limited geographical detail2. limited geographical detail» 3. top and bottom coding of unique categories3. top and bottom coding of unique categories» 4. signed non-disclosure agreement4. signed non-disclosure agreement» 5. 5. prohibit redistribution of datasets to third prohibit redistribution of datasets to third
partiesparties» 6. 6. prohibit attempts to identify individuals or prohibit attempts to identify individuals or
the making any claim to that effectthe making any claim to that effect» 7. 7. require users to provide copies of require users to provide copies of
publicationspublications
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EUROSTAT statistical anonymity EUROSTAT statistical anonymity standardsstandards
(Thorogood, 1999)(Thorogood, 1999)--all used by IPUMS--all used by IPUMSii and more and more
» 8. Age (constructed, where necessary)8. Age (constructed, where necessary)» 9. Never identify date of birth9. Never identify date of birth» 10. Never identify place of birth10. Never identify place of birth» 11. Migration: timing and place not identified in 11. Migration: timing and place not identified in
detaildetail» 12. Place of residence identified by major civil 12. Place of residence identified by major civil
division (pop>60k, 120k, 250k, 1 million--national division (pop>60k, 120k, 250k, 1 million--national rule) rule)
» 13. Sensitivity analysis of variables by national 13. Sensitivity analysis of variables by national expertsexperts
» 14. Confidentiality assessment by national experts 14. Confidentiality assessment by national experts
www.ipums.org/international 25
International Monetary Fund’s International Monetary Fund’s General Data Dissemination General Data Dissemination
SystemSystem52 countries with uniform 52 countries with uniform
standardsstandards» All embrace strict standards of statistical All embrace strict standards of statistical
confidentialityconfidentiality» All prohibit disclosure of information which All prohibit disclosure of information which
may identify individuals or entitiesmay identify individuals or entities» And 37 of 52 countries distribute census And 37 of 52 countries distribute census
microdata samplesmicrodata samples» Why not Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan Why not Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan
Republic, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Republic, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova Republic, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, or Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, or Uzbekistan?Uzbekistan?
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DDIISSSSEEMMIINNAATTEESS
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Legally-binding license Legally-binding license agreement agreement
»protects privacy and protects privacy and confidentialityconfidentiality»assures proper use; assures proper use; »new sanction: loss of employment.new sanction: loss of employment.
Researcher selects Researcher selects »Countries, Countries, »Censuses,Censuses,»Cases/sub-populations, Cases/sub-populations, »Variables, and Variables, and »Sample densities--makes Sample densities--makes chronological &/or cross-national chronological &/or cross-national research possibleresearch possible
Open architecture software and Open architecture software and mirror sitesmirror sites
Web-based extraction Web-based extraction system system
www.ipums.org/international 27
IPUMS-Eurasia, 2003-2007: IPUMS-Eurasia, 2003-2007: 12 countries, >280 m. people12 countries, >280 m. people
» Scope: Scope: Eurasia Eurasia census microdata, 1989-present» Work Plan (contingent upon funding):Work Plan (contingent upon funding):
» Jan 2003: Sign licensing agreements with official agencies» Nov 2003: Obtain funding from US NIHNov 2003: Obtain funding from US NIH» 2004: Pay licenses/sign contracts to develop/translate 2004: Pay licenses/sign contracts to develop/translate
microdata & metadata microdata & metadata » 2005: Country expert teams design national 2005: Country expert teams design national
integrationsintegrations» 2006: MPC/expert teams design Eurasia integration2006: MPC/expert teams design Eurasia integration» 2007: MPC integrates microdata and metadata2007: MPC integrates microdata and metadata» 2008 and beyond: 2008 and beyond:
MPC disseminates to bona fide researchers who sign MPC disseminates to bona fide researchers who sign non-disclosure license. non-disclosure license. National census/research institutes disseminate via National census/research institutes disseminate via CDs/web.CDs/web.
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On a millennial scale, On a millennial scale, censuses and census microdata censuses and census microdata
survive survive for only a short, but significant for only a short, but significant
periodperiod
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IPUMS-Eurasia, 2003-2007: IPUMS-Eurasia, 2003-2007: What needs to be done now?What needs to be done now?
» Official: Official: » Formalize agreementFormalize agreement» Release 1989 & 1994 samples for project Release 1989 & 1994 samples for project
developmentdevelopment
» Unofficial, agree upon:Unofficial, agree upon:» Sample density: entire long-form preferred; Sample density: entire long-form preferred;
10% OK10% OK» License fee: $$$ proportional to sample densityLicense fee: $$$ proportional to sample density» Division of tasks (provisional): equitableDivision of tasks (provisional): equitable» Calendar (provisional): begin in 2003Calendar (provisional): begin in 2003» 1989 sample: OK? Or will a new one be drawn?1989 sample: OK? Or will a new one be drawn?» 1979 and 1970: do any microdata tapes still 1979 and 1970: do any microdata tapes still
exist?exist?
www.ipums.org/international 30
additional information at:additional information at:www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/ipums-www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/ipums-
eurasiaeurasia contact:contact:
[email protected]@umn.edu
* * * * * * * * * *
Thank youThank you