IP Transmission Technologies

Hourglass of TCP/IP Protocols

email WWW phone...

SMTP HTTP RTP...

TCP UDP…

IP

ethernet PPP…

CSMA async sonet...

copper fiber radio...

Transmission Technologies

Ethernet (10Mbps – 1Gbps) Copper Fiber Wireless

Leased Line (64Kbps – 2Mbps)Frame Relay (64Kbps – 2Mbps)Packet Over Sonet (155Mbps – 2.4Gbps)ATM (155Mbps – 2.4Gbps)Access: DSL, CATV, ISDN, GPRS, Dial-up

Routers, Swicthes, VLANs

VLAN Standard: IEEE 802.1q

CFI-Canonical Format Identifier (Ethernet/TokenRing)

Some Switches Support Priorities

Switching Tables

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.2222

0260.8c01.3333

0260.8c01.4444

E0 E1

E0: 0260.8c01.1111

E0: 0260.8c01.2222E1: 0260.8c01.3333E1: 0260.8c01.4444

Spanning Tree Protocol

Broadcast

Segment 1

Segment 2

X Y

Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber

Wave Division Multiplexing

DWDM 1528 to 1560 nm: erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA)EDFA every 60km, regeneration every 500km

Erbium doped fiber amplifiers

A pump laser injects a high intensity pulse of light exciting the erbium and causing the erbium atoms to release their stored energy.

The EDFA amplifies all the wavelengths to the same level (gain flatness).

DWDM 1528 to 1560 nm: EDFA every 60km, regeneration every 500kmInput

1480 or 980 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber

Output

IsolatorCoupler

Leased Line

S S

SSS

SDTE DTEDCE DCE

Flag Address Control Proprietary Data FCS Flag

Cisco HDLC

PPPFlag Address Control Protocol LCP FCS Flag

Link Control Protocol (LCP)

Code Identifier Length Data

V.35V.35

Passwords sent in cleartextPeer in control of attempts

Selecting a PPP Authentication Protocol

Remote Router(SantaCruz)

Central-Site Router (HQ)

Hostname: santacruzPassword: boardwalk

username santacruzpassword boardwalk

PAP 2-Way Handshake

"santacruz, boardwalk"

Accept/Reject

Selecting a PPP Authentication Protocol

Remote Router(SantaCruz)

Central-Site Router (HQ)

Hostname: santacruzPassword: boardwalk

username santacruzpassword boardwalk

CHAP3-Way Handshake

Challenge

Response

Accept/Reject

Use “secret” known only to authenticator and peer

Frame Relay

RTR1

s0.2-DLCI=110

s0.3-DLCI=120

s0.1-DLCI=120

s0.2-DLCI=130

RTR3

s0.1-DLCI=110

s0.3-DLCI=130RTR2

Packet Over Sonet (POS)

OC-1 STS-1 51.84

OC-3 STS-3 STM-1 155.52

OC-9 STS-9 STM-3 466.56

OC-12 STS-12 STM-4 622.08

OC-18 STS-18 STM-6 933.12

OC-24 STS-24 STM-8 1244.16

OC-36 STS-36 STM-12 1866.24

OC-48 STS-48 STM-16 2488.32

SONET/SDHOS

SONETES

SDHES

Link Rate Mbps

ATM

ATM AAL5

MPLS VPNs

MPLS Forwarding and/ or LDP

Traffic Engineering(TE)

DiffServ-aware Traffic Engineering

(DS-TE)

Managed VPN Services(MPLS/ BGP VPNs)

Any Transport over MPLS(AToM)

Inter-Provider

Connectivity(I-AS)

Carrier Supporting

Carrier (CSC)

Multicast over MPLS VPNs

InterInter--Area TEArea TE

Layer 2 VPN Services(L2VPN)

Quality of Service(DiffServ QoS)

MPLS Forwarding and/ or LDP

Traffic Engineering(TE)

DiffServ-aware Traffic Engineering

(DS-TE)

Managed VPN Services(MPLS/ BGP VPNs)

Any Transport over MPLS(AToM)

Inter-Provider

Connectivity(I-AS)

Carrier Supporting

Carrier (CSC)

Multicast over MPLS VPNs

InterInter--Area TEArea TE

Layer 2 VPN Services(L2VPN)

Quality of Service(DiffServ QoS)

Layer 3 VPNs = BGP/MPLS VPNs

(RFC 2547 bis)

Layer 2 VPNs & AToM (Any Transport over MPLS)

Ethernet over MPLS

PE PE

MPLS Network

PE PE

Enterprise LAN

ISP 1

Enterprise LAN

PE PE

ISP 2

ISP A

ISP 3

ISP B

ISP C

Point to Point, Metro Ethernet Service

Distributed NAP

Based on draft-martiniVCs to VLANs => VCid maps to VLAN id

Ethernet 802.1q VLAN Transport

MPLS

VLAN 41

VLAN 41

VLAN 56

VLAN 56

PE1 1.0.0.4

PE1 1.0.0.8

802.1q to 802.1q VLAN Transport

Customer Site

Customer Site

Customer Site

Customer Site

Interface GigabitEthernet0/0.2

encapsulation dot1q 41

mpls l2transport route 1.0.0.8 312 <sequencing>

!

Interface GigabitEthernet1/0.2

encapsulation dot1q 56

mpls l2transport route 1.0.0.8 313 <sequencing>

AToM - MTU Considerations

PE2PE1

Egress MTU Signalled using LDP

Incoming PDU dropped if MTU exceeded

Ingress PE checks Egress PE outbound interface MTU AND egress interface into MPLS backbone

NO mechanism to check backbone MTU

PDU

Provider MUST dictate MTU or direct traffic away from low MTU links

Customer Site

Customer Site

Time

MPLS VPNs for Multiple Transport Types

MPLS VPNs for Multiple Networks

MPLS VPNs for Single Networks

•Carrier Supporting Carrier•Inter AS•VPN ID

•Carrier Supporting Carrier•Inter AS•VPN ID

Cisco’s MPLS VPNs L3 (rfc2547)

Cisco’s MPLS VPNs L3 (rfc2547)

Strategy for MPLS VPNs

Layer 2 VPNs –Using AToMOptical VPNs

Layer 2 VPNs –Using AToMOptical VPNs

•ATM (AAL5) over MPLS•Ethernet over MPLS•Frame Relay over MPLS•PPP over MPLS•HDLC over MPLS•Cell Relay over MPLS

•ATM (AAL5) over MPLS•Ethernet over MPLS•Frame Relay over MPLS•PPP over MPLS•HDLC over MPLS•Cell Relay over MPLS

Network Address Translation (NAT) Network Address Translation (NAT)

NAT

Internet

NAT router

station C

station B station A

station D

IP :10.2.2.1

IP :10.3.3.1

Interface E1

IP :10.1.1.1

Interface E0

IP :171.69.20.1

Inside Outside

IP :171.69.2.1

IP :171.69.3.1

NAT Pool

171.69.89.1

protocol

TCP

TCP

Inside source Address : port

Outside source Address : port

Outside Destination Address : port

10.2.2.1:1024

103.3.1:1723 171.69.89.1:1723

171.69.89.1:1024 171.69.2.1:23

171.69.3.1:23

NAT Table

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolBased on old BootP protocol for

diskless workstationsDHCP server on Router or Network

Serverip dhcp pool soho network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 default-router 10.0.0.1 dns-server 195.13.160.52 195.122.1.59