Upload
rosamond-paul
View
228
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
What is an IP Address?
Citation preview
IP addresses and address management
Miwa FujiiAPNIC, Training Officer
Contents
• Introduction to IP addressing– IP addresses– Routing
• IP address management– History of address management– The role of RIRs– About RIPE NCC and APNIC
• The future– IPv6
What is an IP Address?
“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…”
by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)
www.google.com
www.redhat.com
www.ebay.com
www.dogs.biz
www.apnic.net
www.gnso.org
www.ebay.com
www.doggie.com
www.ietf.org
216.239.39.99
66.187.232.50
66.135.208.101
209.217.36.32
202.12.29.20
199.166.24.5
66.135.208.88
198.41.3.45
4.17.168.6
“On the Internet…”you are nothing but an IP
address!
202.12.29.142
What is an IP address?
• An IP address is NOT a domain name• It is an identifier that includes necessary
information to reach a network location• Each network location has an IP address• Reaching a location is achieved via the
Internet routing system
IP addresses
• Are either IPv4 or IPv6• IPv4: 32-bit* number
– 4 billion different host addresses– E.g. 202.12.29.142
• IPv6: 128-bit* number– 16 billion billion network addresses– E.g. 2001:0400:3c00:a:b:c:d:1
* bit = binary digit
My Computer www.gov.uz2001:0C00:8888:: 2001:0600::
www.gov.uz ? 195.158.5.1002001:0600::
IP addresses are not domain names
The Internet
DNS
What else is an IP address?
• Internet infrastructure address• Uniquely assigned to infrastructure
elements• Globally visible to the entire Internet• A finite “common resource”• Never “owned” by address users
• Not dependent upon the DNS
Where do IP addresses come from?
IPv4 IPv6
Allocation
Allocation
Assignmentend user
* In some cases via an NIR such as KRNIC
*
Routing
What is a router?• A device in the network that processes and
routes data between two points• A device that routes data between
networks using IP addressing • A layer 3 device• Hardware or software used to connect two
or more networks
How does routing work?
• The routing system is normally hierarchical• Each part of the hierarchy provides specific
detail • This detail enables traffic to flow from one
network to another• It works in a similar manner to telephone
routing
Telephone network routing
Global
Local
National
Prefix table
+1+44+61+886+91…
Prefix table
237…
Prefix table
…
Internet address routing
The Internet
Traffic202.12.29.142
Announce202.12.24.0/21
Global Routing Table
4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
Global Routing Table
4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16202.12.24.0/21…
202.12.29.128/25
Internet address routing
Local Routing Table
202.12.29.0/25202.12.29.128/25
Traffic202.12.29.142
202.12.29.128/25202.12.29.142
Global Internet routing
The InternetGlobal routing table
4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
Net
Net
Net
NetNet
NetNet
Net
Net
Net
Net
IP address aggregation
ISP D ISP C
ISP A ISP B
Internet
Aggregation
(Non-portable Assignments)
(4 routes)
ISP D ISP C
ISP A ISP B
Internet
(Portable Assignments)
No Aggregation
(21 routes)
Regional Internet Registries
What are RIRs?
• Industry self-regulatory structures– Open membership-based bodies– Representative of ISPs globally– Service organisations– Non-profit, neutral and independent– 100% self-funded by membership
• First established in early 1990s– Voluntarily by consensus of community– To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs
• In the “Internet Tradition”– Consensus-based, open and transparent
The early years: 1981 – 1992
“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790)
1981:
The boom years: 1992 – 2001
“It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366)
“…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338)
1992:
Recent years: 2002 – 2005
2004:Number Resource Organization
What do RIRs do?• Internet resource allocation
– Primarily, IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6– Receive resources from IANA/ICANN, and redistribute
to ISPs on a regional basis– Registration services (“whois”)
• Policy development and coordination– Open Policy Meetings and processes
• Training and outreach– Training courses, seminars, conferences– Liaison: IETF, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC
• Publications– Newsletters, reports, web site
RIR policy development process
OPEN
TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’
Anyone can participate
All decisions and policies documented and freely available to anyone
Internet community proposes and approves policy
Need
DiscussEvaluate
Implement Consensus
What is APNIC?• RIR for Asia Pacific region
– Established 1993, Tokyo– 1472 members in 49 of 62 AP economies– 52 staff, 19 nationality/language groups
• Membership and community services• Other activities
– Outreach– Liaison: IETF, APT, PITA, APEC, ISP-A’s– ITU Sector Member– UN ECOSOC consultative status– Deployment of root servers
• www.apnic.net
APNIC services• Internet resource allocations
– “MyAPNIC” secure membership portal– Multilingual helpdesk – email, phone, chat, VOIP*
• Open Policy Meetings– Twice annually– Webcast and remote participation– Stenocaptioning
• Training and education– Technical workshops: Routing, DNS, Security
• Internet support– Fellowships– R&D grants funding– ORDIG – ISP support website
What is RIPE NCC?• RIR for Europe and the Middle East
– Established 1992, Amsterdam– More than 5000 members from throughout Europe and the
Middle East– Around 100 staff, from a broad range of nationality/language
groups• Membership and community services• Other activities
– Outreach with governments and industry-related organisations– Management of one of the 13 root name servers (K-root)– Deployment of a routing database– Co-ordination support for ENUM delegations– Neutral measuring network, providing public and authoritative
Internet operation statistics• www.ripe.net
RIPE NCC services• Internet resource allocations
– Secure LIR portal• RIPE meetings
– Twice annually– Webcast and remote participation– Regional meetings
• Training and education, including E-Learning– Technical training on Routing Registry and DNS for
LIRs• Internet support
RIR Open Policy Meetings
APNIC 24 – New Delhi, India
APNIC 25 - Taipei, Taiwan
With APRICOT 2008With APRICOT 2008– http://www.apricot2008.net– 25 - 29 February 2008
Taipei
RIPE 55 - Amsterdam
RIPE NCC Regional Meetings
• Moscow, Russia2 – 3 October 2007
Moscow, Russia
The future: IPv6
IPv4 lifetime - UPDATE
http://bgp.potaroo.net/ipv4
IANA allocations
RIR allocations
Addresses routed
Historical Data Projection
Reclamation?
Rationale for IPv6• IPv4 address space consumption
– Now 3-5 years space remaining– These are today’s projections – reality will definitely be
different• Alternative solutions examined- Recover unused historical IPv4 address space
– De-aggregation– Would only extend IPv4 lifetime a few years– Legal ramifications – Ability to recover is limited under current policies
- Use of Network Address Translator (NAT) – Originally designed to extend life of IPv4 – Cannot cater for large networks– Road blocks: Peer to peer, security (IPsec), QoS ( VoIP and real time video)
Questions?
[email protected]@apnic.net