CHAPTER 6.1Ionic Bonding

Electron Configuration An elements ability to bond depends on

its electron configuration.

Specifically, the outermost electrons determine if an atom will react

iClicker Question What is the name of the electrons on the

highest energy level.A. Ground State Electrons

B. Valence Electrons

C. Ionized Electrons

D. Active Electrons

E. Transfer Electrons

Electron Configuration When the highest energy level of an

atom is completely filled with electrons, the element is stable and will not react.

iClicker Question Which group on the periodic table has

filled outer shells and will not react.A. Alkali Metals

B. Alkali Earth Metals

C. Transition Metals

D. Halogens

E. Noble Gases

Electron Dot Diagrams An electron dot diagram is a model in

which each dot represents a valence electron.

The number of valence electrons an element has depends on what group it’s in.

Electron Dot Diagrams

H C Ar

F Al Cl

iClicker Question How many valence electrons does

Chlorine have?A. 1

B. 2

C. 7

D. 8

E. 17

Electron Dot Diagrams

Ionic Bonding Some elements which do not have a

stable outer shell will try to get it by transferring electrons.

An element can achieve that by either gaining or losing electrons.

iClicker Question When an atom gets rid of 2 electrons,

what is its charge?A. -2

B. -1

C. 0

D. +1

E. +2

Formation of Ions When an atom gains or loses an electron, the

number of protons is no longer equal to the number of electrons.

The charge on the atom is not balanced and it is no longer neutral.

An atom that has a positive or negative charge is called an ion.

Ions The charge on an ion is represented by

a plus or minus sign next to the elements symbol.

Na+

iClicker Question What ion does magnesium form?

A. Mg+2

B. Mg+1

C. Mg

D. Mg-1

E. Mg-2

Anion & Cation An ion which has a negative charge is

called an Anion

An ion which has a positive charge is called a Cation

iClicker Question Calcium has lost 2 electrons! Which of

the following correctly describes the ion created:A. Anion, -2

B. Anion, -1

C. Cation, +2

D. Cation, +1

E. Cation, -2

Ionic Bonding Negative and positives are attracted to

each other.

An anion and a cation will attract each other and form a bond.

When two ions form a bond, its called an ionic bond.

Ionic Bond

Sodium wants to get rid of an electron…

Na

Chlorine wants to get an electron…

Cl

+1

-1

Positive Na is attracted to negative Cl…

Ionic Compound A chemical formula shows the ratio of

one element to another in a compound.

Element will bond with other elements so they can have a stable electron configuration (full shell).

Ionic Compound Magnesium has 2 valence electrons

Chlorine has 7 valence electrons

Magnesium cannot be stable by reacting with just 1 chlorine. It must donate 2 electrons and chlorine can only accept 1.

Another Chlorine must be present to accept the electron and make a bond.

Ionization Energy Ionization Energy is the energy required

to remove an electron from an atom.

END OF CHAPTER 6.1

Homework: p. 187 #1-3, 11-13, 15-16, 26, 30

CHAPTER 6.2Covalent Bonding

iClicker Question What ion does Oxygen form?

A. -2

B. -1

C. 0

D. +1

E. +2

iClicker Question What is the ionic formula for a bond

between Calcium and Fluorine? CaF CaF2

Ca2F

Ca2F2

Calcium and Fluorine do not bond.

Covalent Bonding In a covalent bond, electrons are

shared.

A molecule is a group of atoms that are joined together by covalent bonds.

Bonds If only a single pair of electrons are

shared between elements, that is a Single Covalent Bond

If more than one pair of electrons is shared, a covalent bond may be a double or triple bond.

iClicker Questions Which of the following could make a

multiple bond?A. Chlorine

B. Fluorine

C. Oxygen

D. Bromine

E. They could all make multiple bonds.

iClicker Question Atoms in covalent bonds are called:

A. Compounds

B. Molecules

C. Polar

D. Non-Polar

E. Ionic

Polar Bonds A covalent bond in which electrons are not

shared equally is called a polar covalent bond.

When a polar bond forms, the element with the larger attraction has a partial negative charge.

The other element in the molecule will have a partial positive charge.

Polar Molecules An entire molecule can be polar if it

contains polar bonds or if its shape causes it to be polar.

Polar Molecule Attraction Because polar molecules have a

positive and negative end, they tend to have greater attraction to each other.

Like magnets, the positive end of a polar molecule lines up with the negative end of another polar molecule.

END OF 6.2p. 187 #4-5, 8, 17-19, 27, 34-35

CHAPTER 6.3Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas

iClicker Question What ion does Oxygen usually form?

A. O-1

B. O-2

C. O+1

D. O+2

E. Oxygen doesn’t form an ion

iClicker Question What does the prefix bi mean in the

word bicycle?A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

E. None of the above

Binary Ionic Compounds A compound made from two elements is

called a binary compound

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

In a binary ionic compound, one element is a metal and one is a non-metal.

When naming a compound, the name of the metal does not change.

When naming a binary ionic compound, the non-metal gets the suffix “-ide”

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

NaCl

The metal is sodium, the non-metal is chlorine.

Sodium Chloride

iClicker Question Name the following compound: KI

A. Potassium Iodine

B. Potassium Iodide

C. Iodine Potassium

D. Iodide Potassium

E. Iodine Potasside

iClicker Question Name the following compound: Li2O

A. Lilthium Oxygen

B. Bilithium Oxide

C. Lithium Oxide

D. Lithide Oxide

E. Lithide Oxygen

Multiple Ions Some metals have multiple ions,

meaning they have more than one ion.

A roman numeral is placed after the name of the metal to tell which ion is being used

Metals with Multiple Ions Copper sometimes makes a +1 ion

CuCl - Copper (I) Chloride

But it can also make a +2 ion

CuCl2 - Copper (II) Chloride

The roman numeral tells what ion it is.

Polyatomic Ions An ion which is made up of more than

two ions is called a polyatomic ion.

The prefix “poly-” means many

(NH4)+1, (NO3)-1, (OH)-1 are example of polyatomic ions.

Writing Formulas When writing formulas for ionic

compounds, the cation always comes first.

iClicker Question What is the correct formula for Calcium

Oxide?A. CaO

B. Ca2O

C. CaO2

D. O2Ca

E. OCa2

iClicker Question What is the difference between

compounds and molecules?A. Compounds are only ionic bonds

B. Compounds do not include ions

C. Molecules are made from isotopes

D. Molecules are made from compounds

E. None of the above are correct

Naming Molecular Formulas A molecule is formed from covalent

bonds

To name molecules, use a prefix to describe the number of atoms in them

PrefixesPrefixes for Naming Compounds

1 mono-

2 di-

3 tri-

4 tetra-

5 penta-

6 hexa-

7 hepta-

8 octa-

9 nona-

10 deca-

Naming Molecules To name molecules, simply put the

prefix in front of the element name.

CO2 – carbon dioxide

N2O4 – dinitrogen tetraoxide

P3F6 – triphosphorus hexafluoride

iClicker QuestionWhat number does the prefix “penta-” stand for?

A. 2

B. 5

C. 7

D. 9

E. 10

Writing Molecular Formula Writing molecular formulas is as easy as

reading the prefixes

disulfur monoxide – S2O

diphosphorus pentaoxide – P2O5

END OF 6.3p. 187 #6-7, 20-22, 29, 37