Investigation and Application of Investigation and

22ndnd SINOSINO--BRITISH WorkshopBRITISH Workshop

Investigation and Application of Investigation and Application of RedoxRedox Flow Flow B tt f E StB tt f E StBattery for Energy StorageBattery for Energy Storage

HuaminHuamin ZhangZhangChief Scientist of RFB Program of ChinaChief Scientist of RFB Program of China

Prof. Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP CAS)Prof. Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP CAS)CTO. Dalian CTO. Dalian RongkeRongke Power Co., Ltd.Power Co., Ltd.

ContentsContents

Challenges for VRB CommercializationChallenges for VRB Commercializationgg

Progress on Key MaterialsProgress on Key MaterialsProgress on Key MaterialsProgress on Key Materials

A PVA PV VRB System for Telecom StationVRB System for Telecom StationA PVA PV--VRB System for Telecom StationVRB System for Telecom Station

L S l VRB S t I t tiL S l VRB S t I t tiLarge Scale VRB System IntegrationLarge Scale VRB System Integration

About My GroupAbout My GroupHuamin ZhangHuamin ZhangProf.: Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), y ( ),

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Vice President and CTO: Dalian Rongke Power Co., Ltd.Vice President and CTO: Dalian Rongke Power Co., Ltd.

National Chief Scientist of RFB ProgramNational Chief Scientist of RFB Program

Research fieldResearch fields in my group in DICPs in my group in DICPy g py g pRedox Flow Battery Redox Flow Battery

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellProton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellProton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellProton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Regenerative Fuel CellRegenerative Fuel Cell

High Energy Density BatteryHigh Energy Density BatteryHigh Energy Density BatteryHigh Energy Density Battery

Advantages of RFB concluded as followsAdvantages of RFB concluded as follows

Independent system design forIndependent system design forIndependent system design for Independent system design for

power and capacity power and capacity Increase Increase

powerpower

OutputOutput Power Range: kWPower Range: kW--MW; MW;

Energy Storage Capacity : kWhEnergy Storage Capacity : kWh--10MWh10MWh E

High efficiency (>75%)High efficiency (>75%)

Long lifetimeLong lifetime Mod

ule

ElectrolyLong lifetimeLong lifetime

Deep discharge abilityDeep discharge ability

M yte

Low selfLow self--discharge, fast responsedischarge, fast response

Environmental friendly Environmental friendly Increase Increase CapacityCapacityyy

Operation safety Operation safety CapacityCapacity

Durability and Reliability TestDurability and Reliability Test(From Jul. 2007)(From Jul. 2007)

U tU t t dt d lif ti t t f 2 kW VRB t hlif ti t t f 2 kW VRB t hUp toUp to taday., taday., lifetime test of a 2 kW VRB system has lifetime test of a 2 kW VRB system has

been carried out over been carried out over 14191419 days (over days (over 34060 hours34060 hours, , 9933 9933

chargecharge--discharge cyclesdischarge cycles ). ).

Challenges of VRB for CommercializationChallenges of VRB for Commercialization

poor electrolyte stability and less solubility leadpoor electrolyte stability and less solubility leadto lower energy densityto lower energy densityLow selectivity to the vanadium ions for Low selectivity to the vanadium ions for ion exchange ion exchange yy ggmembranemembrane lead to the Unbalance of vanadium ions lead to the Unbalance of vanadium ions and water and the capacity degradation after longand water and the capacity degradation after longand water , and the capacity degradation after long and water , and the capacity degradation after long operation timeoperation timeLow rated operation current density lead to highLow rated operation current density lead to highmaterial costmaterial costHigh cost of the ion exchange membraneHigh cost of the ion exchange membrane

Limited the RFB practicability seriouslyLimited the RFB practicability seriously

ContentsContents


Progress onProgress on VRBVRB Key MaterialsKey MaterialsProgress on Progress on VRBVRB Key MaterialsKey Materials



Ion exchange membrane for VRBIon exchange membrane for VRBIon exchange membrane for VRBIon exchange membrane for VRBIon exchange membrane is employed to transport protonIon exchange membrane is employed to transport proton

and prevent cross mixing of positive and negative electrolytes.and prevent cross mixing of positive and negative electrolytes.

The ideal membrane for VRB applicationThe ideal membrane for VRB applicationlow permeability of vanadium ionslow permeability of vanadium ions

pppp

High proton conductivityHigh proton conductivity

Good chemical stabilityGood chemical stability

low costlow cost

NafionNafion®® Membrane for VRBMembrane for VRB

CF2 CF2 CF CF2 Membrane Function:Membrane Function:CF2 CF2

On CF CF2

CF2-CF-O

CF

m CF2CF2SO3H Separate electrolyte

( di i )CF3 (vanadium ions)

Transport proton

High Cost !!!High Cost !!!

Low Ions Selectivity !!!Low Ions Selectivity !!!

A Nanofiltration (NF) MembranesA Nanofiltration (NF) MembranesOur Research focused on:

A Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes A Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes

A A Non-Fluoride Membrane

Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes for VRBNanofiltration (NF) Membranes for VRB

PrinciplesPrinciplesthe stokes radius of vanadium ionsthe stokes radius of vanadium ionsthe stokes radius of vanadium ions the stokes radius of vanadium ions is much larger than that of His much larger than that of H++

the charge density of vanadium ions the charge density of vanadium ions g yg y(V(IV),V(II), V(III)) is much higher than (V(IV),V(II), V(III)) is much higher than protonsprotons

NF membrane fabricationNF membrane fabricationNF membrane prepared by phase NF membrane prepared by phase

inversion methodinversion method

Pore size distribution of membranes Pore size distribution of membranes

can be controlledcan be controlled

Cost is much lower than NafionCost is much lower than Nafion

DICP NonDICP Non--fluoride Membranes for VRBfluoride Membranes for VRBLifetime Test of NonLifetime Test of Non--Fluoride MembranesFluoride Membranes

DICP NonDICP Non fluoride Membranes for VRBfluoride Membranes for VRB

Performance of single cell with DICP Non-fluoride membrane( d 80 A/ 2)

The performance kept stable after running more The performance kept stable after running more than 12 months The battery has finished morethan 12 months The battery has finished more

(under 80 mA/cm2)

than 12 months. The battery has finished more than 12 months. The battery has finished more than 10000 cycles.than 10000 cycles.

Lifetime Test of NonLifetime Test of Non--Fluoride MembranesFluoride Membranes

500W battery module with DICP Non-fluoride membrane (under 80 mA/cm2)

DICP NonDICP Non--fluoride fluoride MembraneMembrane

Nafion 115Nafion 115membranemembrane Low Cost !MembraneMembrane membranemembrane

CECE 99.5%99.5% 95%95%VEVE 80%80% 85%85%

Low Cost !

Lower VE due to the Lower VE due to the VEVE 80%80% 85%85%EEEE 80%80% 80%80%

higher ohmic resistancehigher ohmic resistance

Two Generation NonTwo Generation Non--Fluoride Fluoride M bM bMembraneMembrane

CC VE is improved byCECE VEVE EEEEDICPDICP--11 99.5%99.5% 80%80% 80%80%DICPDICP 22 99%99% 8 %8 % 84%84%

VE is improved by increasing The

membrane DICPDICP--22 99%99% 85%85% 84%84% conductivity

Stack Modules with NonStack Modules with Non--Fluoride Fluoride Membranes for VRBMembranes for VRB

2 kW1 kW

500 W

100 W100 W

5 W5 W

Electrolyte ProductionElectrolyte ProductionVanadium Electrolyte Production LineVanadium Electrolyte Production Line

Bolong New Material Co.Bolong New Material Co.High quality High quality vanadium suppliervanadium supplier

Yield Yield ------ 300 MWh/year300 MWh/year

Carbon Plastic Bipolar PlateCarbon Plastic Bipolar Plate

1.0 m

Bulk resistanceBulk resistance < 0.17 < 0.17 ΩΩ.cm.cmBending strengthBending strength >28 MPa>28 MPa

Corrosion resistanceCorrosion resistance <0.7 uA.cm<0.7 uA.cm--22

ThicknessThickness 1 mm1 mmCostCost <100 RMB/m<100 RMB/m22

YieldYield 10,000 m10,000 m22/year/yearCarbon/plastic plates showed similar properties with commercial graphiteCarbon/plastic plates showed similar properties with commercial graphite

plates, while the cost almost the 1/10 of the graphite plates. It has been used in stacks for demonstration widely.

Latest Progress on Key Materials and Latest Progress on Key Materials and i Mi MComponents of VRBComponents of VRB in My groupin My group

SealingSealingElectric Control Electric Control

ComponentsComponents

VRB VRB SystemSystem

gg

SystemSystemBipolar Bipolar PlatePlate

ElectrodeElectrode

ElectrolyteElectrolyteIon Exchange Ion Exchange ElectrolyteElectrolyteggMembraneMembrane

StackStackModuleModule

ContentsContents





Circuit Diagram for an offCircuit Diagram for an off--grid PVgrid PV--VRB VRB S t FS t F t l t tit l t tiSystem For System For telecom stationtelecom station

Telecom Telecom Station LoadStation Load

PV PanelsPV Panels PV ControllerPV ControllerDistributionDistributionDistribution Distribution CabinetCabinet

VRB StVRB St

220V AC220V ACfrom Gridfrom Grid

VRB StorageVRB Storage Specification ParametersPVPV 6 kW6 kW

from Gridfrom Grid(Diesel Generator Simulation)(Diesel Generator Simulation) VRB SystemVRB System

2.4 kW / 54 kWh2.4 kW / 54 kWh

Back up 72hBack up 72h

LoadLoad 500 W500 WVoltage ClassVoltage Class 48V DC48V DC

VRB System DesignVRB System Designy gy g

Bipolar plate, electrode,Bipolar plate, electrode,Bipolar plate, electrode, Bipolar plate, electrode, membrane and electrolyte membrane and electrolyte are all homeare all home--made.made.Monitor and ProtectionMonitor and ProtectionMonitor and Protection Monitor and Protection FunctionsFunctionsThermal management Thermal management

tt

Technical specificationTechnical specification VRBVRB--ESSESS

systemsystem

Power/CapacityPower/Capacity 2.4kW/54kWh2.4kW/54kWhVoltage classVoltage class 48V DC48V DC

B tt St k M d lB tt St k M d l 1 2kW 2 i i1 2kW 2 i iBattery Stack ModulesBattery Stack Modules 1.2kW, 2 in series 1.2kW, 2 in series Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency up to 75% (DCup to 75% (DC--DC)DC)

Operation conditionOperation condition --20 ~ 4020 ~ 40ooCCOperation conditionOperation condition --20 ~ 4020 ~ 40ooCCSize (L Size (L ×× W W ××H)H) 2.52.5××1.91.9××2.0 (m)2.0 (m)

Telecom Station Installed in DalianTelecom Station Installed in DalianTelecom Station Installed in Dalian Telecom Station Installed in Dalian

6kW PV on the roof6kW PV on the roof

Telecom Station Telecom Station with load of 500Wwith load of 500W

2 kW/54kWh VRB2 kW/54kWh VRB

System OperationSystem OperationDifferent loads were used to optimize the systemDifferent loads were used to optimize the system

Operation data from Feb 26 to Apr 14Operation data from Feb 26 to Apr 14Operation data from Feb.26 to Apr.14Operation data from Feb.26 to Apr.14

harg

e )200W load200W load

arge

/Dis

chPo

wer

(W)

Charge Charge >> Discharge,Discharge,

SOC increaseSOC increaseC

ha

500W load500W loadChargeCharge ≈≈DischargeDischarge

CV

(V)

Charge Charge ≈≈DischargeDischarge,,SOC stableSOC stable

700W l d700W l dApr.14

OC

Diesel generator Diesel generator

700W load700W loadCharge Charge << DischargeDischarge

SOC decreaseSOC decrease

Feb.26

ggworks to charge the works to charge the

VRB, helping to get a VRB, helping to get a higher SOC. higher SOC.

SOC decreaseSOC decreaseThis PVThis PV--VRB system is suitable for 500W load,VRB system is suitable for 500W load,which certify the original design.which certify the original design.

Temperature Management SystemTemperature Management System

The temperature inside the VRB cabinet and the electrolyte The temperature inside the VRB cabinet and the electrolyte increase stably with the increase of environment temp.increase stably with the increase of environment temp.increase stably with the increase of environment temp.increase stably with the increase of environment temp.Inside temp. is 15~20Inside temp. is 15~20ooC higher than the environment temp. due C higher than the environment temp. due to the using of insulating materials. to the using of insulating materials. When the temp. inside is higher than 40When the temp. inside is higher than 40ooC, the heat emitter will C, the heat emitter will work.work.

ContentsContents





A VRB System for Smart Grid A VRB System for Smart Grid yy

Technical specificationTechnical specification VRBVRB--ESSESSPower/CapacityPower/Capacity 80kW/160kWh80kW/160kWhVoltage ClassVoltage Class 220V DC220V DC

System Efficiency (DCSystem Efficiency (DC--DC)DC) Large then 70%Large then 70%Operation ConditionOperation Condition --20 ~ 4020 ~ 40ooCC

Size (L Size (L ×× W W ××H)H) 6.56.5××2.62.6××2.8 (m)2.8 (m)

R&D of 520kW/1MWh VRB for MW Class SystemR&D of 520kW/1MWh VRB for MW Class Systemyy

2011

5MW VRB for 30 50MW wind farm5MW VRB for 30-50MW wind farm

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsc o edg e tsc o edg e tsNational Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)

of of Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Grant No.Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Grant No.

2010CB2272002010CB2272002010CB227200. 2010CB227200.

The Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese The Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese

Academy of Sciences (ACS)Academy of Sciences (ACS)，，Grant No. KGCX2Grant No. KGCX2--YWYW--322322--22

Many thanks go to MOST and ACS forMany thanks go to MOST and ACS forMany thanks go to MOST and ACS for Many thanks go to MOST and ACS for

the financial support.the financial support.pppp

Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention.

Documents

Investigation and Application of Investigation and