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Investment Materials
Dental casting investment (According to GPT 7)
A material consisting principally of an allotrope of silica and
a bonding agent. The bonding substance may be gypsum (for use in
lower casting temperature) or phosphates and silica (for use in
higher casting temperature).
Refraction investment (Acc to GPT 7)
An investment material that can withstand the high
temperature used in soldering or castings.
Investing (Acc to GPT 7)
The process of covering or enveloping wholly or in part, an
object such as a denture, tooth, wax form, crown etc with a suitable
investment material before processing, soldering or casting.
Requirements
It should be easily manipulated.
The investment should be capable of reproducing the shape,
size and detail recorded in the wax pattern.
The investment mould should be capable of maintaining its
shape and integrity at high temperature.
It should have high compressive strength to withstand the
stresses set up when the molten metal enters the mould.
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Investment Materials
Should compensate for casting shrinkage by its setting
expansion.
The investment should produce a smooth surface and fine
detail and margins on the casting.
After the casting is completed it should be easily removed
from the surface of the metal.
It should be inexpensive.
Factors involved in the selection of investment materials
1. The casting temperature to be used.
2. Type of alloy to be cast
The investment which is able to retain its integrity at the
casting temperature and able to provide the necessary compensation
for casting shrinkage is chosen.
TYPES
Gypsum bonded
Phosphate bonded
Ethyl silica bonded investment
Applications of the various types of investment
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Investment Materials
Gypsum bonded materials mould for gold casting alloys
Phosphate bonded materials high fusing, noble metal alloys
and base metal alloys
Silica bonded materials mould for base metal casting alloys
(rarely used).
COMPOSITION (IN GENERAL)
All investment materials must contain a refractory material
and a binder.
Refractory material
A material that will withstand high temperature without
decomposition or disintegration (e.g.) silica
Silica exists in four allotropic forms
Quartz
Tridymite
Cristobalite
Fused quartz
Functions
It withstand increased temperature
Regulates the thermal expansion
Binder
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Investment Materials
It is used because the refractory materials alone do not form a
coherent mass, some kind of binder is needed. e.g.:
Gypsum
Phosphate
Silicate
Other chemicals
Sodium chloride
Boric acid
Potassium sulfate
Graphite
Copper powder or magnesium oxide
Functions
To achieve desirable properties required for the investment
E.g.: chloride or boric acid enhance thermal expansion
GYPSUM BONDED INVESTMENTS
Classification
ADA specification number 2 for gold alloy casting
investment, there are three types based on use and type of
expansion used
Type I inlay, thermal expansion
Type II inlay or crowns, hygroscopic expansion
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Investment Materials
Type III partial denture, thermal expansion
Supplied: As powder in bulk or preweighed packs
Composition
Silica 60 to 65% (quartz, or cristobalite)
Alpha hemihydrate 30 to 35%
Chemical modifiers – 5%
Functions of each constituent
Silica (quartz or cristobalite)
Refractory material
Regulates thermal expansion
Prevents contraction of gypsum
Modifiers
Coloring agents
Reducing agents – they reduce any oxides formed on the metal
by providing a non-oxidising atmosphere in the mould (e.g.)
carbon or copper powder
Modifying chemicals
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Investment Materials
They regulate setting expansion and setting time and also
prevent shrinkage of gypsum when heated above 300 0C. e.g.:
1. Boric acid,
2. Sodium chloride.
PROPERTIES OF GYPSUM INVESTMENTS
I. Setting time
According to ADA specification no 2,
Setting time should not be shorter than 5 minutes not longer
than 25 minutes.
Modern investment material set initially in 9 to 18 minutes.
II. Storage
It should be stored in air tight and moisture proof containers
Advisable to purchase in small quantities
III. Strength
Factors controlling it are
hemihydrate increased strength
Chemical modifiers increased strength
Increased water decreased strength
Heating to 700 0C increase or decrease strength up to 65%
depending on composition
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Investment Materials
Cooling decreased strength
IV. Thermal stability
One of primary requirement is that it should withstand its
integrity at casting temperature.
It decomposes above 1200 0C to liberate sulphurtrioxide
CaSO4 + SiO 2 CaSiO 3 + SO3
Adverse effect
Weakening of investment
Porosity in the castings
So, gypsum bonded investment are generally restricted to use
well below 1200 0C (e.g.) (1) Majority of gold alloys and (2) lower
melting base metal alloys.
Second reaction
CaSO4 + 4C CaS + 4CO
The carbon may be derived from the residue left after burning
out the wax pattern or may be present as graphite in the investment.
Further leads to
3CaSO4 + CaS 4CaO + 4SO 2
These reactions take place above 700 0C.
Method of minimizing
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Investment Materials
“Heat soaking” the investment mould at the casting
temperature to allow the reaction to be completed before casting
commences.
V. Porosity
Gypsum bonded are sufficiently porous to allow escape of air
and other gases from the mould during casting.
VI. Setting expansion
It is of three types
Normal
Thermal
Hygroscopic.
NORMAL SETTING EXPANSION
A mixture of silica and dental stone results in a setting
expansion which is greater than gypsum product is used alone. The
silica particles probably interfere with the intermeshing of the
crystals as they form. This creates an outward thrust which results
in expansion. According to ADA specification no 2,
Type I – 0.5% in air
Modern investment – 0.4%
It can be regulated by
Retarders
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Investment Materials
Accelerators
Factors affecting setting expansion
Lower water: powder ratio greater in the setting expansion.
More gypsum content increase setting expansion
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION
When gypsum products are allowed to set in contact with
water, it leads to outward growth of crystals.
This results in increased expansion than the normal setting
expansion.
ADA specification no 2 for type II investments require 1.2%
and maximum 2.2% expansion.
FACTORS AFFECTING HYGROSCOPIC SETTING
EXPANSION
Composition
It depends on
Increased silica content increased expansion
Finer the particle size increased expansion
Water: powder ratio
The higher the water: powder ratio→ decreased expansion
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Investment Materials
Temperature
Increased temperature of immersion water, less is the surface
tension increased expansion
Effect of spatulation
Decreased mixing time decreased expansion
Shelf life of the investment
The older the investment decreased expansion
Effect of time of immersion
The greatest amount of expansion is seen when immersion is
before the initial set.
Effect of confinement
The confinement of the investment by the walls of the
container and the wax pattern reduces hygroscopic expansion.
Effect of the amount of added water
Magnitude of the hygroscopic expansion is in direct
proportion to the amount of water added during the setting period
until a maximum expansion occurs. No expansion occurs or further
adding of water when a maximum level is reached.
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Investment Materials
Fineness
The finer the investment, greater the smoothness of the
casting
THERMAL EXPANSION
In gypsum bonded investment thermal expansion is achieved
at temperature of 700 0C. The amount of thermal expansion required
depends on which method is used for casting shrinkage
compensation.
For hygroscopic expansion technique the required thermal
expansion is 0.5 to 0.6%.
For normal setting expansion technique 1.0 to 2.0%.
Type I investment should have a thermal expansion of not less
than 1.0% or more than 1.6%.
Factors controlling
Amount and type of silica used
W: P ratio. More water decreased expansion
Chemical modifiers e.g.: NaCl, KCl, Lithium chloride
increases thermal expansion and prevents contraction of the
mould.
PHOSPHATE BONDED INVESTMENTS
TYPES
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Investment Materials
Type I for inlays crowns and other fixed restorations
Type II for partial dentures and other cast removable
restorations
Uses
Metal – ceramic restoration
High fusing, noble metal alloys and base metal alloys like
nickel chromium and cobalt chromium
Supplied as
Powder with special liquid
Composition
Powder
Ammonium diacid phosphate (NH 4H2PO4)
Functions
Provides Strength
It is soluble in water and provides phosphate ions
It reacts with silica at high temperature to increase strength at
casting temperature
Silica: refractory (Cristoballite or quartz or mixture)
Magnesium oxide : reacts with phosphate ion
Liquid
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Investment Materials
The phosphate bonded investments are mixed with a special
liquid supplied by the manufacturer. This liquid is a form of silica
sol in water, which gives higher hygroscopic expansion.
PHOSPHATE BONDED INVESTMENT
Setting reaction
NH4H2PO4 + MgO + 5H 2O NH4MgPO4 . 6H2O
The above reaction occurs at room temperature, ammonium
diacid phosphate reacted with magnesium oxide to give the
investment green strength.
The ammonium diacid phosphate is used in greater amount
than is necessary for this reaction, so that the excess react with
silica at an elevated temperature.
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Investment Materials
I. Working and setting time
Warmer the mix, faster its set
Setting reaction itself produces heat which further accelerate
the rate of setting
Increased mixing time and mixing efficiency faster set and
greater rise in temperature
l iquid : powder ration increases the working time
II. Strength
The strength of the phosphate bonded materials is aided by
the formation of silicophosphates on heating.
The cohesive strength of the phosphate investment is so high
that no casting ring is needed while heating.
III. Porosity
They are sufficiently porous to allow escape of air and other
gases from the mould during casting.
IV. Setting and thermal expansion
When mixed with water it showed contraction at 200 0C to
4000C, but the use of silica solution instead of water the contraction
is eliminated and expansion is achieved.
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Investment Materials
SILICA BONDED INVESTMENTS
Uses
It is used in the construction of the high fusing base metal
partial denture alloys.
Composition
Silica is the binder, it is derived from the ethyl silicate or
aqueous dispersion of colloidal silica or sodium silicate.
Two systems are available
One system consists of silica refractory which is bonded by the
hydrolysis of ethylsilicate in the presence of HCl. The final
product is colloidal solution of silicic acid and ethyl alcohol.
Si (OC 2H5)4 + 4H 2O Si(OH) 4 + 4C 2H5OH
The other system uses sodium silicate. They are supplied
along with two bottles of special liquid. One bottle contains
sodium silicate and other contains diluted HCl.
Disadvantage
It is loosing its popularity because of its complication like
inflammable components and time consuming procedure.
The silica bonded materials are so closely that they are
nearly porosity free and there is a ‘bulk pressure’ building
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Investment Materials
up which cause the mould to be porous. These problems can
be overcome by making vents in the investment which
prevent the pressure from increasing.
SOLDERING INVESTMENT
Composition
Quartz and a calcium sulfate hemihydrate binder
Properties
Decreased setting and thermal expansion to prevent
misalignment of soldering parts.
Increased fineness of the particle size is not recommended
Uses
Soldering of clasps in removable partial dentures etc.,
INVESTMENT FOR ALL CERAMIC
Two types are developed
- Cast glass technique
- Refractory die material
Cast glass technique
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Investment Materials
It consists of casting ring lined with ceramic paper and the
pattern is invested in phosphate bonded investments.
Refractory die material
They are phosphate boned investment material
They are poured into the impression to make refractory dies
The ceramic is builded up over the refractory die and finally
it is subjected to firing
Conclusion
It is the duty of the dentist to have a sound knowledge on
investment materials and their properties for a successful casting.
References
1. Mccabe JF:Applied Dental Materials. 8th Edition.
2. Craig RG, Powers JM, Wataha JC: Dental Materials,
Properties and Manipulation. Seventh Edition, India 2001;
Harcourt private limited.
3. Anusavice: Philips science of Dental materials. Eleventh
Edition, India 2003; Saunders Publication.
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