Inversion construction (cu trc o ng)
I. Inversion construction (cu trc o ng)
Cu trc thng thng ca 1 cu l :ch t ng trc ng t ,nhng c trng hp ngc
li: ng t li ng trc ch t .Trong trng hp ny ngi ta gi l o ngo ng c s
dng trong nhiu trng hp, thng dng nht l trong cu trc cu hiV d:He is
nice=> Is he nice ?Nhng cu hi m o ng l chuyn bnh thng ri, ai m
khng bit phi khng cc em ? V hnh thc o ng c th chia lm 2 loi:1) o ng
nh cu hiL hnh thc em ng t c bit (hoc tr ng t )ra trc ch t.khi no
dng o ng nh cu hi ?+ khi gp cc yu t ph nh u cu( not , no, hardly,
little, never, seldom , few, only, rarely .....)V d::I never go to
school lateCh never bnh thng nm trong cu th khng c chuyn g xy ra,
nhng khi em n ra u cu th s c o ng.Never do I go to school late+ khi
c cc ch sau u cuso, such, often, much, many, many a, tnh tV d::
He read many books yesterday.Many books did he read yesterday (
o many ra u )
The trees are beautiful in their colors.Beautiful are the trees
in their autumn colors (o tnh t ra u)
The days when we lived in poverty are gone .( gone l tnh t)
Gone are the days when we lived in poverty. ( o gone ra u)
The doctor was so angry that he went away.=> So angry was the
doctor that.....( so + adj + be + S + that + clause)
So nice a girl was that .... ( so + adj + a N +be + that +
clause )
Such a noise was there that I couldnt work Many a time has he
helped me with my experiment
2) o ng nguyn ng tL hnh thc em nguyn ng t ra trc ch t (khng cn
mn tr ng t) - Khi no dng o ng loi ny?Khi c cm trng t ch ni chn u
cu: on the ...., in the...., here, there...V d::His house stands at
the foot of the hill-> At the foot of the hill stands his house
.(em nguyn ng t stands ra trc ch t )The bus came there-> There
came the bus(em nguyn ng t came ra ,khng mn tr ng t did)lu :trong
cch ny ch ng phi l danh t th mi o ng c, i t khng o ng V d:Here came
the busNhng ch t l i t th khng cHere it came (khng o came ra trc
)3) o ng trong cu iu kinLoi ny ch p dng ring cho cu iu kin m thiCc
ch : HAD trong cu K loi 3, ch WERE, trong loi 2, ch SHOULD trong
loi 1 c th em ra trc ch t th cho IFV d:If I were you, I would ....=
Were I you, I would....If I had gone to school......= Had I gone to
school...if I should go....= Should I go.....
II. NO LONGER/ NO MORE (khng cn na)
Cch dng:Ch hnh ng by gi khng cn xy ra na.Cng thc:- trc ng t
thng- Sau ng t to beV d:I no more smoke. ( ti khng ht thuc na)He no
more sleeps. ( anh ta khng ng na)She is no more thirsty. ( c y khng
kht nc na)Bin ha:NO LONGER/ NO MORE c th vit thnh NOT ANY LONGER/
NOT ANY MORE . Trong NOT l ph nh bnh thng, cn NOT ANY LONGER/ NOT
ANY MORE cui cu.V d:I no more smoke. ( ti khng ht thuc na)= I don't
smoke any more.He no more sleeps. ( anh ta khng ng na)= He doesn't
sleep any more.She is no more thirsty.= She isn't thirsty any
more.
III. CU GIA INH L loi cu i tng th nht mun i tng th hai lm mt vic
g nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo ngi th hai.
Trong cu bt buc phi c that tr mt s trng hp.
1. Dng vi would rather that Ng php hin i ngy nay c bit l ng php
M cho php dng would rather m khng cn dng that trong loi cu ny.
We would rather (that) he not take this train.2. Dng vi ng t.
Bng 1/183. L nhng ng t i hi mnh ng sau n phi dng gi nh v trong cu
bt buc phi c that nu n din t trn.
advisedemandpreferrequire
ask insist proposestipulate
commandmoverecommendsuggest
decreeorder requesturge
ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th khng chia b to.
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not sau ch ng 2 trc nguyn th b to.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. Nu b that i
th ch ng 2 s tr v dng tn ng v ng t sau n tr v dng nguyn th c to, cu
mt tnh cht gi nh. Tr thnh mt dng mnh lnh thc gin tip.
Trong ng php Anh-Anh ng trc ng t mnh 2 thng c should, ngi Anh ch
b should khi n l ng t to be nhng ng php Anh-M khng dng should cho
ton b ng t ng sau.
3. Dng vi tnh t. Bng 1/184 l mt s cc tnh t i hi mnh sau n phi
dng gi nh, trong cu bt buc phi c that v ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn
th b to.advisednecessaryrecommendedurgent
importantobligatoryrequiredimperative
mandatoryproposedsuggested
Lu rng trong bng ny c mt s tnh t l phn t 2 cu to t cc ng t bng
1/183.
Nu mun cu to ph nh t not sau ch ng 2 trc nguyn th b to.
It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form]
Ex1: It is necessary that he find the books.Ex2: It has been
proprosed that we change the topic. Nu b that i th ch ng 2 s bin
thnh tn ng sau gii t for, ng t tr v dng nguyn th c to v cu mt tnh
cht gi nh tr thnh dng mnh lnh thc gin tip.
Lu : Cu gi nh dng vi 2 loi trn thng c dng trong cc vn bn hoc th
giao dch din t li ngh t pha A -> B m khng c tnh bt buc.
Khng ch c ng t v tnh t mi c dng theo dng ny, tt c cc danh t xut
pht t nhng ng t v tnh t trn u buc mnh sau n phi dng gi nh, nu nh n
din t cc yu t trn.
There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop
smoking.It is recommendation that the vehicle owner bepresent at
the court4. Cu gi nh dng vi mt s trng hp khc N dng din t mt c mun
hoc mt li nguyn ra thng bao hm cc th lc siu nhin.
God be with you = Good bye.Curse this toad: Cht tit ci con cc
ny. Dng vi ng t May trong mt s trng hp c bit sau:
Come what may = D th no chng na, d bt c chuyn g.
Come what may we will stand by you. May as well not do sth ....
if ....= C th ng..... nu khng.
You may as well not come if you can't be on time: Cc anh c th ng
n nu khng n c ng gi. May/Might (just) as well do smt = Chng mt g m
li khng, mt g ca b.
Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him
have it: V khng ai thch vic ny, mnh chng mt g m li khng cho hn ta
lm n May din t mt gi nh trong li ngh m ngi ni cho rng cha chc n c
thc hin:
The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on
the grass.(khng dng should trong trng hp ny). Linking verb + adj
May + S + = Cu chc cho.
verb + complementMay you both very happy: Chc cc bn bch nin giai
lo.May the conference be successful: Chc hi ngh thnh cng rc r. Long
may she live to enjoy her good fortune: Cu chc cho nng sng lu hng
trn vn vn may ca nng. If need be = If necessary = Nu cn
If need be,we can take another road. Dng vi ng t to be, b to sau
if ch mt s gi nh cha c phn nh r rng l ng hay sai.
If that be right, then it would be no defence for this man to
say he's innocent.If that be error and upon me proved: Nu qu l li v
c nht nh gn cho ti. Let it be me: Gi s l ti, gi phi tay ti.
Husband: Let it be me. Wife (suddenly appearing): If that be
you, what would you do. Be that as it may... = whether that is true
or not... = Cho d l phi th hay khng.
Be that as it may, you have to accept it. Then so be it: C phi
vy thi.
If we have to pay $2,000, then so be it (th c phi tr thi)5. Cu
gi nh dng vi it + to be + time It's time (for sb) to do smt: n lc
ai phi lm g (Thi gian va vn khng mang tnh gi nh).
It's time for me to get to the airport: n lc ti phi ra sn bay.
Time It's hightime + S + simple past = n lc m (thi gian tr mang tnh
gi nh)
About time It's time I got to the airport It's hightime the city
government did smt to stop the traffic jam.IV. C OF, C THEy l nhng
t ch nh lng nh: some (mt vi), all (tt c), most (hu ht), a lot of (
nhiu), a number of ( mt s) ....Ta c th chia t ch nh lng ra lm 2
nhmNHM 1: Bao gm nhng ch sau:SOME, ALL, MOST, MANY, MUCH,
HALF...Nhm ny c th i vi N m c th c OF hoc khng c OFCng thc nh sau:C
OF C THE KHNG OF KHNG THETc l khi ta thy danh t pha sau c THE (hoc
s hu hay mt ch nh t :this, that ...) th ta phi dng vi OFV d:Most of
books (sai) => c of m trc danh t books khng c the hay g c Most
the books (sai) => khng c of m trc danh t books li c the Most of
the books (ng) => c of c the Ghi ch :- Ring i vi ch ALL c th lc
b OFV d:All of the books= all the books ( lc b of)- Nu pha sau l i
t (them, it....) th phi dng OF m khng c theV d:Most them (sai)Most
the them (sai)Most of them (ng)NHM 2 : Bao gm nhng ch sau (u c ngha
l: nhiu)A great/good deal/amount of ( + danh t khng m c)A large
number of ( + danh t m c)A lot of (+ danh t khng m c ln m c)
Lots ofCNG THC:LUN LUN I VI DANH T ( DANH T khng c "the" )V d:A
large number of the books are....(sai) => d ch "the"I eat a
large number of (sai) => khng c danh t pha sauA large number of
books are..(ng)Ring A lot of v a great deal th c cng thc ring l :C
OF C NOUN KHNG OF KHNG NOUNV d:I read a lot of. (sai) => c of m
khng c danh t I read a lot of books. (ng) =>c of c danh tI read
a lot .(ng) => khng of th khng c danh t
DNG 1: ChUYN I T HIN TI HON THNH SANG QU KH N ( V NGC LI ) Dng
ny c cc mu sau y , cng thc th khng c nn mnh ch a ra cc v d trong c
cc ch t mu l nhng du hiu nhn dng ra cng thc.1. This is the first
time I have seen him (y l ln u ti thy anh ta )=>I have never
seen him before. ( ti cha bao gi thy anh ta trc y )Mu ny c dng :y l
ln u tin ... lm chuyn => ...cha bao gi lm chuyn trc y.The first
time : ln u tinNever ...before : cha bao gi trc y2. I started /
begun studying English 3 years ago. (ti bt u hc TA cch y 3 nm
)=> I have studied English for 3 years. ( ti hc TA c 3 nm )Mu ny
c dng :...bt u lm g cch y + khong thi gian => .. lm chuyn for +
khong thi gianNu khng c ago m c when + mnh th gi nguyn mnh ch i
when thnh since thi3. I last saw him when I was a student.( ln cui
cng ti thy anh ta l khi ti l SV ) => I haven't seen him since I
was a student.( ti khng thy anh ta t khi ti l SV ) Mu ny c dng :Ln
cui cng lm chuyn l khi ....=> ..khng lm chuyn t khi ....Last :
ln cui Since : t khi 4. The last time she went out with him was two
years ago.(ln cui c ta i chi vi anh ta cch y 2 nm )=> She hasn't
gone out with him for two years.( c ta khng i chi vi anh ta 2 nm
nay )Tng t mu 3 nhng khc phn sau thi5. It's ten years since I last
met him.( 10 nm t khi ti gp anh ta ln cui )=> I haven't met him
for ten years . ( ti khng gp anh ta 10 nm ri )Mu ny c dng : ..khong
thi gian t khi lm g ln cui=> ..khng lm vic c + khong thi gian6.
When did you buy it ? ( bn mua n khi no ?=> How long have you
bought ? ( bn mua n c bao lu ? )Mu ny c dng :when : th dng qu kh n
How long : th dng hin ti hon thnhV. THE OTHER - OTHER - ANOTHER -
THE OTHERS - OTHERS Another ...: mt...no S t, dng khi ni n mt i tng
no khng xc nh This book is boring. Give me another quyn sch ny chn
qu a ti quyn khc xem => quyn no cng c, khng xc nh.Others: nhng
.... khc S nhiu, dng khi ni n nhng i tng no khng xc nh. These books
are boring. Give me others : nhng quyn sch ny chn qu, a ti nhng
quyn khc xem => tng t cu trn nhng s nhiu.The other : ...cn li Xc
nh, s t I have two brothers. One is a doctor ; the other is a
teacher. Ti c 2 ngoi anh. Mt ngoi l bc s ngoi cn li l gio vin.The
others: nhng ...cn li Xc nh, s nhiu I have 4 brothers. One is a
doctor ; the others are teachers.Ti c 4 ngoi anh. Mt ngi l bc s
nhng ngoi cn li l gio vin.The others = The other + N s nhiu There
are 5 books on the table. I don't like this book. I like the others
= ( I like the other books )
Lu l khi ch c 2 i tng th i tng u tin dng ONE i tng th 2 dng THE
OTHER.
I have 2 brothers. One is a doctor, and the other is a teacher.
Ti c 2 ngi anh. Mt ngi l bc s, ngi kia l gio vin.Nguyn l cn nh: s
dng tt cc ch ny cc em s xem xt cc yu t sau:C phi l (nhng) ci cui
cng trong tp hp khng? ( quyt nh dng the hay khng )S t hay s nhiu? (
quyt nh dng another hay other )Pha sau c danh t hay khng ? ( phng
khi danh t s nhiu th dng other ch khng dng others)
Ni n ch t gi trong ting Anh th rt nhiu trng hp, tuy nhin bi vit
ny thy ch gi gn trong 1 cch dng ph bin ca n nhm gip cc em trong qu
trnh hc tp v thi c cp ca chng trnh ph thng v thi i hc khi D. Cu trc
ny c dy rt k trong chng trnh lp 11 cha ci cch, tuy nhin sau khi ci
cch th b loi b. Vn ng ni l d b loi b nhng y vn thy trong cc thi c
cu trc ny nn cc em cng nn nm vng nh.
Trc tin cc em cn hiu th no l ch t gi, chng ta cng xem cc v d sau
nh:
This is my book. It is very interesting.
y l quyn sch ca ti. N rt hay.
"N" y l ci g? chnh l quyn sch, l vt c th, ta ni y l ch t
(tht)
It is very interesting to watch this film.
( N) tht th v xem b phim ny.
"N" trong cu ny l ci gi? khng l g c, n ch ng trc is lm ch t cho
ng t ny thi ch khng m ch vt no c. Ngi ta gi "it" ny l ch t gi.Trong
phm vi bi hc ny cc em s c hc v s bin ha vi 3 cp khc nhau, trong 2
cp c s tham gia ca ch t gi it. Ch ng giCp 1: (ch t l : to inf, Ving
v that clause)
V d:
To learn English is difficult. ( ch t l to inf. )
Learning English is difficult. ( ch t l Ving )
That we can't go abroad is obvious. ( ch t l that clause ) =>
vic m chng ti khng th i nc ngoi l hin nhin
Cp 2: ( Dng ch t gi :it )
Cch bin i t cp 1 qua cp 2 l dng ch t gi it th vo ch t tht ri em
ch t tht ra pha sau:
It is difficult to learn English. ( em ch t tht l cm to inf. ra
sau ri dng ch t gi it th v lm ch t)
It is difficult learning English.
It is obvious that we can't go abroad.
Cp 3: ( Dng thm ng t trc ch t gi it )
c cp ny ta thm ch t : we, I ... v ng t : think, consider, make,
find, believe ... trc it, sau b ng t to be i, cc phn khc gi nguyn (
mu ny khng dng dng Ving )
We think it difficult to learn English.
We think it obvious that we can't go abroad.
Nh vy cc em cng thy l cu p dng cp 3 dng mnh that, th vit li cu
cho cc cp nh:
That she was a typical teacher was an honour.
It was an honour that she was a typical teacher. ( em ch t tht l
mnh that ra sau ri dng ch t gi it th v lm ch t)
Miss Joan found it was an honour that she was a typical
teacher.
Miss Joan found it an honour that she was a typical teacher.
VI. STYLES l cch vit khc nhau trong vn phong.V d trong ting Vit
mnh nh:Ti quyt nh mt cch ng n Ta cng c th ni mt cch khc l:Ti c mt
quyt nh ng n Ni chung l cch ni khc nhau thi nhng ni dung th khng
thay i. Trong ting Anh cng vy, ch yu l cch s dng ng t hoc danh tHy
xem nhng v d bng ting Anh :I look at him (ti nhn anh ta)- look l ng
t Cch khc :I have a look at him (ti c mt ci nhn vo anh ta ) look l
danh t, nn phi thm ng t have vo Vn rc ri m cc em cn nm vng l gp ch
no th phi thm ng t no ch khng phi lc no cng thm have, c khi phi thm
take, pay, make.... ci ny phi hc thuc thiSau y l mt s ch thng gp
:VISIT SB -> PAY A VISIT TO SB V d:I visited him last week ->
I paid a visit to him last weekCh thm ch to vo sau danh t visit (ch
ny hay b sai)INTENT TO -> HAVE INTENTION OF WELCOME SB ->
GIVE SB A WELCOME LOOK AT -> HAVE A LOOK AT THINK ABOUT/OF ->
GIVE THOUGHT TO/ABOUT BE DETERMINED -> HAVE A DETERMINATION KNOW
ABOUT -> HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF TEND TO -> HAVE A TENDENCY
TODESIRE/WISH -> HAVE A DESIRE/WISH FOR BE INTERESTED IN ->
HAVE INTEREST IN ATTEND TO -> PAY AN ATTENTION TO DECIDE TO
-> MAKE A DECISION TO TALK about sth => HAVE A TALK about sth
AGREE with sb => BE in AGREEMENT with sbRECEIVE sth => BE in
RECEIPT ->OF sthHELP sb => GIVE HELP to sbSTART/LANDING =>
MAKE a START/LANDINGBE IMPORTANT =>BE OF IMPORTANCE BE PROUD of
=>TAKE PRIDE INLu :+ Nu bt u cu l ch THERE th khng dng cc ng t
nh have, take . M phi dng BEV d:They tended to say little =>
There was a tendency to say little+ Khi gp cu ph nh th thm NO vo
troc ng t hoc ngoc li V d:I don't intend to take it
=> I have no intention to take it+ V a lot a lot of N V d:I
think a lot about my future=> I give a lot of thought about my
future+ V a little a little of N + V adv Adj NV d:
I welcomed him warmly=> I gave him a warm welcome
VII. Modal verbs
Modal verbs l nhm ng t rt quen thuc vi mi ngi hc ting Anh. Ngay
t khi hc lp 6 cc em c lm quen vi chng qua cc cu n gin nh can I help
you?, I can swim.T mi nm nhng kin thc v modal verbs li c m thm b
sung trong chng trnh hc. Ni m thm v ngoi tr lp 12, khng c cp lp no
c 1 tiu vn phm chuyn v nhm ny m chng ch c b dung thng qua cc mu cu
l loi m thi. Th l khi chun b bc vo k thi i hc khng t em cht lo lng
v cm thy modal verbs khng h n gin cht no, nht l khi cc em lin tc b
knock out trong cc bi tp luyn thi c p dng nhm ny.
Nguyn do g u c tnh trng ny?- chnh l do s c im phc tp ca cc modal
verbs, trong khi cc em li khng ch n m c ngh qu n gin v chng.
C th ni cha c nhm ng t no li phc tp v cch chia th nh nhm ny. C
bao gi cc em t hi ti sao trong cu Could you open the door for me ?
ngi ta li dng could ( qu kh ca can) trong khi ng cnh l hin ti ?
Trong bi vit ny, thy khng i su vo vic nu ra tt c cch dng ca chng
m ch yu phn tch cc em thy r 3 cch dng khc nhau - nguyn nhn gy ra s
phc tp ca nhm ny.
Trc tin cc em phi nhn ra rng modal verbs c 3 cch dng khc nhau,
nhng rc ri hn l khng phi ng t no trong nhm ny u dng c 3 cch m c khi
li ch 2 cch.
Cch dng 1:Cch dng ny l cch d nht, cc ng t s mang ngha bnh thng
ca n.c im: ng t chia th theo thi gian.V v nh ch CAN mang ngha c th
ch nng lc ca i tng v nu cu ni hin ti hoc tng lai th dng CAN, cn qu
kh th bt buc dng could.V d:Now I can swim cross this river in 5
minutes ( nng lc hin ti- dng th hin ti ca can => CAN )When I was
a child I could swim cross this river in 5 minutes ( nng lc qu kh-
phi dng th qu kh ca can => COULD )Cch dng 2: Cch dng ny dng
trong cc cu ngh.c im: ng t KHNG chia th theo thi gian.Cch dng t v
chia th no hon ton khng ph thuc vo ngha v th ca ng t m ph thuc vo
ni dung, i tng v tnh trang trng ca li ni.V d:Khi nh ai gip ta c th
ni :Can you.?Will you?Could you .? May you .? (khng dng )
Might you .? (khng dng )Khi mun gip ai ta ni :Can I .?Shall I
?Trong khi trong cu xin php li dngMay I .?R rng ccem thy khi ta dng
can I ..? v could I ? Khng phi do qu kh hay hin ti m do tnh lch s,
trang trng ca li ni m thi. Mun bit khi no dng th phi thuc cc mu cu
m thoi.VIII. RT GN MNH
Dng thng gp nht l dng rt gn t mnh thnh cm t.
Cc em cn nm r ch ny : mnh l phi c ch t v km theo l ng t chia th,
cn cm t l khng c ch t v km theo l ng t khng c chia th ( c th l
Ving, l to inf, hay qu kh phn t p.p ....)
Nguyn tc cn bn cn nh nht l mun rt gn c th ch t ca 2 mnh phi ging
nhau, v khi rt gn s b ch t m nu ch t khc nhau th khi b mt lm sao
bit hnh ng ai lm ?
V du:
When I saw the dog, I ran away.
=> When seeing the dog, I ran away. ( hoc : Seeing the dog,
...)
i vi mnh quan h th i t quan h pahir lm ch t mi rt gn c.
The man who is standing over there is Mr cucku.
=>The man standing over there is Mr cucku.
The man whom you are talking about.... => khng rt gn c
Sau y chng ta ln lt xem qua cc dng rt gn nh:
1. Rt gn mnh quan h:Rt gn mnh quan h c cc dng sau:1) Dng cm Ving
:Dng cho cc mnh ch ng
B who, which,that v be (nu c ) ly ng t thm ING The man who is
standing there is my brother
The man who is standing there is my brother->The man standing
there is my brother2) Dng cm P.P:Dng cho cc mnh b ng .
B who, which,that v beI like books which were written by my
fatherI like books which were written by my father->I like books
written by my father3) Dng cm to inf.Dng khi danh t ng troc c cc ch
sau y b ngha :ONLY,LAST,s th t nh: FIRST,SECOND...
B who, which,that ,ch t (nu c ) v modal verb nh can ,will...thm
to trc ng t
This is the only student who can do the problem.
This is the only student who can do the problem->This is the
only student to do the problem.-ng t l HAVE/HAD
I have many homework that I must do
I have many homework that I must do.I have many homework to
do.-u cu c HERE (BE),THERE (BE)There are six letters which have to
be written today.There are six letters to be written today.
- Mt s ng t khc nh need , want ..v..v.. ni chung l khi ta dch ch
to inf. vi ngha "" m nghe sung tai th c th dng c.GHI NH :Trong phn
to inf ny cc bn cn nh 2 iu sau:- Nu ch t 2 mnh khc nhau th thm cm
for sb trc to inf.We have some picture books that children can
read.We have some picture books for children to read.Tuy nhin nu ch
t l i t c ngha chung chung nh we,you,everyone.... th c th khng cn
ghi ra.Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think
about. Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us ) to think
about.- Nu trc relative pronoun c gii t th phi em xung cui cu. ( y
l li d sai nht).We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.We have
a peg to hang our coat on.4) Dng cm danh t (ng cch danh t )Dng khi
mnh tnh t c dng:S + BE + DANH T /CM DANH T/CM GII TCch lm:-b who
,which v be Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for
health.Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for
health.Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.Do you
like the book which is on the table?Do you like the book on the
table?*) PHNG PHP LM BI LOI RT GN:Khi hc th ta hc t d n kh nhng khi
lm bi th ngc li phi suy lun t kh n d.B1 :- Tm xem mnh tnh t nm ch
no Bc ny cng d v mnh tnh t thng bt u bng WHO,WHICH,THAT...B2 :Bc ny
ch yu l gim t mnh xung cm t, tuy nhin cch suy lun cng phi theo th t
nu khng s lm sai.V d:This is the first man who was arrested by
police yesterday.Mi nhn ta thy y l cu b ng ,nu vi vng th s d dng
bin n thnh :This is the first man arrested by police yesterday
saiTht ra p n l :This is the first man to be arrested by police
yesterday ng Vy th cch thc no khng b sai ?Cc em hy ln lt lm theo cc
boc sau.1. Nhn xem mnh c cng thc S + BE + CM DANH T khng ? Nu c p
dng cng thc 4 .2. Nu khng c cng thc th xem tip troc who which... c
cc du hiu first ,only...v..v khng ,nu c th p dng cng thc 3 (to inf.
) lu thm xem 2 ch t c khc nhau khng ( dng for sb )3 .Nu khng c 2
trong hp trn mi xt xem cu ch ng hay b ng m dng VING hay P.P..
IX. S T HAY S NHIU
Thng thng mt danh t c s pha sau l danh t s nhiu, cn ngc li l s
t. Nhng cng c nhng ngoi l cn nh :
1) N AND N (hai danh t ni vi nhau bng ch and )Khi 2 danh t ni
nhau bng ch and th thng thng l dng s nhiu, nhng trong cc trng hp
sau th li dng s t:- Khi chng cng ch mt ngui, mt b, hoc 1 mn ni vi
ngi th du hiu nhn bit cng 1 ngi l danh t th 2 khng c THEV d:The
professor and the secretary are ......(ng gio s v ngi th k .....)
=> 2 ngi khc nhauThe professor and secretary is ......(ng gio s
kim th k ...) => mt ngii vi mn n th cng phi dch theo nghaV
d:Salt and peper is ..... ( mui tiu ) xem nh mt mn mui tiuBread and
meat is.... (bnh m tht ) xem nh mt mn bnh m tht.The saucer and cup
is... (tch v da tch c xem nh mt b )- Php cng th dng s t:Two and
three is five (2 + 3 = 5)2) LUN LUN S T :Gp cc ch sau y lun lun dng
s tEACH, EVERY, MANY A,TO INF, VING, MNH DANH T,TA Lu ch " MANY A "
+ danh t s t
Many a book is....
(Nhng many khng c a th vn dng s nhiu nh :Many books are..)V
d:Each man and woman is .....( c ch each trc th pha sau d c "and"
bao nhiu ln cng mc k ta vn dng s t )
- Ch t l To inf. hoc VingV d:To do this is ....Learning English
is .........- Ch t l mnh danh t
Cch nhn dng ra mnh danh t l c cc ch hi u nh what, when, why,
how...hoc thatV d:why he doesn't come is....what he said is
..........That he stole the bicycle is true.(s vic m anh ta n cp xe
p l s tht )- Ch t l ta Du hiu nhn ra ta l n c vit trong ngoc kp.V
d:"Tom and Jerry " is ...."War and Peace " is...(chin tranh v ha
bnh l ...)"Gone with the wind "is..(Cun theo chiu gi l ...)3) DANH
T C S NHNG DNG S T- Nhm Mn hc : physics (vt l ), mathematics (ton
).... , du hiu nhn bit l c tn cng l ICS- Nhm Bnh tt :Measles (si ),
mumps (quai b ).....- Ch News- Nhm o lng :V d:Two pounds is .....(2
cn )- Nhm Khong cch :V d:Ten miles is ...( 10 dm )- Nhm Thi gian :V
d:Ten years is .....( 10 nm )- Nhm Ga tinV d:Ten dollars is ...(10
la )- Nhm Tn nc :The United States (Nc M), the Philipines4) KHNG C
S NHNG DNG S NHIUCc danh t tp hp sau yPeople, cattle, police, army,
children- Nhm tnh t c theThe poor (ngi ngho ), the blind (ngi m ),
the rich (ngi giu ), the deaf ( ngi ic ), the dumb ( ngi cm), the
injured (ngi b thng )....5) Hai danh t ni nhau bng cc ch : OR , NOR
, BUT ALSO th ng t chia theo danh t pha sauV d:you or I am
.....(chia theo I )Not only she but also they are ....6) Cc danh t
ni nhau bng : AS WELL AS, WITH, TOGETHER WITH, WITH th chia theo
danh t pha trcV d:She as well as I is ...( chia theo she )7) Hai
danh t ni nhau bng ch OF th chia theo danh t pha trc nhng nu danh t
pha trc l none, some, all, most, majority, enough, minority, half,
phn s .... th li phi chia theo danh t pha sau: V d:The study of
science is ...(chia theo study)Some of the students are ...( nhn
trc ch of gp some nn chia theo ch pha sau l students)Most of the
water is ...(nhn trc gp most nn chia theo N pha sau l water )Lu :Nu
cc ch trn ng mt mnh th phi suy ngh xem n l i din cho danh t no, nu
danh t m c th dng s nhiu, ngc li dng s t.V d:The majority think
that....(a s ngh rng..) ta suy ra rng "suy ngh' oc phi l danh t m c
(ngi ) => dng s nhiu :The majority think that..8) NHM TING NI,
DN TCTing ni dng s tDn tc dng s nhiuTing ni v dn tc vit ging nhau
nhng khc ch : dn tc c the cn ting ni th khng c theV d:Vietnamese is
....(ting Vit th ..)The vietnamese are ....(dn tc Vit Nam ...)9)A
NUMBER v THE NUMBERA NUMBER dng s nhiuTHE NUMBER dng s t10) DANH T
TP HPBao gm cc ch nh : family, staff, team, group, congress, crowd,
committee ....Nu ch v hnh ng ca tng thnh vin th dng s nhiu, nu ch v
tnh cht ca tp th nh 1 n v th dng s t V d:The family are having
breakfast ( ni tng thnh vin trong gia nh ang n sng )The family is
very conservative (ch tnh cht ca tp th gia nh nh l mt n v )11) GP
CH THERE :Th chia theo danh t pha sau:There is a book (chia theo a
book) There are two books (chia theo books)Tuy nhin : there is a
book and two pens (vn chia theo a book)12) I VI MNH RELATIVEChia ng
t trong mnh trc sau b mnh i chia ng t cn li V d:One of the girls
who go out is very good.Ch go c ch t l who = girls => chia theo
s nhiuB mnh i cho d thy:One of the girls is good (gp of chia theo
ch trc l one => s t 13) GP CC I T S HU NH: MINE, (ca ti), HIS
(ca anh y), HERS (ca c y)...Th phi xem ci g ca ngi v n l s t hay s
nhiuV d:Give me your scissors. Mine (be) very old. (ta suy ra l ca
ti y l ni scissors ca ti l s nhiu nn dng s nhiu:=> ...Mine are
very...
Nu khng thy nm trong 13 iu ny th chia theo qui lut bnh thng: c s
-> s nhiu .Khng s -> s t
X. SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT/IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO : mCng thc nh
sau:1) Mnh + SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT + S can/could/will/would + V ...
Lu :Thng thng nu khng c NOT th dng can /could cn c NOT th dng won't
/ wouldn't , tr nhng trng hp c ngn cm th mi dng can't/couldn't.I
study hard so that I can pass the exam. I study hard so that I
won't fail the exam.I hide the toy so that my mother can't see it.
( ti giu mn chi m ti khng th thy n -> ngn khng cho thy ) 2) Mnh
+ IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO + Inf. Lu :Nu c NOT th NOT trc TO, tuy
nhin mu TO khng p dng c trng hp c NOT.I study hard. I want to pass
the exam.-> I study hard in order to / so as to /to pass the
exam.I study hard. I don't want to fail the exam.-> -> I
study hard in order not to fail the exam. ng-> I study hard so
as not to /to fail the exam.ng-> I study hard not to fail the
exam. saiNu 2 ch t khc nhau th ch t cu sau bin thnh FOR SB V d:I
gave her his phone number. I wanted her to call him
I gave her his number in order for her to call her.
Cch ni cu :1) Dng SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT :Trong cu th hai nu c cc
ng t : want, like, hope... th phi b i ri thm can/could/will/would
vo -Nu sau cc ch want, like, hope..c tc t th ly tc t ra lm ch t.I
give you the book .I want you to read it.-> I give you the book
so that you can read it.2) Dng IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO :- B ch t cu
sau, b cc ch want, like, hope...gi li t ng t sau n.I study hard. I
want to pass the exam.I study hard .I want to pass the exam.-> I
study hard in order to pass the exam.
