Inventory — corporate - FCM

December 11, 2012

City of CambriDge Corporate

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Forecast

City of Cambridge Corporate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Forecast

Stantec Consulting Ltd. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i

List of Figures ii

List of Tables ii

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Green Energy Act 1 1.3 Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) 2

2.0 Methodology 4

2.1 Inventory Protocol 4 2.2 Emission Sources and Emission Factors 6 2.3 Data Collection 7 2.4 Monitoring 7

3.0 Corporate inventory 8

3.1 Inventory Summary 8 3.2 Buildings 10 3.3 Fleet - Vehicles 11 3.4 Fleet - Small Engines 12 3.5 Sewage Pumping 13 3.6 Streetlighting 14 3.7 Corporate Waste 14 3.8 Forecast Summary 15

4.0 Opportunities For Improvement 17

4.1 Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Consumption 17 4.2 Facilities 17 4.3 Waste 17

5.0 Next Steps 19

6.0 References 20

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Five Milestone Framework ........................................................................... 2 Figure 2. City of Cambridge 2009 GHG Emissions by Sector ...................................... 9 Figure 3. City of Cambridge 2009 GHG Emissions by Source ...................................... 9 Figure 4. City of Cambridge 2009 GHG Emissions by Scope .................................... 10 Figure 5. City of Cambridge Forecast GHG Emissions by Sector ................................. 16 Figure 6. City of Cambridge Forecasted Corporate GHG Emissions ............................ 16

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Emission Sources by Scope .......................................................................... 4 Table 2: Global Warming Potentials .......................................................................... 5 Table 3: Data Sources .............................................................................................. 7 Table 4: GHG Emissions by Sector ............................................................................ 8 Table 5: GHG Emissions from Buildings and Facilities ................................................ 11 Table 6: GHG Emissions from Vehicles .................................................................... 12 Table 7: GHG Emissions from Small Engines ............................................................ 12 Table 8: GHG Emissions from Sewage Pumping ....................................................... 13 Table 9: GHG Emissions from Streetlights ................................................................. 14 Table 10: GHG Emissions from Corporate Waste ..................................................... 14

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These benefits to the corporation of the City of Cambridge may in turn be a catalyst for the business and residential community to protect the climate as well as encourage many other benefits such as:

Job creation and local economic development: Creating new markets for renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency and sustainable public transit to stimulate the community's economy and increase competitiveness.

Reduced traffic congestion: Promoting public transit, cycling, car sharing, and active transportation encourages the community to choose more affordable and environmentally friendly travel modes. Improving alternative mobility reduces costs of road maintenance for local governments.

Improved air quality: Reducing pollutants and airborne particles improves air quality and reduces the incidence of respiratory diseases (PCP, 2012, 1).


2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 INVENTORY PROTOCOL

The methods used to develop the City of Cambridge’s corporate GHG inventory are in keeping with the PCP best practices and guidance (PCP, 2012, 1). To quantify GHG emissions in the identified corporate sectors, the International Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol (IEAP) was utilized as the preferred inventory guidance document for municipalities participating in the PCP program (ICLEI, 2012).

An ‘operational control’ approach was utilized to complete the corporate GHG emissions inventory This approach requires that the City of Cambridge account for emissions from every source of which it implements operating control or policies. The inventory includes all sources of GHG emissions occurring within the city’s organizational (or corporate) boundaries. Three classifications or “scopes” of emission sources are included, differing slightly when applied in the context of corporate and community inventories. Differentiating emissions between scopes helps to avoid double counting and misrepresentation of emissions. The three emission scopes at the corporate and community level are described in Table 1 below.

For a full overview of Cambridge’s community-wide GHG emissions inventory, please see the Climate Collaborative’s report entitled, “Discussion Paper: Community Greenhouse Inventory and Forecast for Waterloo Region” dated May 15, 2012 (or subsequent revisions).

Table 1: Emission Sources by Scope

Scope Corporate Inventory Community Inventory

Scope 1

Direct emission sources owned and/or operated by the City of Cambridge (e.g., gasoline or diesel use by fleet vehicles).

Direct emission sources located within City of Cambridge (e.g., natural gas or propane used for heating, transportation, livestock and manure management, community waste).

Scope 2

Indirect emission sources that result from the use of purchased electricity to operate City of Cambridge facilities.

Indirect emissions that result from activities within Cambridge (e.g., purchased electricity, district heating, etc.).

Scope 3 (Optional)

Indirect emission sources from items that are not owned or controlled by the City of Cambridge (e.g., employee commuting, paper usage, etc.).

Other indirect emissions, such as the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels, transport-related activities in vehicles not owned or controlled within the community, etc.

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2.2 EMISSION SOURCES AND EMISSION FACTORS

The following is a summary of methods used for determining emissions from various sources utilizing PCP approved emission intensity values (emission factors). All emission factors for the City of Cambridge’s corporate GHG inventory were derived from the most recent and available Canadian National Inventory Report, unless otherwise stated. The following equation is the general equation that was applied to the City of Cambridge 2009 GHG inventory for calculating emissions.

∗

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Energy Use

Emissions resulting from energy consumption in City of Cambridge facilities due to electricity usage are calculated by utilizing the appropriate emission factor, determined by Province, multiplied by the electricity consumed (in kilowatt hours (kWh)).

Natural Gas and Diesel Combustion

Emissions resulting from the stationary combustion of natural gas and diesel used for heating and other processes at City of Cambridge facilities are calculated by utilizing the appropriate natural gas or diesel emission factors based on the properties of the fuel, multiplied by the quantity of fuel consumed (in m3 or L).

Vehicle and Equipment Fleet Fuel Use

Emissions resulting from fuel use in the City of Cambridge fleet, including vehicles and small non-road equipment are calculated by multiplying the total fuel use (in L) by the appropriate emission factor, determined by fuel type (e.g., gasoline or diesel) as well as year, make and model of the vehicle or piece of equipment.

Municipal Waste

The GHG emissions from waste generated by City of Cambridge facilities are calculated using the quantity of waste produced and the emission factor for municipal solid waste found in the spreadsheet tool developed by PCP for use by Canadian municipalities to aid in GHG inventory development (PCP, 2012, 2).


2.3 DATA COLLECTION

Data was retrieved directly from City of Cambridge staff where possible, and provided in the form of electronic spreadsheets, reports and email correspondence. Table 3 provides a summary of key data providers.

Table 3: Data Sources

Sector Data Source/Contact Notes

All

Bob Paul, Director of Facilities, City of Cambridge

Coordinated all data collection

Michelle Vienneau, Construction Administrative Assistant, City of Cambridge

Coordinated all data collection

Fleet Michelle Vienneau, Construction

Administrative Assistant, City of Cambridge Fuel use and list of vehicles and

small equipment

Streetlight Shannon Noonan, Manager of

Transportation Engineering, City of Cambridge

Streetlight data

Buildings Cambridge and North Dumfries Hydro,

Union Gas Energy and Natural Gas usage

Municipal Waste

BFI Canada Contractor to the City of

Cambridge for waste removal

2.4 MONITORING

It is a goal of the City of Cambridge to further improve and track corporate energy usage as well as GHG emissions, for tracking of emission reductions and reporting requirements to the GEA. Suggestions on further improvement and refinement of data collection systems and their effectiveness are discussed in Section 4.0 of this report.


3.0 CORPORATE INVENTORY 3.1 INVENTORY SUMMARY

A GHG emissions inventory of the City of Cambridge was completed for the 2009 baseline year. The total GHG emissions from the 2009 corporate operations are estimated to be 7,448 tonnes of CO2e.

A summary of the GHG emissions by sector is provided in Table 4. Buildings produced the largest amount of CO2e for the City of Cambridge corporate operations, with the Fleet Vehicles producing the second largest CO2e for the City of Cambridge.

Table 4: GHG Emissions by Sector

Sector GHG Emissions (tonnes CO2e)

Buildings 4,373

Vehicles 1,727

Street Lighting 828

Sewage Pumping 245

Waste 232

Small Engines 43

Total 7,448

Figure 2 shows the City of Cambridge’s corporate GHG emissions profile by sector.


Figure 2. City of Cambridge 2009 GHG Emissions by Sector

Figure 3 shows the City of Cambridge’s corporate GHG emissions profile by source.

Figure 3. City of Cambridge 2009 GHG Emissions by Source

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Vehicles23%

Small Engines1%

Waste3%

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Natural Gas40%

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operations). There were also a number of facilities for which no energy or natural gas consumption could be attributed to, due to lack of data. The electricity and natural gas usage for these facilities were estimated based on average consumption data, where possible. This is discussed further in Section 4.2.

Table 5 provides a summary of energy use and emissions generated by City of Cambridge facilities.

Table 5: GHG Emissions from Buildings and Facilities

Facility Electricity Use

(kWh) Natural Gas Use

(m3) Total GHG

(tonnes CO2e)

Administrative Buildings 1,299,550 107,202 359

Arenas & Entertainment Facilities

5,383,831 400,675 1,404

Arts Buildings 575,194 58,054 179

Cemeteries 114,817 37,765 85

Fire Stations 420,054 154,957 343

Heritage Buildings 306,897 82,882 194

Libraries 1,031,120 88,120 290

Other Facilities 384,992 67,758 174

Outdoor Pools & Buildings 155,790 73,614 158

Parks 569,100 39,696 143

Recreation/Community Centre 833,206 166,415 415

Service Buildings 648,079 190,906 439

Soccer Facilities (Indoor) 275,555 83,424 191

Total 11,998,186 1,551,468 4,373

3.3 FLEET - VEHICLES

Fleet vehicles included within this inventory include: snow removal, construction, maintenance, and other on- and off-road vehicles used by City of Cambridge employees.

The Grand River Transit bus system is operated by the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and therefore not included within this inventory, as it falls within the operational control of the Region of Waterloo.

Vehicle fleet is responsible for 1,727 tonnes of GHG, or 23% of the city’s emissions. Inaccuracies associated with the fuel data were identified and discussed further in Section 4.1. Table 6 provides a summary of vehicle fleet GHG emissions broken down by vehicles and equipment as well as their associated fuel type.


Table 6: GHG Emissions from Vehicles

Vehicle Category Fuel Volume

(L) Total GHG

(tonnes CO2e)

Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles 223,005 605

Light Duty Diesel Trucks 55,907 153

Off-Road Diesel Vehicles 93,654 282

Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 113 < 1

Light Duty Gasoline Trucks 264,209 616

Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles 18,084 42

Off-Road Gasoline Vehicles 7,919 19

Hybrid Vehicles 5,197 12

Total - 1,727

3.4 FLEET - SMALL ENGINES

Small engines included within this inventory comprised of: snow blowers, landscaping equipment, maintenance equipment, generators, and other small equipment used by City of Cambridge employees.

The small engine fleet is responsible for 43 tonnes of GHG, or less than 1% of the City of Cambridge’s emissions. Inaccuracies associated with the fuel data were identified and discussed further in Section 4.1. Table 7 provides a summary of small engine fleet GHG emissions broken down by equipment as well as their associated fuel type.

Table 7: GHG Emissions from Small Engines

Equipment Category Fuel Volume

(L) Total GHG

(tonnes CO2e)

Diesel Lawn and Garden Care Equipment

12,748 38

Diesel Generators 454 1

Gasoline Lawn and Garden Care Equipment

1,396 3

Total - 43

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3.6 STREETLIGHTING

This sector includes streetlights operated by the City of Cambridge as well as various lighting required around the City of Cambridge such as sign lighting and parking lot lighting.

Streetlights operated by the City of Cambridge are responsible for 828 tonnes of GHG, or 11% of the City of Cambridge’s emissions. Table 9 provides a summary of total streetlight energy use and GHG emissions.

Table 9: GHG Emissions from Streetlights

Street Lighting Electricity Use

(kWh) Total GHG

(tonnes CO2e)

All Street Lighting 6,896,128 828

3.7 CORPORATE WASTE

The corporate waste sector only includes waste that is generated within corporately owned facilities. Community waste is controlled and operated at the Regional level, and the City of Cambridge owns no landfills, so emissions from the community overall have been omitted from this inventory.

Corporate waste generated by City of Cambridge facilities is responsible for 232 tonnes of GHG, or 3% of the City of Cambridge’s emissions. Table 10 provides a summary of corporate waste GHG emissions broken down by facility type, those areas that display “n.a” do not have any data associated with them.

Table 10: GHG Emissions from Corporate Waste

Facility Quantity of Waste

(tonnes) Total GHG

(tonnes CO2e)

Administrative Buildings 42 20

Arenas & Entertainment Facilities 139 67

Arts Buildings n.a. n.a.

Cemeteries 32 16

Fire Stations 64 31

Heritage Buildings n.a. n.a.

Libraries n.a. n.a.

Other Facilities n.a. n.a.

Outdoor Pools & Buildings 9 4


Parks 100 48

Recreation/Community Centre 53 26

Service Buildings 42 20

Soccer Facilities (Indoor) n.a. n.a.

Total 482 232 n.a.: data not available

3.8 FORECAST SUMMARY

The forecast year chosen for the City of Cambridge was 2019, based on the PCP best practice of choosing a forecast year 10 years from the baseline (2009).

The business as usual forecast (BAU) scenario was developed using predictions of changes to local government operations and infrastructure, found within the City’s Master Plan and capital budgets. City of Cambridge staff further provided information on other initiatives or potential growth that would have an effect on the City of Cambridge’s operations

The BAU forecast only takes into consideration those actions that are currently planned, with no energy efficiency modifications or policy changes. The forecast is a snapshot of what could occur to emissions at the City of Cambridge if everything were to remain status quo. The following assumptions were made as part of the forecast:

electricity and natural gas use will increase in proportion to the square footage increase in proposed building expansions to existing stock City of Cambridge Facilities;

quantity of waste at City of Cambridge facilities will increase by the same percentage as the overall City of Cambridge’s population growth increase;

energy used for street lighting in the City of Cambridge will increase by growth associated with Greenfield Development; and

The City of Cambridge’s vehicle fleet will increase by ten light duty vehicles.

As a result of these assumptions, emissions are expected to increase from 7,448 tonnes of CO2e in 2009 to 8,425 tonnes of CO2e in 2019. Figure 5 illustrates the changes in emissions by sector from the baseline 2009 to the forecasted year of 2019.


Figure 5. City of Cambridge Forecast GHG Emissions by Sector

Figure 6 shows the GHG emissions forecast. This figure will be utilized in emission reduction planning to illustrate how anticipated emission reductions will affect the BAU forecasted emissions projected increase.

Figure 6. City of Cambridge Forecasted Corporate GHG Emissions

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6.0 REFERENCES

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2012. Accessed online: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf

ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability, 2012. Accessed online: http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=ghgprotocol

Ministry of Energy, Green Energy Act, 2012. Accessed online: http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/en/green-energy-act/

PCP, 2012. Partners for Climate Protection - Five-Milestone Framework for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Accessed online: http://www.fcm.ca/Documents/reports/PCP/Five_Milestone_Framework_for_Reducing_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_EN.pdf

PCP, 2012 (1), Developing Inventories for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption. Accessed online: http://www.fcm.ca/Documents/reports/PCP/Developing_Inventories_for_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Energy_Consumption_EN.pdf

PCP, 2012 (2). Partners for Climate Protection Inventory Quantification Support Spreadsheet. Accessed online: http://www.fcm.ca/home/programs/partners-for-climate-protection/program-resources/milestone-toolkit/milestone-1.htm.

Region of Waterloo, Planning, Housing and Community Services, 2012 - ‘Places to Grow’ projections for Waterloo Region to 2031.