Invasive Alien Species in Germany and in International Conventions and the Role of Botanic Gardens Frank Klingenstein

Invasive Alien Species in Invasive Alien Species in Germany and in International Germany and in International Conventions and the Role of Conventions and the Role of Botanic GardensBotanic Gardens

Invasive Alien Species in Invasive Alien Species in Germany and in International Germany and in International Conventions and the Role of Conventions and the Role of Botanic GardensBotanic Gardens

Frank KlingensteinFrank Klingenstein

1) Biological globalisation:

a) global situation

b) situation in Germany

2) Categories of alien species and criteria for invasiveness

3) Botanic Gardens and alien species

4) International law and policies on alien species and their impact on Botanic Gardens

5) Options for co-operation

6) National activities in Germany

Nature conservation and phytosanitary Nature conservation and phytosanitary measures: The German federal perspective measures: The German federal perspective and activities on IASand activities on IAS


Geographical Isolation asGeographical Isolation asBasis for Evolution = DiversityBasis for Evolution = DiversityGeographical Isolation asGeographical Isolation asBasis for Evolution = DiversityBasis for Evolution = Diversity

varieties of Great Tit (Parus major)

source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre, „Global Biodiversity“ (1992)

alien speciesalien species

39%39%

hunting23%

others2%

destruction of habitats36%

Reasons for Extinction of Reasons for Extinction of Animals since 1600Animals since 1600Reasons for Extinction of Reasons for Extinction of Animals since 1600Animals since 1600

Reasons for Threat Reasons for Threat to the German Florato the German Flora

suppression by alien species

Spread of Agriculture in EuropeSpread of Agriculture in EuropeSpread of Agriculture in EuropeSpread of Agriculture in Europe

[Benecke 1994]

59 (~10%) of 653 threatened species in Germany are aliens (archaeophytes

~ 20 % of all archaeophytes are threatened

archaeophytic alien species are often of special concern for conservation

„It disturbs me that I do not know all these herbs, bushes and plants, which may be very valuable for use as dyes, medicine or spices. I will take home samples of most of them.“ (18.10.1492)

Beginning of Biological GlobalisationBeginning of Biological Globalisation

intended introductionsintended introductionsintended introductionsintended introductions

(un)intended introductions(un)intended introductions(un)intended introductions(un)intended introductions

50 % intended introductions

30% ornamental plants20 % usful plants for forestry and agriculture

50 % unintended introductions

trade and traffic

Biological Globalisation: Biological Globalisation: the Case of Hawaiithe Case of HawaiiBiological Globalisation: Biological Globalisation: the Case of Hawaiithe Case of Hawaii

source: Davis et al. 1995, WWF & IUCNSilversword

(Argyroxiphium sandwicense)

The biomass of alien species exceeds that of indigenous species

natural migration: 1 species in 50.000 years = 1.200 species

Polynesian settlers 1.400 years ago: 1 species in 30 years = 45 new species

since the discovery by Cook in 1778: 1 species in 2 months = 1.000 new species

Neophytes in GermanyNeophytes in GermanyNeophytes in GermanyNeophytes in Germany

228

363

2272

ArchaeophytesNeophytesIndigenous

363

6958

383

115

established

locally established

in establishment

+/- regular occurence

rare occurence

3.383

988

max. 50

Disc Mayweed; Pineapple Weed (Matricaria discoidea)

escaped from BG Berlin in 1825

„alien“ „bad“ need for criteria

Invasiveness = Ecological ThreatInvasiveness = Ecological Threat Invasiveness = Ecological ThreatInvasiveness = Ecological Threat

+ =

increased consumption by predators

competition for habitats or resources

change of ecological conditions

„genetic pollution”

Galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora)

escaped from BG Paris in 1800

Economic DamageEconomic DamageEconomic DamageEconomic Damage

e.g. alien weeds

Galinsoga ciliata

escaped from BG Breslau ~ 1850

Threat to Human HealthThreat to Human HealthThreat to Human HealthThreat to Human Health

e.g. toxic plants


a) global situation



3) Botanic Gardens and alien species3) Botanic Gardens and alien species

4) International law and policies on alien species and their impact on Botanic Gardens





Common Field Speedwell Common Field Speedwell (Veronica persica)(Veronica persica)

escaped from BG Karlsruhe in 1805escaped from BG Karlsruhe in 1805

Botanic Garden and Museum Berlin-Dahlem (BGBM)

Most important garden in Germany and one of the largest in the world

Small Balsam Small Balsam (Impatiens parviflora)(Impatiens parviflora)escaped from BG Berlin in 1837escaped from BG Berlin in 1837

Call for eradication of Saxon Botanists (~1940):

„Like bolschewism endangers our occidental culture, this Mongolian invader as a crucial element of this culture threatens the beauty of our native forests.“

Ecologic-Botanic Garden of Ecologic-Botanic Garden of Bayreuth:Bayreuth:

build since 1978 build since 1978

24 ha 24 ha

due to decreasing budget due to decreasing budget huge +/- wild areashuge +/- wild areas

sold as garden plant since 1850sold as garden plant since 1850spreading in BG Bayreuth since 1984spreading in BG Bayreuth since 1984

escaped from BG Bielefeld 1974 escaped from BG Bielefeld 1974

Duchesnea indica Duchesnea indica (Indian Strawberry)(Indian Strawberry)

like 17 other species like 17 other species assessed in 2001:assessed in 2001:

Cephalaria alpinaCephalaria alpinaCephalaria giganteaCephalaria giganteaEchinops exaltatusEchinops exaltatusCerinthe minorCerinthe minorDoronicum pardalianchesDoronicum pardalianchesEuphorbia polychromaEuphorbia polychromaGeum coccineumGeum coccineumGeum japonicumGeum japonicumScabiosa banaticaScabiosa banaticaEryngium giganteumEryngium giganteumInula magnificaInula magnificaLychnis coronariaLychnis coronariaVerbascum olympicumVerbascum olympicumCollomia linearisCollomia linearisOenothera spp.Oenothera spp.Solidago flexicaulisSolidago flexicaulisSolidago graminifoliaSolidago graminifolia

Reticulitermes flavipesReticulitermes flavipes

Origin: North AmericaOrigin: North America

described 1837 from greenhouses in BG described 1837 from greenhouses in BG Schönbrunn, ViennaSchönbrunn, Vienna

since 1955 reproducing in Hamburg and since 1955 reproducing in Hamburg and damaging buildings etc.damaging buildings etc.

... and other unintended species e.g. in soil ....... and other unintended species e.g. in soil ....

Insects etc. for biological pest control:

Nowadays only reproducing in greenhouses

But what will But what will happen with happen with climatic climatic change?change?


a) global situation



3) Botanic Gardens and alien species

4) International law and policies on alien species and 4) International law and policies on alien species and their impact on Botanic Gardenstheir impact on Botanic Gardens





Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES; 1973)

Implementation in the European Union (EC 338/97):§ 3 (2) d: Export and trade of species may be limited, if they endanger biodiversity in the importing country

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

International standard for phytosanitary measures 11 (2003):Risk assessment for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks

§ 8 h: Contracting parties shall ...

prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species

Guiding Principles for invasive alien species (2002)

precautionary, three-stage approach(prevention, control, management)

Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD; Rio 1992)

Guiding principle 10: Intentional introduction 1. No intentional introduction of an alien species already invasive or

potentially invasive should take place without authorization from an authority. A risk analysis should be carried out to authorize an introduction. The burden of proof should be with the proposer of the introduction. Authorization may be accompanied by conditions (e.g., monitoring procedures, payment for assessment and management).

2. Lack of scientific certainty should not prevent an authority to prevent the [introduction]

"intentional introduction" refers to the movement and/or release by humans outside of its natural range

Guiding Principles on IASDecision VI/23

Guiding principle 10: Intentional introduction 1.1. No intentional introduction No intentional introduction of an alien species already invasive or

potentially invasive should take place without authorization from an authority. A risk analysis should be carried out to authorize an introduction. The burden of proof should be with the proposer of the introduction. Authorization may be accompanied by conditions (e.g., monitoring procedures, payment for assessment and management).




Guiding principle 10: Intentional introduction 1.1. No intentional introduction No intentional introduction of an alien species already invasive or

potentially invasive should take place without authorization from an authority. A risk analysis should be carried out to authorize an introduction. The burden of proof should be with the proposer burden of proof should be with the proposer of the introduction. Authorization may be accompanied by conditions (e.g., monitoring procedures, payment for assessment and management).




.

Dimension of seed exchange Dimension of seed exchange Dimension of seed exchange Dimension of seed exchange

seed exchange is the main source for BG’s

receipt of seeds: 79.983

supply of seeds: 260.010________________________________

326.000 transactions 3.400 per garden

for the 95 BG‘s in Germany p.a.

Contribution of Botanic Gardens to IAS-activitiesContribution of Botanic Gardens to IAS-activities

scientific knowledge on ecology and distribution of plants as basis for conservation measures (e.g. black lists, eradication etc.)

building public awareness as reliable multipliers

voluntary measures concerning the exchange or cultivation of invasive alien plants

PRACTICAL experience with the cultivation = “attitude” of alien plants in “new” countries (e.g. for risk assessments)

Activities in GermanyActivities in GermanyActivities in GermanyActivities in Germany

National Strategy on IAS to implement the Guiding Principles of the CBD by suggesting

harmonization of legislation and measures

cooperation / responsibilities of stakeholders

Information networking with regional conservation authorities and all other interested stakeholders by mailing lists

www.neophyten.de

basic information on alien plants in Germany

handbook with data sheets for 30 invasive species

discussion forum for these species

up to 55 characteristics on taxonomy, morphology, ecology, threat, etc.

including degree of naturalisation

distribution maps on the basis of the national floristic mapping program

photos

for all 3.500 wild growing vascular plants in Germany

www.floraweb.de

intended extension of the existing forum and floristic mapping activities

Early Warning SystemEarly Warning SystemEarly Warning SystemEarly Warning System

vor 1950 1980 2003

Thank you Thank you for your attentionfor your attentionThank you Thank you for your attentionfor your attention

Documents

Invasive Alien Species in Germany and in International Conventions and the Role of Botanic Gardens Frank Klingenstein