Introduction

• Who are we?• Who are you?• What would you like to gain from the

workshop?• Defining participation• What are we doing today?

10:0

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Defining Participation

• A brief history• Why participation? • How is it different? • Strengths/weaknesses?

Defi

ning

Par

ticip

ation

Best Practice

• participation as a learning process – Two-way communication

• empowerment

• building long-term relationships

• people involved: – develop mutual trust and respect

– learn from each other to negotiate potential solutions

Defi

ning

Par

ticip

ation

Types of Participation

Defi

ning

Par

ticip

ation

Participation in Research

Participatory Research

•Participant Leads

Wha

t are

we

Doi

ng?

Top-Down Research

• Researcher Leads

Participatory Methods

• Participants ‘participate’ in

methods

Participation in Research

Participatory Research

•Participant Leads

Wha

t are

we

Doi

ng?

Top-Down Research

• Researcher Leads

Participatory Methods

• Participants ‘participate’ in

methods

Stirling, 2008, Science, Technology, Human Values 33; p.

262

Day Plan

Time Session Topics Tasks10:00-10:30

Introduction Arrival, coffee and workshop aims

10:30-11:30

Problems and Stakeholders

Introduction to research topicsIdentifying and contacting

participantsProblems of participation

Identify stakeholders and challenges

Set a research question

11:30-12:30

Participatory Tools Overview of toolsMatching tools to research aimsImplementation challenges

Selecting a research toolPlanning its use

12:30-13:30 LUNCH

13:30-14:30

Using Participatory Methods

Consolidation of feedback so far Practicing Participation

Implementing your plan

14:30-15:30

Fitting Participation into the Research Project

Key implementation problems and how to address them

How to design your research strategy

How to use your data.

Sharing experiences

15:30-16:30

Participation in Action

Examples of using participatory methods in research

Panel discussion and plenary

Later PUB

Wha

t are

we

Doi

ng?

Problems and Stakeholders

• Introduction to research problems• Identifying and characterising stakeholders• Identifying and characterising participants

10:3

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Stakeholders

• Stakeholders are anyone who can affect or be affected by a decision or action (after Freeman, 1984)

• Ability to speak and/or act– Roles– Power/influence– Connectivity/visibility

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Typology

• Three categories of method for stakeholder analysis:– Identifying stakeholders– Differentiating/categorising– Investigating relationships

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Typology

• Three categories of method for stakeholder analysis:– Identifying stakeholders– Differentiating/categorising– Investigating relationships

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Grimble & Wellard, 1997, Agricultural

Systems, 55(2), pp. 173-193

Practise AnalysisMethod Tool

Identify stakeholders Brainstorming

Differentiating/categorising Interest-influence matrix

Investigating relationships Venn diagrams

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Tool 1: Brainstorm stakeholders

• Make a list of the stakeholders that exist in relation to your case study

5 Mins

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Tool 2: Interest/Influence MatricesHigh

Low

Influence

Context setters - highly influential, but have little interest. Try and work closely as they could have a significant impact

Key players – must work closely with these to affect change

Crowd – little interest or influence so may not be worth prioritising, but be aware their interest or influence may change with time

Subjects – may be affected but lack power. Can become influential by forming alliances with others. Often includes marginalised groups you may wish to empower

Level of Interest High

5 Mins

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Step 1: Create circles of different sizes depending on the size of the stakeholder’s power/influence. The larger the circle the more influential the stakeholder.Step 2: Arrange circles so that overlaps represent interaction in the real world. Greater distance between circles lesser the levels interaction. No overlap = no interaction.Step 3: Identify possible conflict – highlight in red somehow (arrows/lines)

5 Mins

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Tool 3: Venn Diagrams

Reflect on your group work…• How useful were the tools?

• Can you think of other possible tools for the same tasks?

• In the real problem scenario what challenges might you have faced with these tools? (hint – think about theories of participation)

5 Mins

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Stakeholders/Participants

• Select a research question:– Which stakeholders will you need to involve?– Do you need to categorise them or understand

relationships for your research?– How could you do this? (be careful to account for

the limitations identified!)

10 Mins

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Example 1: Moors for the Future

• Social Network Analysis with 80-strong Moors for the Future Partnership

• Communication ties between individuals and groups

• Examine who needs to be involved in planning

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Despite apparently polarised views on burning, upland stakeholders in the Peak District are highly connected…

…and despite the fact that certain groups have little contact with each other…

...the majority of individuals perceive considerable overlap between their views on upland management and the views of those they know from other groups.

Water

Recreation Agriculture

Conservation

Grouse

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Despite apparently polarised views on burning, upland stakeholders in the Peak District are highly connected…

…and despite the fact that certain groups have little contact with each other…

...the majority of individuals perceive considerable overlap between their views on upland management and the views of those they know from other groups.

Water

Recreation Agriculture

Conservation

Grouse

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Prell, Hubacek, Reed, 2009, Society & Natural

Resources, 22(6), pp. 501-518

Example 2: Hungarian Water Policy

• Explaining failed policy enactment• Governance actors and their roles• Mapped through policy and snowball

sampling

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Conclusions

• Stakeholder analysis as research or as a baseline to research

• Identification and characterisation should be tailored to specific research

• But beware of the implications of your approach on your research!

• Stakeholders and participants may not be synonymous (though awareness essential)

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Participatory Tools

• Overview of Tools• Matching Tools to Research Aims• Implementation Challenges

11:3

0-12

:30

The Toolbox (2)

Ove

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f Too

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The Toolbox (2)

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Chambers, R., 1994 World Development. 22, 953-969.

Binns, T., 1997, Applied Geography. 17, 1-9

Exploratory Tools

• Community mapping – transect walks• Brain-storming - timelines• Interviews

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Lingen, 1997

Analysis Tools

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• Cause-effect mapping• Timeline• Interviews• Discussion groups

Deciding Tools

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• Scenario planning/mapping• Multi-criteria evaluation• Interviews

Selecting Methods

• What kind of research are you doing?• What information do you need?• Which tools might be appropriate?

Mat

chin

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ols

to A

ims

10 Mins

Key Challenges (1)

• What happens outside the room?– Power– Knowledge construction– Barriers

• What happens inside the room?– Your role– Conflicts– Dominance Im

plem

enta

tion

Chal

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Key Challenges (1)

• What happens outside the room?– Power– Knowledge construction– Barriers

• What happens inside the room?– Your role– Conflicts– Dominance Im

plem

enta

tion

Chal

leng

esPositionalityKnowledge cultures

Tippett, et al., 2005, Environmental Science & Policy, 8(3) pp. 287-299

Twyman , et al., 1999, Area, 31(4) pp. 313-325

Williamson & Prosser, 2002, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(5) pp. 587-593

Key Challenges (2)

• Practicalities– Size– Materials– Cost– Timing/Duration– Record keeping

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Key Challenges (2)

• Practicalities– Size– Materials– Cost– Timing/Duration– Record keeping

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Search on specific methods, possibly more

in text books!

Strategies

• What do you want to know?– To what extent do you manage?

• Plan practicalities– And plan an alternative!

• Local sensitivity• Researcher diary?

– Participant diary? Impl

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Strategies

• What do you want to know?– To what extent do you manage?

• Plan practicalities– And plan an alternative!

• Local sensitivity• Researcher diary?

– Participant diary? Impl

emen

tatio

n Ch

alle

nges

Glaze, 2002, Reflective Practice, 3(2) pp. 153-166

How will you prepare?

• Mindmap the potential problems with your group. Consider the following categories:– Outside the room– Inside the room– Practicalities

• Try to identify problems (red) and solutions (green)

• Try to indicate things you can plan in advance, and things to manage in the event

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10 Mins

Conclusions

• Consider what data you need to answer your question

• Consider what tools are suitable for your participants

• Design your ‘event’ so that outcomes are meaningful – before and during

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Using Participatory Methods

• Consolidation of feedback so far• Practicing participation

1:30

-2:3

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Questions?

• Do you feel ready to implement your plan?• Do you understand how your plan fits in to

your research?

Cons

olid

ation

of f

eedb

ack

so fa

r

Go!

• Two groups team up• Chose one plan and give it a go

– You can decide how many participants/facilitators

Prac

tisin

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15 Mins

Swap!

• Swap over and enact the other group’s plan

Prac

tisin

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rtici

patio

n

15 Mins

Compare

• Have you done things differently? Why?• What were the strengths and weaknesses?• What would you change?

• Do you think this method could be used in your PhD research?– How would it fit with your wider aims/approach? Pr

actis

ing

Parti

cipa

tion

15 Mins

Fitting Participatory Methods into the Research Plan

• Key implementation challenges (and how to address them)

• How to design your research strategy• How to use your data

2:30

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What if...?

• One participant dominates?

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What if...?

• One participant dominates?– Skilled facilitation– Ask (yourself) why they are dominating– Find a way to draw out other voices (later?)

Key

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What if...?

• The group is massive?

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What if...?

• The group is massive?– Sub-groups?

• Mixed stakeholders or thematic?

– Assistants (consider data consistency)– Sporadic integration

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What if...?

• No one stays ‘on-topic’?• You realise your approach is meaningless?

Key

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What if...?

• No stays ‘on-topic’?• You realise your approach is meaningless?

– Let your participants guide your research– Ask (yourself) why your approach is not working

Key

impl

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What if...?

• The situation changes?

Key

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What if...?

• The situation changes?– Consider drivers for change– Study reactions– Relate back to research aims– Changes are results!

Key

impl

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tatio

n ch

alle

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What if...?

• You have a ‘rogue’ assistant?

Key

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What if...?

• You have a ‘rogue’ assistant?– Careful screening and training– Agree key words and definitions– Briefing and De-briefing– Contracts

Key

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Barrett, C.B., & Cason, J. W., 1997, Overseas Research a Practical

Guide, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University

Press.

When to implement?

• How do you think participatory research fits (or doesn’t) your research topic?

• What strengths of participatory methods will be useful for your research?

• What information do you want to collect from participatory methods?

• Research approach or tool? Des

igni

ng y

our r

esea

rch

stra

tegy

When to implement?

• Reductive, deductive or iterative?

Des

igni

ng y

our r

esea

rch

stra

tegy

When to implement?

• Reductive, deductive or iterative?

Des

igni

ng y

our r

esea

rch

stra

tegy

See Chambers on sequencing

What is the data?

• What data did you collect from your practise?• Are there other data you could use?• Can you refine your practise to generate other

data forms?

How

to u

se y

our d

ata

10 Mins

What is the data?

• Data from the process and the outcomes• Passive

– Filming/recording– Observing

• Active– Summaries– Diaries– Follow-up interviews

How

to u

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our d

ata

Analysis

• Decide, explore or analyse?– Accept as representation or further analysis?

• Text or depiction?• Triangulation?

How

to u

se y

our d

ata

Analysis

• Decide, explore or analyse?– Accept as representation or further analysis?

• Text or depiction?• Triangulation?

How

to u

se y

our d

ata

Analysis: Discourse, Narrative, Content, etc.

Tools: NVIVO, AtlasTi, Referencing Software(?)

Examples of Participation in Research

• Plenary• Learn from our mistakes!

3:30

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