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Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the relativistic heavy ion collisions OUTLINE Introduction Quark Gluon Plasma and relativistic heavy ion collisions Signatures of the Quark Gluon Plasma The QGP as a nearly perfect fluid F. Becattini (University and INFN Firenze) LHC physics school 2010 Recent review book: Relativistic heavy ion physics, Landolt-Bornstein 1-23, ed. R. Stock, list and contributions in http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/static/HIF/RStockList.html

Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

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Page 1: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the relativistic heavy 

ion collisions

OUTLINE

IntroductionQuark Gluon Plasma and relativistic heavy ion collisionsSignatures of the Quark Gluon PlasmaThe QGP as a nearly perfect fluid

F. Becattini (University and INFN Firenze)

LHC physics school 2010

Recent review book: Relativistic heavy ion physics, Landolt­Bornstein 1­23,ed. R. Stock, list and contributions in http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/static/HIF/RStockList.html

Page 2: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory

QCD as a gauge theory has two key features:

● Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very short distance, quarks and gluons interact weakly

● Confinement: the interaction of quarks and gluons gets stronger at large distance or low energy,which means that they cannot be separated (typical scale: 1fm or 200 MeV)

Confinement on QCD  has not been proved analytically, but there are numerical evidences

Page 3: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

The Quark Gluon Plasma

The phase of strongly interacting matter which should exist at large temperature and/or density.It is a specific prediction of QCD

Tc = 170 MeV 

~ 2 x 1012 oK

Our knowledge of QCD thermodynamics and phase diagram at low baryonic density mainly comes fromnumerical calculations because no analytical approach is possible.Perturbation theory cannot work “near” the transitionfrom confined to deconfined phase 

IBM Blue Gene – 360 Tflop/sec

Page 4: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

2+1 flavours:2+1 flavours:2 m2 mqq/T = 0.4/T = 0.41 m1 mqq/T = 1.0/T = 1.0

F. Karsch, E. LaermannF. Karsch, E. Laermannin “Quark Gluon Plasma 3”in “Quark Gluon Plasma 3”World Sc. P. 1World Sc. P. 1

What do we know about QGP from theory?Lattice QCD: much about thermodynamics (at zero 

B) and little about kinetics (transport

coefficients)

s

Phase transition at B=0 is indeed a crossover  (Z. Fodor et al. Nature 443 (2006) 675)

Chiral susceptibility

Page 5: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Can we produce a QGP in the lab?

plasma

The best method is to collide two atomic nuclei  at high energy so that protons and neutrons, hencequarks and gluons, are compressed and heated beyond the critical temperature

The QGP is “macroscopic” as if nuclei are heavythey are large enough to effectively free the colouredconstitutents over a region which is much largerthan a hadron.

The QGP is a transient. Within a short time(~ 10­22 sec) expands, cools and hadronizes: quarks and gluons go back to their hadronic jails.

Page 6: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Experimental programme

AGS – Brookhaven (USA)        1­5 GeV ?

SPS – CERN                             6­18 GeV 250 MeV

RHIC – Brookhaven (USA)       62­200 GeV 350 MeV

LHC – CERN                            5500 GeV 750 MeV 

Ion beams

USA:         AuEurope:     Pb

Energy (NN c.o.m.)       (estimated) Tmax        

Page 7: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

QGP evolution

τeq

Pre-equil. phase

Succesful descriptionof Quark Gluon Plasmaexpansion with nearly ideal fluid dynamics

Page 8: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Au-Au collision at 200 GeV as seen in the transverse plane

Page 9: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Probing the Quark Gluon Plasma formation

Several possible probes at our disposal, that can be clustered in three groups

 Hadron radiation 

 Electromagnetic radiation 

 Hard probes: heavy quarks and quarkonia, jets, hard photons etc.Common feature: early production, “calculable” in perturbative QCD, easily comparable to pp and pA 

The plasma is a transient and rapidly decays. This situation is dramatically different fromthe idealized situation of lattice QCD calculations.

Page 10: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Hadron radiation 

Provides direct information about the hadronization stageof the plasma.Allows to determine the thermodynamical state at thestage when hadrons cease interactions and decouple

Enhanced production of strange particles was predictedto be a signature of QGP formation (see tomorrow's lecture)

F. B., J. Manninen, Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 054901

Page 11: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

The temperature at the chemical freeze­out at RHIC is that of a hadronicblack­body and it is the largest ever measured on Earth (~ 2 1012 K) 

F. B., J. Manninen, Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 054901F. B., J. Manninen, Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 054901

Page 12: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Thermal electromagnetic radiation

Even in a transient plasma, there should beelectromagnetic processes involving quarks and gluons at thermal equilibrium leading to emission of photons and lepton pairs, which leave the plasma unaffected

PROBLEM

To subtract the background of photons and leptons from post­hadronization decays

Page 13: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Charmonium suppression

Bound states of c and c quarks: J/, ',c  

 ...

Produced at the early stage of the collision, beforethe plasma is formed. Thereafter, they interactwith the medium and may be dissociated

J/           r ~ 0.2 fm

c       r ~ 0.3 fm

'             r ~ 0.4 fm

According to physical considerations and confirmed by lattice QCD, theydissolve sequentially in the plasma, at different temperatures: the more loosely boundthe state, the lower the dissociation temperature.

Matsui and Satz 1984

Page 14: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Anomalous J/ suppression measured by NA50 at SPS

At LHC, the number of cc pairs per event will be so large that J/  will beregenerated by the statistical coalescence of charm quarks at hadronization(Thews, Braun­Munzinger et al.)

Page 15: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Jet suppression (or quenching)

Unlike in pp, high pT jets can be produced which thereafter interact with a medium.

Energy loss is determined by thedensity of the medium, increaseswith the temperature. Several calculations available, yet to converge to an accepted theoretical value. 

First evidence from RHICexperiments

Page 16: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Nuclear modification factor: a gauge for jet quenching

From: D. D'Enterria, in Relativistic Heavyion physics, arXiv: 0902.2011

As a function of collision energy

As a function of centrality and system size

This will be a major topic at LHC

Page 17: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

The QGP as a nearly perfect fluid

Page 18: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

τeq

Pre-equil. phase

Hydrodynamical description

Usual assumptions

Local thermodynamical equilibrium

Ideal fluid

Bjorken solution v z=z/t  either 

initially (3+1) or always (2+1)

 Initial conditions determined from a fit to the dataT

i (

i), n

i, T

kin

Page 19: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Numerical (ideal) relativistic hydrodynamics(Huovinen, Kolb, Heinz, Hirano, Teaney, Shuryak, Romatschke etc.)

(

Longitudinal motion: Bjorken scaling modelalways (2+1) or just initially (3+1)

Fitted parameters by using pT spectra (Heinz). Initial temperature largely exceeds the estimatedcritical temperature Tc

Page 20: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Ri

Non trivial result

If flow is present, there must have been partonic thermalization

Thermalization sets in very early, more quickly at RHIC (200 GeV) than SPS (17 GeV)

If collision energy increases, early interaction among partons gets weaker, but their initialdensity increases: the latter effect prevails.

I. Vitev, J. Phys. G 30 (2004) S791I. Vitev, J. Phys. G 30 (2004) S791

Page 21: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Reaction plane

x

z

y

Elliptic flow

Anisotropic pressure gradient: if there is collectiveflow, particles get, on average, larger momentum in the reaction plane.

Page 22: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Momentum anisotropy 

Conversion of space eccentricity into momentum anisotropyShort times, when the system is in the plasma phase (< 5 fm/c)Quick thermalization (<1 fm/c), when eccentricity is still significant

Page 23: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Similar phenomenon observed in atomic physics:cold atoms (Li) strongly coupled in a magneto­opticaltrap, then released.

Page 24: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

b ≈ 4 fmb ≈ 6.5 fmb ≈ 10 fm

STAR, PRL90 032301 (2003)

Fourier azimuthal expansion: v2

Page 25: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

curves = hydrodynamic flowzero viscosity, Tc = 165 MeV

v2 is in good agreement with (ideal) hydrodynamical model predictions

especially for quasi­central collisions

Mass ordering at low pT in strikingagreement with hydrodyanmics (more fairly:thermodynamics)

Page 26: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

v2 as a function of centrality: deviations from ideal hydrodynamics

Partonic cross sections needed to have such aquick thermalization are higher than those estimatedby using p­QCD

Page 27: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Kovtun, Son, Starinets PRL 94Kovtun, Son, Starinets PRL 94, , 111601 (2005)111601 (2005)

Amazing result from string “theory”

Maldacena conjecture (1998):supersymmetric gauge Yang­Mills N=4 theory on the boundary is equivalent (dual) to some special string theory on a background Anti de Sitter  S

5

 AdS/CFT correspondanceAdS/CFT correspondance

Duality: when the coupling of the gauge theory is large, then the correspondingstring theory becomes a “simple” classical supergravity and calculations can be done analyticallyCAVEAT: in conformal theory there is no running of the coupling constant, hence this duality cannot be applied exactly to QCD

Viscosity in strongly coupled field theories from“black hole” physics 

Page 28: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

More instances of duality based on this holographic principle have been found,yet in all these theories in the large coupling limit it has been found that:

KSS conjecture: it is a universal quantum limit.Nobody has been able to prove it with simpler method.

Page 29: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

η /s (limit) = 1/4π

η /s (water) >10

4π ⋅ η /s

Universal bound seems to apply to all known substances

Page 30: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

What about actual QCD ?

Chiral perturbation theory at low T (Prakash et al.): 

grows with decreasing T

Quark­gluon plasma at high T (Arnold, Moore, Yaffe): 

grows with increasing T

ηs=

1516π

f π4

T4

ηs=

5.12g4ln2.42 /g

1

g2T

=9

8π2 ln TΛT 4

9π2 ln2ln TΛT ΛT=30MeV

Page 31: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

QCD

s ≈ 1/2 just above Tc  from lattice (Nakamura, Sakai pure gaugeSU(3) ) and a quasi­particle model (Gelman, Shuryak, Zahed)

Page 32: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

U. Heinz, QM2008

Page 33: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

U. Heinz, talk given at DM2010 (CapeTown)

There are still many uncertainties in extracting viscosity from the data

Page 34: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Predictions (LHC last call for predictions, CERN workshop june 2007)

 Based on quasi­ideal hydro: v2 

will almost be the same as at RHIC (Heinz) Based on simple arguments of minimal viscosity

and scaling: v2 will consistently decrease 

(Molnar)Naive extrapolation: it will increase by almost 50%

Several unknowns in the problem

 What is the behaviour of viscosity with T? Have we interpreted correctly the data from RHIC? Why don't we see the “ideal hydrodynamic limit”? 

LHC forecast

Page 35: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

CONCLUSIONS

 Successo della descrizione fluidodinamica con equilibrio termodinamico locale nelladescrizione delle collisioni di ioni pesanti ad energie ultrarelativistiche

Densita' di energia stimata e' ben oltre il punto di crossover come indicato da latticeQCD

Flusso ellittico: termalizzazione rapida e comportamento da fluido quasi ideale.

Calcoli di fluidodinamica relativistica viscosa in progress

LHC permettera' di studiare molto piu' accuratamente le proprieta' della materiafortemente interagente nello stato di plasma

Page 36: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very
Page 37: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

2 x 1012 oK

Page 38: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Possibile ingrediente trascurato: vorticita' iniziale non nulla(rotazione)

F. B., F. Piccinini, J. Rizzo, Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 024906 F. B., F. Piccinini, J. Rizzo, Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 024906 

Caso limite di termalizzazioneistantanea per energia di collisione infinita: la conservazione del momento angolare comporta:

contrariamente all'assunzione Bjorken scaling 

@vz@x

6= 0

Termine aggiuntivo nell'equazione dievoluzione che AUMENTA il flusso ellittico

Sotto studio con codice numericodi fluidodinamica relativistica 3+1in collaborazione con il gruppo diplasmi astrofisici di Arcetri (L. Del Zanna)

Argomento qualitativo: v2 aumentera'

a LHC se la termalizzazione sara' ancorapiu' rapida

Page 39: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

v2 in funzione dell' impulso: constituent quark scaling

Osservazione che ha portato allaformulazione del modello di adronizzazione per ricombinazione

Ingrediente fondamentale: numero diquarks costituenti

Attivita' teorica in Italia: V. Greco (Catania)V. Greco (Catania)

Scaling utilizzato per determinare il numero di quarks costituenti dei mesoniscalari:

L. Maiani, A. Polosa, V. Riquer, C. Salgado, Phys. Lett. B 645 (2007) 138;L. Maiani, A. Polosa, V. Riquer, C. Salgado, Phys. Lett. B 645 (2007) 138;arXiv 0707.4578arXiv 0707.4578

Page 40: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Reaction       plane

x

z

y

Hadron radiation: elliptic flow

 

Elliptic flow

Anisotropia di impulso

Page 41: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

What next?

Page 42: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

ALICE

Page 43: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

How can we observe the behaviour of free quarks and gluons ?

To free the fundamental constituents from their hadronic bounds we have to get them closer to each other in order to reduce the interaction strenght

i.e. to compress nucleons

If many nucleons are compressed, the coloured constituents can freely move from one nucleon to another

Page 44: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Wroblewski ratio: current status

¸S =2hs¹si

hu¹ui+ hd¹di

For a calculation on the lattice:

R. Gavai, S. Gupta,Eur. Phys. J. C 43, 31 (2005)and refs. therein

Page 45: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

If we try, with e.g. an external probe, to pull aa quark out, the potential energy gets converted ina new quark­antiquark pair and new hadrons are formed

Linear rise of the potential energy betweentwo static quarks 

Page 46: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

2+1 flavours:2+1 flavours:2 m2 mqq/T = 0.4/T = 0.41 m1 mqq/T = 1.0/T = 1.0

F. Karsch, E. LaermannF. Karsch, E. Laermannin “Quark Gluon Plasma 3”in “Quark Gluon Plasma 3”World Sc. P. 1World Sc. P. 1

s

The phase transition at B=0 is indeed a crossover  (Z. Fodor et al. Nature 443 (2006) 675)(Z. Fodor et al. Nature 443 (2006) 675)

Chiral susceptibility

Two concurring transitions at the same or nearby temperature value: deconfinement and chiral symmetry restoration

Page 47: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

What is Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) ?

QCD is the theory of strong interaction. Its fundamental objects are quarks and gluons, elementaryparticles constituents of hadrons (by definition, strongly interacting particles).

The “charge” responsible for the stronginteraction is called colour. Unlike QED,both quarks and gluons carry colour charge.

Unlike in QED, macroscopic effects of colour cannot be observed. In fact, observableparticles made of quarks and gluons, hadrons, are colour singlets.

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The phase transitionoccurred in thefirst moments of Universe's life

Page 49: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Cosa abbiamo imparato sul QGP dagli esperimenti di RHIC?

● Equilibrio chimico completo delle specie adroniche in collisioni centrali● Spettri in accordo con equilibrio termico locale e T

chem(165 MeV) >  T

kin(130 MeV)

● Flusso ellittico grande (circa il doppio che a SPS) spiegabile soltanto con termalizzazione veloce (< 1 fm/c) e comportamento idrodinamico quasi ideale (s­QGP) 

● Jet quenching = perdita di energia dei partoni duri in un mezzo opaco● Segnali di meccanismo di adronizzazione per coalescenza ● Soppressione del charmonio circa dello stesso ordine di quella osservata a SPS

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STAR preliminary

Evidenza di equilibrio chimico

F. B., J. Manninen, presented at QM08F. B., J. Manninen, presented at QM08

Page 51: Introduction to the physics of Quark Gluon Plasma and the ... · QCD is a SU(3) gauge theory QCD as a gauge theory has two key features: Asymptotic freedom: at high energy or very

Is the “statistical model” fit perfect?

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La temperatura di freeze­out chimicoe' indipendente dalla centralita'

La stranezza e' completamente saturatanelle collisioni piu' centrali

F. B., J. Manninen, presented at QM08F. B., J. Manninen, presented at QM08