Introduction to The Dental Profession

1Introduction to The Dental Profession

Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

History of DentistryEarly timesHerodotusHesi-ReHippocratesBook On AffectionsOath of HippocratesAristotle Oral hygiene


History of DentistryLater progressGuy de ChauliacSurgeon from FranceRules for oral hygieneLeonardo da VinciFirst to distinguish between molars and premolars


History of DentistryLater progressPierre FauchardFounder of modern dentistryRejected idea of tooth wormTreated caries and diseased gingivaWilhelm Conrad RoentgenDiscovered x-rays


Progress of Dentistry in the United StatesRobert Woofendale and John BakerFirst to advertise dental servicesJohn GreenwoodGeorge Washingtons favorite dentistMade George Washingtons dental prosthesis


Progress of Dentistry in the United StatesPaul Revere Created artificial teeth and surgical instrumentsJosiah FlaggSkilled surgeonConstructed the dental chair


Progress of Dentistry in the United StatesJames B. MorrisonCreated first dental engine with handpiece, motor, and foot treadle


Education and Organized DentistryHorace H. HaydenWriter and lecturer on dental topicsChapin A. HarrisCreated and contributed to library of dental literature


Education and Organized DentistryDr. Greene Vardiman BlackGrand old man of dentistryInvented machines and instruments used in dentistry


Education and Organized DentistryLucy Beaman HobbsDr. Robert Tanner FreemanIda Gray


Education and Organized DentistryAmerican Dental Association (ADA)Horace Hayden and Chapin Harris organized this nationwide association of dentistsAmerican Journal of Dental ScienceToday, each state has a local or regional ADA branch office

Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Delmar User - This figure was inserted on last slide. Is there some reason for it to be repeated?

The Dental TeamDentistsDental hygienistsDental laboratory techniciansDental assistantsSupport staff


DentistsRequirementsUndergraduate educationGraduation from a dental school approved by the ADA, Commission on Dental Accreditation


DentistsEducationThree to four years of undergraduate workFour years of dental schoolFive required at Harvard University


Dental SpecialtiesDental public healthSpecialty concerned with the prevention of dental diseasePublic health dentist works with the community to promote dental health


Dental SpecialtiesEndodonticsSpecialty concerned with the pathology and morphology of the dental pulp and surrounding tissues due to injury and disease


Dental SpecialtiesOral and maxillofacial pathologySpecialty concerned with the diagnosis and nature of the diseases that affect the oral cavity


Dental SpecialtiesOral and maxillofacial radiologyImages and data produced by all modalities of radiant energy For diagnosing and management of disorders of the oral and maxillofacial region


Dental SpecialtiesOral and maxillofacial surgerySpecialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the oral and maxillofacial region due to injury, disease, and defects


Dental SpecialtiesOrthodontics and dentofacial orthopedicsSpecialty concerned with the diagnosis, supervision, guidance, and correction of the malocclusion in the dentofacial structures


Dental SpecialtiesPediatric dentistrySpecialty concerned with the prevention of oral disease and the diagnosis and treatment of oral care in childrenFrom birth through adolescence


Dental SpecialtiesPeriodonticsSpecialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the supporting and surrounding tissues of the tooth


Dental SpecialtiesProsthodonticsSpecialty concerned with the diagnosis, restoration, and maintenance of oral functions


Dental HygienistsDr. Alfred Civilon Fones Developed first school of dental hygiene in 1913American Dental Hygienists Association (ADHA)


Dental Laboratory TechniciansMany are graduates of a two-year ADA-accredited dental laboratory technician programFormal education is not required


Dental Laboratory TechniciansExamination to become certified dental technicians (CDTs)American Dental Laboratory Technician Association (ADLTA)


Dental AssistantsDr. C. Edmund Kells Hired a Lady Assistant to be quick, quiet, gentle, and attentiveLadies in Attendance


Dental AssistantsDental Assisting National Board (DANB)Certified Dental Assistant (CDA)Dental receptionistsAmerican Dental Assistants Association (ADAA)

Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Delmar User - This slide needs to be trimmed just a bit. Can we do without the abbreviations to get rid of last line? It is not good practice to reduce font.

Dental AssistantsJuliette SouthardFounder and first president of the American Dental Assistants Association

Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Delmar User - This slide needs to be trimmed just a bit. Can we do without the abbreviations to get rid of last line? It is not good practice to reduce font.

Herodotus was a Greek historian who acknowledged the specializations of physicians in particular areas of medicine such as dentistry. The earliest dentist of record was Hesi-Re of Egypt who practiced around 3000 B.C. Dentistry in the early times consisted of removing teeth when pain occurred. There was some evidence of drilling holes to relieve an abscessed tooth.During these early times stones would get mixed in with food. Chewing grit in food would cause severe wear of the biting surfaces of teeth and possible pulp exposure.The Oath of Hippocrates written by the father of medicine, Hippocrates, is still used in today's medical and dental professions as a standard of care that all in the profession are expected to uphold. Aristotle helped bring attention to the importance of oral hygiene.Guy de Chauliac wrote hygienic rules for oral hygiene. Many of these rules are still in use today because they were based on sound logic, such as sticky, sweet foods can increase dental decay.

Leonardo da Vinci dissected the human skull and drew illustrations of his findings. These drawings contributed to the dental profession by making the distinction between premolars and molars.Pierre Fauchard has been referred to as the founder of modern dentistry. He was the first to gather all known information about dentistry and organize it in a book with step-by-step pictures for each procedure. He believed that hormonal imbalance caused caries (his term for decay). He treated teeth by removing caries and by rebuilding the teeth with materials such as lead, tin, and gold. He used dental prosthesis and implants to restore teeth and used wires and devices to straighten teeth.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen helped dentists further their knowledge of the oral cavity and its diseases by discovering X-rays.

Robert Woofendale came to the United States from England and began advertising dental services. Shortly after his arrival, John Baker also began advertising about fillings and artificial teeth. John Baker was well known and one of the dentists who treated George Washington.John Greenwood was a well respected dental practitioner and a proponent that children should care for their teeth. He made George Washington's last set of dentures. The dentures were made of ivory and gold and had two springs holding them together.Paul Revere contributed to dentistry by making artificial teeth and surgical instruments. He may have trained dentists in the late 1700s. The dental chair with an arm extension to hold dental instruments and an adjustable head rest was a major contribution to dentistry by Josiah Flagg. Josiah Flagg was a skilled surgeon and performed corrective procedures such as cleft lips, orthodontics, and endodontics. In the 1800s, dental materials improved. Dentists were more educated and new techniques were developed. This is the time that James B. Morrison manufactured the first dental engine with a functioning handpiece, motor, and foot-treadle.

With the efforts of Horace H. Hayden and Chapin A. Harris the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery was founded in 1840. It was the first dental college in the world. Both Hayden and Harris contributed to the knowledge and literature of the dental profession.

Dr. Black continued educational contributions to the dental profession and is credited with a classification system of dental caries. He developed many instruments and machines for use in the dental profession. Lucy Beaman Hobbs was the first woman to graduate from a recognized dental school. She earned her degree from Robert Tanner Freeman who was the first African-American man to graduate with a dental degree. Eleven years later Ida Gray became the first African- American woman to earn a dental degree.Hayden and Harris had strong beliefs in the need for sharing information within the dental profession. They played a big part in founding a national organization for dentists in the United States. Their initial organization evolved into what is now known as the American Dental Association. One of the earliest journals in the field of dentistry was the American Journal of Dental Science created by Harris.

The ADA today has organizations in each state; each has a set of ADA-approved bylaws. The official publication of the ADA is the American Journal of Dental Science. The overall patient experience and the efficiency of the dental office depends on the team and how well they perform their specific skills, roles, and responsibilities.Dentists have three to four years of undergraduate work and an additional four or five years of dental school. Dentists may specialize in various areas such as: public health, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial radiology, orthodontics, pediatrics, periodontics, and prosthodontics.

Dental hygienists receive two or four year degrees and specialize in providing prophylaxis.

Dental laboratory technicians may have two year degrees, but often are trained on the job with no formal educational experiences. They may or may not work within the dental office.

Dental assistants generally have a year of training and are employed to aid the dentist to care for more patients efficiently and effectively.

Support staff may consist of service technicians, sales representatives, administrative assistants. A dentist should expect two or more additional years of postgraduate education in an approved specialized training area.Each state has their own regulations the dentist and dental team are responsible to follow. In order for a dentist to practice in a specific state they must first pass a written and clinical exam for that state.There are nine specialties that the ADA recognizes.

A patient would go to an Endodontist for a root canal.A patient would be referred to an oral pathologist for extensive treatment and diagnosis of a lesion.When a patient is having their wisdom teeth pulled they would be referred to a maxillofacial surgeon.An orthodontist applies braces for patients who need their teeth straightened..A periodontist treats patients who have plaque and calculus buildup and have lost some of the bone around the tooth.This area of specialty includes the replacement of missing teeth through artificial means.Irene Morgan was the first dental assistant to be trained in dental hygiene. She was trained by Dr Fones.Duties performed by dental hygienists include: removal of plaque, stains, and calculus from the teeth, along with patient education.

Dental laboratory technicians may work in the office or in a privately owned dental laboratory.Dr. William H. Stowe, a dentist, and Frank F. Eddy, a toolmaker, were the first to open a commercial dental laboratory in Boston in 1883.The commercial dental laboratories provide such services as fabricating gold and porcelain restorations and partial and full dentures.Once the public accepted a female working in a dental office, women were then able to go to the dentist without being accompanied by their husbands or a maiden aunt.Today, depending on the state and their dental practice act, the dental assistant performs such duties as: placing retraction cord and dental dams, to extraoral procedures such as patient education. In 1947, a 104 hour course was developed to give credentials to assistants who passed the written and clinical exams. If the dental assistant passes the exams they can then have the title of certified dental assistant (CDA). Some states require this certification in order to perform expanded functions.The American Dental Assistants Association was founded on four principles: education, efficiency, service, and loyalty.

Documents

Introduction to The Dental Profession