INTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGIC PHYSICS EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE
Prepared by: Timothy John D. Matoy
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PHYSICS Physics (from Ancient Greek: physis "nature") is a
natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion
through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and
force.
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GENERAL PHYSICS Standard Units of Measurement Unit Conversions
Ratios and Proportions Significant Figures Scientific Notations
Algebraic Equations and Expressions Rules of Exponents
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Exact number followed by approximated or
estimated number in which you are uncertain. Uncertain numbers
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES The number of significant figures in a
measurement, such as 2531 is equal to the number of digits that are
known with some degree of confidence (2, 5 and 3) plus the last
digit (1), which is an estimate or approximation. As we improve the
sensitivity of the equipment used to make measurement, the number
if significant figure increases.
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DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE 1. Exact numbers have
infinite S.F.. - seven days in a week infinite SF - ten apples in a
basket infinite SF 2. All non-zero digits are significant. - 255 m
3 SF - 289769 6 SF 3. Zeroes between non-zero digits are
significant. - 101 lb 3 SF - 2007 kg 4 SF
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DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE 4. Zeroes to the right of
decimal places but to the left of non-zero digit are significant. -
11.00 cm 4 SF - 24.0 kg 3 SF 5. Zeroes to the left of the decimal
place and to the right of non-zero digit are significant. - 10.00
cm 4 SF - 20.0 kg 3 SF
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DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE 6. Zeroes to the right of
the assumed decimal place are not significant. - 1000 lb 1 SF -
2400 lb 2 SF 7. Zeroes to the right of the decimal place but to the
left of non-zero digit are not significant. - 0.000000354376 6
SF
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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION When combining measurements with
different degrees of accuracy and precision, the accuracy of the
final answer can be no greater than the least accurate measurement.
Rule of the thumb: When measurements are added or subtracted, the
answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate
measurement,
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MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION Rule of the thumb When measurements
are multiplied or divided, the answer can contain no more decimal
places than the least accurate measurement,
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION There are 10,3000,000,000,000,000,000,000
carbon atoms in a 1-Carat Diamond. Each of which has a 0.000,
000,000,000,000,000,000,020 grams.
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Extremely large and small numbers is
extremely hard to calculate without calculators. To do a
calculation like this, it is necessary to express these numbers in
scientific notation. Numbers between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10
raised to some exponent.
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EXAMPLE 10,3000. Carbon atoms can be 10.3 x10 21 carbon atoms
0.00..020 grams can be 2.0 x10 -23 grams
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SAMPLE PROBLEM When we mixed 500.5 grams of water and 10.0
grams of salt. How many brine solution we produced?
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
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FRACTION Part of a whole having an integer as numerator and an
integer denominator The top number divided by the bottom number A
way of expressing a number of equal parts.
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FRACTION Improper fraction An improper fraction has a numerator
(top number) larger than or equal to the denominator (bottom
number). Proper fraction has numerator (top number) less than its
denominator (bottom number)
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RATIOS
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RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS A proportion is a name we give to a
statement that two ratios are equal. It can be written in two ways:
two equal fractions using a colon, a:b = c:d
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PROPORTION Express the relationship of one ratio to another and
it is a special application of fractions and rules in algebra.
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DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL A relationship when one ratio increase
with respect to another ratio. F = m x a
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INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL A relationship when one ratio decrease
with respect to another ratio. Power = work / time
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RULE OF EXPONENT a m x a n = a m+n If the bases of the
exponential expressions that are multiplied are the same, then you
can combine into one expression by adding exponent. Example: 2 3 x
2 4 = (2 x 2 x 2) x ( 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) = 2 7
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RULE OF EXPONENT
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(a m ) n = a m x n When you have an exponential expression
raised to a power, you have to multiply the two exponents. Example
(3 2 ) 3 = 3 2 x 3 = 3 6
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RULE OF EXPONENT a 0 = 1 Any number or variable raised to the
zero power is always equals to 1
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RULE OF EXPONENT
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a 1 = a Any number or variable raised to 1 is equals to that
number or variable
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RULE OF EXPONENT For addition and subtraction 1. Convert the
exponents to the same value. To do this, Change the exponent of the
smaller number to that of the large number. 2. Add or subtract the
coefficient. 3. Multiply the result by the common exponent.
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RULE OF EXPONENT For multiplication and division 1. Multiply or
divide the coefficient 2. For multiplication, add the exponent. For
division subtract the exponent.
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SUMMARY The exponent of 1 The exponent of 0 Product rule Power
rule Quotient rule Negative exponent
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STANDARD UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS Base Quantities Derived
Quantities Special Quantities
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BASE QUANTITIES Mass Length Time
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DERIVED QUANTITIES Energy Power Work Momentum Force Velocity
acceleration
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SPECIAL QUANTITIES IN RADIOLOGIC SCIENCE Exposure Dose
Equivalent dose Activity
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SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT Every measurements has two parts
Magnitude (amount, numbers) Unit Example: 1000 kg
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SI PREFIXES
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UNIT CONVERSIONS
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ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS
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Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
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BRANCH OF PHYSICS Mechanics Heat and thermodynamics Optics
Acoustic Electricity and magnetism Nuclear Physics
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MECHANICS Segment of physics that deals the motion of the
object VECTOR Quantity SCALAR Quantity
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MECHANICS Velocity Accelaration Force Momentum Work Weight
energy
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HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS 1 cal = 4.186 Joule Temperature
Measured the hotness and the coldness of a matter.
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HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS Farenheit Celcius Kelvin Scale
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HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS Method of heat transfer Conduction
Convection Radiation
