Introduction to Introduction to Radiography Radiography

Terms and DefinitionsTerms and Definitions

Unit IIIUnit III 22

Anatomic Anatomic positionposition– Erect, face Erect, face forward, feet forward, feet together, arms together, arms at sides with at sides with palms forwardpalms forward

Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology

Unit IIIUnit III 33

Plane - Plane - Flat surface Flat surface passed through passed through the body or a the body or a portion of the bodyportion of the body

Longitudinal Longitudinal planesplanes– CoronalCoronal– SagittalSagittal

Horizontal planeHorizontal plane– Transverse Transverse

coro

nal

coro

nal

mid

-sag

itta

lm

id-s

agit

tal

transversetransverse

Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology

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Directional TermsDirectional Terms anterior posterior lateral

an

teri

or

po

ste

rio

r

cephaladcephalicsuperiorcranial

inferiorcaudalcaudad

medial

lateral proximal

distal

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Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement Terms

ABDUCT vs. ADDUCTABDUCT vs. ADDUCT

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Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement Terms FLEXION vs. EXTENSIONFLEXION vs. EXTENSION

flexion

extension

hyperextend

flexion

dorsiflexion

plantarflexion

neutral

extend

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Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement TermsINVERSION vs. EVERSIONINVERSION vs. EVERSION

turn inward or medially turn outward or laterally

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Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement TermsPRONATION vs. SUPINATIONPRONATION vs. SUPINATION

place onback

place onfront

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Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement TermsROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTIONROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTION

pivot

circle

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Body Position TermsBody Position TermsDescribe the overall Describe the overall placement of the bodyplacement of the body– Erect Erect "upright""upright"

Position when the Position when the sagittal and coronal sagittal and coronal planes of the body are planes of the body are perpendicular to the perpendicular to the horizonhorizon

– Recumbent Recumbent "lying "lying down"down" Position when the Position when the

transverse plane of the transverse plane of the body is perpendicular to body is perpendicular to the horizonthe horizon

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Body Position TermsBody Position Termsdecubitus vs. recumbentdecubitus vs. recumbent

– general meanings are the general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN"same "LYING DOWN"

– but in radiography, but in radiography, decubitus has a special decubitus has a special meaningmeaning

– DECUBITUSDECUBITUS patient is lying down & patient is lying down &

the x-ray beam is the x-ray beam is parallel to the horizonparallel to the horizon

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Erect PositionsErect Positions Surface of body closest Surface of body closest

to the film used to give to the film used to give a more specific a more specific descriptiondescription

Examples:Examples:– Posterior erect -- patient Posterior erect -- patient

is standing with the is standing with the posterior surface of the posterior surface of the body next to the body next to the cassettecassette

– Left lateral erect -- Left lateral erect -- patient is standing with patient is standing with the left side of the body the left side of the body next to the cassettenext to the cassette

Left lateral erect position

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Recumbent PositionsRecumbent Positions Supine Supine

(posterior recumbent (posterior recumbent position)position)

– Lying down on the backLying down on the back

ProneProne

(anterior recumbent (anterior recumbent position)position)

– Lying face downLying face down

xx lateral recumbentxx lateral recumbent– lying down on the xx sidelying down on the xx side

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Oblique (Erect or Recumbent)Oblique (Erect or Recumbent) Position when the body is Position when the body is

rotated so that the MS rotated so that the MS plane is neither plane is neither nornor to to the film but at an anglethe film but at an angle

Exact position is indicated Exact position is indicated by the surface closest to by the surface closest to the film and the angle of the film and the angle of rotationrotation

May be erect or recumbentMay be erect or recumbent abbreviations:abbreviations:

– RPO, LPO, RAO, LAORPO, LPO, RAO, LAO

45 RPO

Unit IIIUnit III 1515

Decubitus PositionsDecubitus Positions Ventral decubitusVentral decubitus

– patient is prone & a horizontal patient is prone & a horizontal beam is usedbeam is used

Dorsal decubitusDorsal decubitus– patient is supine & a horizontal patient is supine & a horizontal

beam is usedbeam is used

Left lateral decubitusLeft lateral decubitus– patient lying on the left lateral patient lying on the left lateral

side & a horizontal beam is side & a horizontal beam is usedused

Unit IIIUnit III 1616

PROJECTIONPROJECTION

Refers to the path the Refers to the path the beam takes through partbeam takes through partAnteroposterior projection Anteroposterior projection

(AP)(AP) Beam enters the front surface Beam enters the front surface

and exits the back surface of and exits the back surface of the partthe part

Posteroanterior projection Posteroanterior projection (PA)(PA) Beam enters the back and Beam enters the back and

exits the front of the partexits the front of the part

AP projection in supine position

PA projection in prone position

Unit IIIUnit III 1717

Lateral ProjectionsLateral Projections Normally the Normally the

positioning positioning terminology is used terminology is used rather than projectionrather than projection– torso and headtorso and head

Right to left lateral projectionRight to left lateral projection Left to right lateral projectionLeft to right lateral projection

– extremitiesextremities Mediolateral projectionMediolateral projection Lateromedial projectionLateromedial projection

L lateral erect positionR to L lateral projection

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Oblique ProjectionsOblique Projections

Normally the Normally the positioning positioning terminology is usedterminology is used– exampleexample

RPO position = right RPO position = right anterior to right anterior to right posterior projection posterior projection (oblique AP)(oblique AP)

Unit IIIUnit III 1919

Radiographpy vs Nuclear Radiographpy vs Nuclear MedicineMedicine

Radiography – source of radiation is external. Gamma rays pass through body and form radiograph

Nuclear Medicine – source of radiation is radiopharmaceutical taken internally. X-rays pass out of body and form scan image.

Unit IIIUnit III 2020

IonizationIonization Ability of x-rays to Ability of x-rays to

change substances change substances thru which they thru which they passpass

Used to make Used to make radiographs and radiographs and treat cancertreat cancer

May cause cell May cause cell damage and even damage and even deathdeath

Unit IIIUnit III 2121

Nuclear ScanNuclear Scan

Can give picture Can give picture of both structure of both structure and functionand function

Use Use radiopharma-radiopharma-ceutical to ceutical to produce imageproduce image

Unit IIIUnit III 2222

Common ScansCommon Scans

Bone – fractures, tumors, Bone – fractures, tumors, inflammation, bone growthinflammation, bone growth

Brain – tumors, blood flowBrain – tumors, blood flowLiver – cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors, Liver – cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors,

cysts, abscessescysts, abscessesLung – blood clots, tumorsLung – blood clots, tumorsThyroid – function, tumorsThyroid – function, tumors

Unit IIIUnit III 2323

RadioimmunoassayRadioimmunoassay

Mix blood with Mix blood with radioactive radioactive substance to substance to determine specific determine specific blood protein blood protein concentrationsconcentrations

Find antibodies and Find antibodies and antigens (titers)antigens (titers)

Unit IIIUnit III 2424

Radiation TherapyRadiation TherapyTreatment of CA Treatment of CA

with external with external radiationradiation

Stereotactic – Stereotactic – focusing multiple focusing multiple beams at the beams at the same spotsame spot

Unit IIIUnit III 2525

Teletherapy vs BradytherapyTeletherapy vs Bradytherapy

Bradytherapy – radiation source is internal

Teletherapy – radiation source is external

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TomographyTomographyImaging Imaging

method that method that produces produces tomes (cross tomes (cross sections) of sections) of body along any body along any planeplane

Unit IIIUnit III 2727

CAT vs PETCAT vs PETCAT – 2D tomes are CAT – 2D tomes are

reconstructed to show 3D reconstructed to show 3D images of structureimages of structure

PET – radiopharmecuticals are PET – radiopharmecuticals are used to give 2D and 3D used to give 2D and 3D images of functionimages of function

Unit IIIUnit III 2828

Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging

Media – radio Media – radio waves and a strong waves and a strong magnetic fieldmagnetic field

Gives good image Gives good image of soft tissuesof soft tissues

Cannot use if metal Cannot use if metal is implanted in is implanted in bodybody

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SonogramSonogramMedia – sound Media – sound

waveswavesGives image of Gives image of

deep structuresdeep structuresOnly imaging Only imaging

procedure safe procedure safe for fetusfor fetus

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ThermogramThermogram

Media – infrared Media – infrared camera captures camera captures surface body heatsurface body heat

Newer forms relate Newer forms relate metabolic activity metabolic activity (function) to heat (function) to heat give offgive off

Unit IIIUnit III 3131

Contract MediumContract Medium

Radio-opaque substance used to make Radio-opaque substance used to make hard-to-see structure show up on imagehard-to-see structure show up on image

Used in CAT scans and fluoroscopyUsed in CAT scans and fluoroscopy

Unit IIIUnit III 3232

Radio-opaque vs RadiolucentRadio-opaque vs Radiolucent

Radio-opaque -Block x-raysShows up as light color

Radiolucent –Passes x-rays thru’Shows up as dark color

Unit IIIUnit III 3333

FluoroscopyFluoroscopy

Visualization of moving structures

Used with radio-opaque substances