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Introduction to Public SpeakingCMUN 1A
WELCOME!Instructor: Mrs. Ellen Waddell
AGENDAAGENDA
• The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking
• Diversity and communicationDiversity and communication
• Introduction to the self conceptIntroduction to the self concept
The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking
– The First Teachers: Doctrine of The First Teachers: Doctrine of general probabilitygeneral probability
• Corax and TisiasCorax and Tisias• 476 B.C.476 B.C.
The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking
– The Greek TraditionThe Greek Tradition• The Sophists The Sophists
– Protagoras: 481-411 B.C.Protagoras: 481-411 B.C.» Originator of academic debateOriginator of academic debate
– Gorgias: 485-380 B.C.Gorgias: 485-380 B.C.» Effective use of languageEffective use of language
– Isocrates: 436-347 B.C.Isocrates: 436-347 B.C.» Orator-statesmanOrator-statesman
The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking
– The Greek TraditionThe Greek Tradition• Plato: 427-347 B.C.Plato: 427-347 B.C.
– Philosopher-king as oratorPhilosopher-king as orator
• Aristotle: 384-322 B.C.Aristotle: 384-322 B.C.– Rhetoric: philosophical and practical guide Rhetoric: philosophical and practical guide
for oratorsfor orators– Rhetoric as a teachable artRhetoric as a teachable art– 3 proofs 3 proofs
The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking
– The Roman TraditionThe Roman Tradition• Cicero 106-43 B.C.Cicero 106-43 B.C.• Quintilian: A.D. 35-95Quintilian: A.D. 35-95
Public SpeakingPublic Speaking
• An Audience Centered Approach– Analyze audience
• Gender• Ethnicity• Socio – economic• Race• Age/generation• Culture• Religion• ?????
Diversity in Communication Diversity in Communication California is one of the most diverse places in the
world. 1/3 of Silicon Valley consists of those who were
not born in the U.S. tolerate other cultures, lifestyles, and worldviews.Context/contextual communication
Requires speaker defines audienceIncorporate definition into presentation or
conversation
Diversity and the Self-ConceptDiversity and the Self-Concept Diversity influences:
the way we look at the self the expectations we have for ourselves and others our behavior
Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self, is of prime importance and success is linked with group cohesion and loyalty
Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed and success is linked with personal achievement Allocentric – collectivist point of view Idiocentric – individualistic point of view
The GenerationsThe Generations
• You must understand the sounds and life experiences of each generation– impacts perspectives
• Music connects a generation through time• Life-changing events
– War– Environmental
• Changes in technology– Medical– Electronic
DEFINING EVENTSDEFINING EVENTS1930s1930s• Great Depression• Election of FDR
1940s1940s• Pearl Harbor• D-Day• VE Day and VI Day• Hiroshima/Nagasaki
1950s1950s• Korean War• TV in every home• McCarthy HCUAA Hearings• Rock n Roll• Salk Polio vaccine introduced
1960s1960s• Vietnam• Kennedy elected• Civil Rights Movement• Kennedy and King
assassinations• Moon landing• Woodstock
1970s1970s• Oil Embargo• Nixon Resigns• First PCs• Women’s Rights Movement
1980s1980s• Challenger Explosion• Fall of Berlin Wall• John Lennon shot• Reagan elected• Savings and Loan Debacle • California: Loma Prieta earthquake
1990s1990sDesert Storm
Oklahoma City bombing
Death of Princess Diana
Clinton Scandals
Internet/PC boom
California: Northridge earthquake
2000s2000sY2K
Dot Com rise and fall
911
War on Terrorism
War with Iraq
• Authentic/Public Self:Authentic/Public Self: What you do (profession/social station)
• Private Self: Private Self: Beliefs, Values, Moral Code
• Fictional Self:Fictional Self: False messages about who you are/broken compass
Self Concept: Self Concept:
Defining Your Authentic SelfDefining Your Authentic Self
The Self-Concept• Your Self-Concept is:
– Self-appraisal– Everything you think and feel about yourself– Entire collection of attitudes and feelings about who
and what you are
• Two components of Self-Concept– Self-image – the sort of person you believe yourself
to be– Self-esteem – how well you like and value yourself
The Self ConceptThe Self ConceptInternal vs. External FactorsInternal vs. External Factors
External Factors:
•10 defining moments• 7 critical choices• 5 pivotal people
The End
Introduction to Public SpeakingCMUN 1A
WELCOME!Instructor: Mrs. Ellen Waddell
AGENDAAGENDA
• The The self conceptself concept
Diversity and the Self-ConceptDiversity and the Self-Concept Diversity influences:
the way we look at the self the expectations we have for ourselves and others our behavior
Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self, is of prime importance and success is linked with group cohesion and loyalty
Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed and success is linked with personal achievement Allocentric – collectivist point of view Idiocentric – individualistic point of view
• Authentic/Public Self:Authentic/Public Self: What you do (profession/social station)
• Private Self: Private Self: Beliefs, Values, Moral Code
• Fictional Self:Fictional Self: False messages about who you are/broken compass
Self Concept: Self Concept:
Defining Your Authentic SelfDefining Your Authentic Self
The Self-Concept• Your Self-Concept is:
– Self-appraisal– Everything you think and feel about yourself– Entire collection of attitudes and feelings about who
and what you are
• Two components of Self-Concept– Self-image – the sort of person you believe yourself
to be– Self-esteem – how well you like and value yourself
The Self ConceptThe Self ConceptInternal vs. External FactorsInternal vs. External Factors
External Factors:
•10 defining moments• 7 critical choices• 5 pivotal people
Formation of Self-ConceptFormation of Self-Concept The image the other people have of you
The way you experience and evaluate yourself The roles you perform The media messages you absorb The expectations you and others have for you The gender, cultural, and technological messages you
internalize Self-concept is shaped
environment people around you
Roles, Self-Evaluation, & BehaviorRoles, Self-Evaluation, & Behavior Mental picture you have of yourself:
Faces or masks you wear Roles you play Ways you behave
As the masks you wear and roles you play vary, you also change: The language you use The attitudes you display The appearances you present
Electronic or Online Looking GlassElectronic or Online Looking Glass
Other sources that affect your opinion of who you are: Television Film Radio Music Print media (especially advertisements) Internet
Internal vs. External FactorsInternal vs. External Factors Internal Factors: reactions to the eventswe have the power! (to change)
Internal Dialogue: continuous self conversation Labeling: labeling others into groups, subgroups, classes and functions. Tapes: deeply ingrained beliefs that play in your head
– Fixed Beliefs: • we hold these about ourselves• difficult to change
– Limiting Beliefs: limit what we reach for and achieve
The Self-fulfilling ProphecyThe Self-fulfilling Prophecy Self-fulfilling Prophecy – a prediction or
expectation that comes true simply because one acts as if it were true
fixed/practiced beliefs define roles
resistance to challenges/changes to fixed beliefs
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in ActionThe Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Action
Figure 3.2
GenderGender Others treat us differently based on gender
Prevalent conceptions of masculinity and femininity are reinforced by: Television Films Books Toys Websites
Diversity and the Self-ConceptDiversity and the Self-Concept Diversity influences:
the way we look at the self the expectations we have for ourselves and others our behavior
Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed
The Johari WindowThe Johari WindowPsychological testing
device that allows us
to examine both how
we view ourselves,
and how others view
us.
(Figure 3.3)
The Johari Window PanesThe Johari Window Panes I. The Open AreaOpen Area –known to you and
another II. The Blind AreaBlind Area –others, but not you, are
aware of III. The Hidden AreaHidden Area –you know, but keep
hidden from others IV. The Unknown AreaUnknown Area –neither you nor
others are aware
Self disclosureSelf disclosure – moving information from Pane III to Pane I.
Improving Awareness of Self & OthersImproving Awareness of Self & Others
Take pictures of yourself and othersTake pictures of yourself and others Examine self-image/relationship to others Develop a clear sense of self Examine self-perceptions and self-misconceptions
Encourage others to take pictures of youEncourage others to take pictures of you Obtain information from others Refocus, refocus, refocusRefocus, refocus, refocus
What is Perception?• The “I” behind the senses• Our interpretation of events may differ markedly
from the actual events• Perception is the process of selecting,
organizing, and selectively interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world
Perceiving Stimuli: “Eye” and “I”Perceiving Stimuli: “Eye” and “I”
The “Eye” 5 million bits of data/second The “I” (the brain) –500 bits of data/second Selective Perception
focusing on particular stimuli limited /coherent and meaningful picture of our world
conforms to or beliefs, expectations, and convictions.
What do you see?
Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy
Perceptual Constancy The desire to see selectively Perception in concert with experiences Dissimilar life experiences=wider the gap between us and
others Cultural habits/norms
Cultural nearsightedness – the failure to understand meanings to similar behavioral clues can be different
Socioeconomic Education
Gender and PerceptionGender and Perception Men and women
perceive different realities have different expectations set for them exhibit different communication styles
Perceived differences in male/female behavior develop as a result of The expectations of others The behavior exhibited by role models The traditional educational institutions that promote
stereotypes
Barriers to PerceptionBarriers to Perception Perceptual Sets: Is your past following you? Selective Exposure: Are you open or closed? Selective Perception and Closure: Are you a distorter? First Impressions: Do you freeze your perceptions of
others? Stereotypes: Do you squeeze others into niches? Inferences: Do you confuse what you infer and what you
observe?
The End
Welcome!Welcome!
IntroductionIntroductionto to
Public SpeakingPublic Speaking
Instructor: Ellen WaddellInstructor: Ellen Waddell
AGENDAAGENDA
• Basic speech organization/outliningBasic speech organization/outlining– PartPart IIII
• The Impromptu Speech: “In a nutshell…”The Impromptu Speech: “In a nutshell…”
Designing Your Speech: Designing Your Speech:
Organizing Your IdeasOrganizing Your Ideas
• Base organization on the principle of redundancy
• Speech framework: • Introduction - tell them what you are going to
tell them• Body - tell them• Conclusion - tell them what you have told
them
Organizing the BodyOrganizing the Body Outlining principles
Main ideas – speech’s subtopics Subordinate ideas – function as amplification for
subtopics
Organizing the Main IdeasOrganizing the Main IdeasEach main idea has subordinate ideas that support it
ExampleTopic: Baking cookies•1st Main idea: Find needed ingredients and utensils• Subordinate idea: needed ingredients•Subordinate idea: needed utensils
Organizing the Main IdeasOrganizing the Main IdeasExampleTopic: Baking cookies•1st Main idea: Definition of term
•Subordinate idea: needed ingredients•Subordinate idea: needed utensils
2nd Main idea: Mixing ingredients Subordinate idea: First mix wet itemsSubordinate idea: Mix dry itemsSubordinate idea: Mix all together3rd Main idea: Bake Cookies
Subordinate idea: place on greased cookie sheet 1 “ apartSubordinate idea: Bake at 350 degrees until brown around edgesSubordinate idea: Place finished cookies on rack and allow to cool 10 minutes before serving
Ordering Your IdeasOrdering Your Ideas Chronological order
Develops an idea or problem in the order in which it occurred
Spatial order Describes an object, person or phenomenon as it exists in
space Cause-and-effect order
Categorizes a topic according to its causes and effects Problem-and-solution order
Determines what problems are, and presents solutions Topical order
Divides material into a series of appropriate topics
* Exam topic
Organizing the Main Ideas into a PatternOrganizing the Main Ideas into a Pattern
What pattern has been used?Topic: Baking cookies•1st Main idea: Definition of term
•Subordinate idea: needed ingredients•Subordinate idea: needed utensils
2nd Main idea: Mixing ingredients Subordinate idea: First mix wet itemsSubordinate idea: Mix dry itemsSubordinate idea: Mix all together3rd Main idea: Bake Cookies
Subordinate idea: place on greased cookie sheet 1 “ apartSubordinate idea: Bake at 350 degrees until brown around edgesSubordinate idea: Place finished cookies on rack and allow to cool 10 minutes before serving
Impromptu SpeechImpromptu Speech PresentationsPresentations
•Choose one personal item from your belongings and prepare to describe to the class how the item sums up who you are “in a nutshell”•Use an outline format with introduction, main point, and conclusion.
Examples: •A key chain that opens the door to the various parts of your life (work/car/home)•An award/ pen that signifies dedication to a particular cause/issue•A floppy disc with a variety of saved documents (work/personal/school/work)
Impromptu SpeechImpromptu Speech PresentationsPresentations
•Use an outline format with introduction, main point, and conclusion.•Present your choice of personal item from your belongings and describe to the class how the item sums up who you are “in a nutshell”
•Feel free to click away!
The End