Introduction to Practical Marine Engineering

7/30/2019 Introduction to Practical Marine Engineering

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INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL MARINE ENGINEERING

by

Alan L. RowenProfessor Emeritus of Marine Engineering, Webb Institute

Raymond F. GardnerProfessor of Marine Engineering, US Merchant Marine Academy

Jose FemeniaProfessor of Marine Engineering, US Merchant Marine Academy

Edwin G. Wiggins

Professor of Marine Engineering, Webb Institute

Copyright 2001 The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

This publication is intended for the exclusive use of students of Webb Institute, SUNY Maritime College, andUSMMA. Some figures were extracted from publications of the United States Naval Institute and of theSociety of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and from other sources as noted. Portions of this materialhave appeared in different form in Modern Marine Engineers Manual, 2nd Edition, published by CornellMaritime Press, and in SNAME publications.


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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE MARINE POWER PLANT1.1 Purpose1.2 Historical context1.3 Current status1.4 A typical ocean-going merchant ship1.5 A typical medium-sized warship1.6 Fuels1.7 Combustion1.8 Comparison of steam, diesel, gas turbine, and nuclear plants1.9 Prominent features of steam and diesel plants for a merchant ship1.10 Energy distribution and losses; shaft power and brake power1.11 Power requirements vs. ship speed

2. STEAM PLANT OVERVIEW2.1 The steam cycle2.2 A typical steam ship engine room2.3 Properties of steam2.4 Feedwater

3. BOILERS: BASIC FEATURES3.1 Introduction: basic principles and major components3.2 Feedwater and circulation3.3 Generating tubes3.4 Drums and headers3.5 Superheaters3.6 Furnaces3.7 Casings and supports

4. BOILERS: HEAT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT4.1 Introduction: principle of heat recovery4.2 Cold-end corrosion

4.3 Economizers4.4 Air heaters4.5 Summary

5. BOILERS: ACCESSORIES5.1 Internal fittings and mountings5.2 External fittings and mountings5.3 Burners5.4 Instrumentation and automation

6. BOILER OPERATIONS6.1 Preparation and lighting off6.2 Raising steam and cutting in on the line

6.3 Routine operation6.4 Emergency procedures6.5 Securing


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7. STEAM TURBINES: BASIC PRINCIPLES7.1 Introduction: basic principles and major components7.2 Number of nozzles7.3 Multi-stage turbines; pressure compounding7.4 Types of turbine stages7.5 Available energy: vacuum exhaust

8. STEAM TURBINES: EXAMPLES AND FEATURES8.1 Cross-compound propulsion turbines8.2 A high-pressure turbine with reaction stages8.3 A double-flow, low-pressure turbine8.4 A single-cased propulsion turbine8.5 A ships-service generator turbine8.5 Turbines for pumps and fans

9. STEAM TURBINES: DETAILS9.1 Turbine casings, bearing housings, and bedplates9.2 Rotors9.3 Blades9.4 Nozzles and diaphragms

9.5 Packing glands9.6 Journal bearings9.7 Thrust bearings

10. STEAM TURBINE OPERATIONS10.1 Preparation, raising vacuum, warming the turbine10.2 Maneuvering10.3 Routine operation10.4 Securing10.5 Emergency operation10.6 Starting auxiliary turbines

11. DIESEL ENGINES: BASIC PRINCIPLES

11.1 A two-stroke cycle, low-speed engine11.2 Major components; piston motion vs. crankshaft torque11.3 Two-stroke cycle events11.4 Camshaft action in a two-stroke engine11.5 Ignition and combustion11.6 Fuel injection11.7 Supercharging, turbocharging, and aftercooling11.8 Loop-scavenged engines11.9 Summary of basic principles

12. DIESEL ENGINES: FOUR-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES12.1 A four-stroke cycle, trunk piston, medium-speed engine12.2 Four-stroke cycle events

12.3 Camshaft action in a four-stroke engine12.4 Fuel injection, ignition, and combustion12.5 Supercharging, turbocharging, and aftercooling12.6 Comparison of two- and four-stroke cycles


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13. DIESEL ENGINES: TYPES, CONFIGURATIONS, FUELS, AND FEATURES

13.1 Classification and categories13.2 Fuels for diesel engines13.3 Starting and reversing

14. DIESEL ENGINES: COMPONENTS14.1 Bedplates, bearings, and crankcases14.2 Crankshafts14.3 Crossheads and connecting rods14.4 Pistons14.5 Cylinders and cylinder heads14.6 Injection pumps and injectors

15. DIESEL PLANT ARRANGEMENTS AND OPERATIONS15.1 A motorship engine room15.2 Preparation and starting15.3 Maneuvering15.4 Running in after an overhaul15.5 Routine operation

15.6 Emergency operation15.7 Maintenance

16. PROPULSION POWER TRANSMISSION16.1 Reasons for transmissions16.2 Principle of gearing16.3 Multiple input gearing16.4 Single-reduction and double-reduction gearing16.5 Multiple torque paths16.6 Quill shafts16.7 Clutches16.8 A gear set for diesel engines16.9 Gears vs. electric drive

17. SHAFTING, BEARINGS, AND PROPELLERS17.1 Shafting arrangements17.2 Line-shaft bearings17.3 Stern tubes17.4 Strut bearings17.5 Propeller shafts and stern-tube shafts17.6 Propellers: fixed-pitch and controllable-pitch17.7 Withdrawal of propeller and stern-tube shafts


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18. GAS TURBINE PLANTS

18.1 Characteristics of gas-turbine plants18.2 Gas turbines vs. other prime movers18.3 Principles and major components of a gas turbine18.4 Temperature limits, excess air, and bleed-air cooling18.5 Waste-heat recovery vs. simple-cycle gas turbines18.6 Maintenance by replacement18.7 Compressor and turbine types18.8 Number of shafts18.9 Combined prime movers

19. NUCLEAR PROPULSION19.1 Background19.2 Fission, heat release, and the chain reaction19.3 Pressurized water reactor19.4 Primary circuit components19.5 Containment and shielding19.6 Secondary cycle19.7 Arrangements, and comparison with conventional propulsion plants

20. PUMPS20.1 Fundamentals20.2 Types of pumps20.3 Centrifugal pumps20.4 Reciprocating pumps20.5 Rotary pumps20.6 Jet pumps20.7 Blowers and fans20.8 Compressors20.9 Pump operation20.10 Starting procedure for a centrifugal pump27.6 Starting procedure for a positive-displacement pump

21. PIPING COMPONENTS21.1 Introduction21.2 Pipe and tubing21.3 Valves21.4 Basic valve maintenance21.5 Vent and sounding tubes27.6 Fundamentals of fluid flow

22. PIPING SYSTEMS22.1 Fuel-oil transfer system22.2 Fuel-oil service systems22.3 Steam, condensate, and feedwater systems - steam ships

22.4 Waste-heat recovery / steam systems - diesel ships22.5 Steam systems for tanker cargo services22.6.1 Seawater circulating and cooling water systems - steam ships22.6.2 Seawater circulating and cooling water systems - diesel ships22.7 Freshwater cooling systems - diesel ships22.8 Main lubricating-oil system - steam ships22.9 Diesel engine lubricating-oil systems22.10 Bilge system22.11 Ballast system22.12 Ships service compressed air / control air systems


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22.13 Compressed air systems - diesel ships22.14 Firemain system22.15 Potable water22.16 Sanitary water system22.17 Tanker cargo-handling systems

23. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS23.1 Fundamentals of electricity23.2 Electrical terms; direct vs. alternating current; resistance; magnetic field; impedance;

open circuits, short circuits, and grounds23.3 Electrical power23.4 Basic electrical circuits23.5 Electrical components and instruments23.6 Alternators and generators23.6 Electric motors23.7 Transformers23.9 Motor starters23.10 Batteries and fuel cells23.11 Shipboard electrical systems

23.12 Electric propulsion

24. POWER PLANT AUXILIARIES24.1

25. REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS25.1 Refrigeration cycle25.2 System Components: compressor, evaporator, condenser, expansion devices25.3 Refrigerants25.4 Operation of refrigeration systems

26. HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR-CONDITIONING26.1 Fundamentals of air conditioning

26.2 Psychrometry26.3 Ventilation26.4 Test and balancing procedures26.5 Categories of air-conditioning systems26.6 Direct vs. indirect expansion26.7 Compressors, chillers, and condensers26.8 Absorption systems

27. HULL MACHINERY27.1 Introduction and scope27.2 Hydraulic machinery27.3 Steering gear arrangements27.4 International agreement on steering gear capabilities and operation

27.5 Windlasses, winches, and capstans27.6 Arrangement of deck machinery

28. SHIPBOARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS28.1

29. SHIPBOARD PROCEDURES29.1 Reporting aboard29.2 Shipboard organization29.3 Watch standing and routine duties


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29.4 Bunkering29.5 Arriving the ship29.6 Preparing for shipyard work or drydocking29.7 Departing the ship29.8 Oil record book

Documents

Introduction to Practical Marine Engineering