Introduction to Postwar Taiwan Fiction Unit Six: Caught between Left and Right— The Protect Diaoyutai Islands Movement and Fiction Writing Lecturer: Richard

Introduction to Postwar Taiwan Fiction Unit Six: Caught between Left and Right The Protect Diaoyutai Islands Movement and Fiction Writing Lecturer: Richard Rong-bin Chen, PhD of Comparative Literature. Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 TaiwanAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan 1

Taiwan in the 70s August, 1970: Japan officially declared its sovereignty claim on Diaoyutai Islands. January, 1971: the Protect Diaoyutai Islands Movement. [baodiao ] October, 1971: Taiwan was expelled from the UN. September, 1972: Japan ended its diplomatic tie with Taiwan. July, 1973: Ten Major Construction Projects. [ ] 2

November, 1974: Chen Jo-hsi published The Execution of Mayor Yin [ ]. April, 1975: Chiang Kai-shek died. September, 1976: the United Daily News Fiction Award [ ] established, and both the Chu sisters were the winners. April, 1977: the Debate over Nativist-realist Literature. [ ] October, 1978: the China Times Literature Award established. January, 1979: the United States ended the diplomatic tie with ROC; the Formosa Incident broke out in December. 3

4 The Location The Diaoyutai Islands[ ] are a group of islets controlled by Japan in the East China Sea. They are located roughly due east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa Island.

5 The Location Wikipeida: Author Unknown

6 A Panoramic Picture Taken in 2010. Wikipedia BehBeh

7 The Islands A fish boat from Keelung working in the waters near the Diaoyutai Islands. (Picture taken on August 24th, 1970) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/search/search_meta.jsp?xml_id =0001513275&dofile=cca220001-hp-cdn0003262-0001-i.jpg

8 (Picture taken on September 4th, 1970) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/photo/photo_meta.jsp?xml _id=0000711046

9 The Controversy After World War II, the islets came under United States control. In 1969, the Diaoyutai Islands were included in the Okinawa Reversion Treaty [ ] signed between the U.S. and Japan. Since then, Japan had repeatedly insisted on its claim to those islets.

10 (Picture taken on September 4th, 1970) A group of reporters from China Times landed on the island and installed a national flag. http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/search/search_meta.jsp?xml_id=00 00812348&dofile=cca220001-hp-hjm0140895-0001-i.jpg

In late 1970, Chinese students in many U. S. universities organized various Committee[s] for Action to Protect the Chinese Territory Diaoyutai ( ). They held meetings, circulated publica- tions, and made appeals for support. [For example, in Red Boy, there are the National Affairs Symposiums ( ), Spring Sprouts ( ), Study Newsletter ( ), etc.] 11

12 The Chinese students in Princeton University and the University of Wisconsin-Madison were among the first groups of Chinese to react. On April 10,1971, the largest baodiao [ ] demonstration took place in Washington D.C. when more than 2,500 Chinese across the United States joined the Protect Diaoyutai March. In the meantime, the movement spread to Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Europe.

The Protest A group of NTU students were marching around the Taipei Main Station. 13 (Picture taken on June 17th, 1971) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/photo/photo_meta.jsp?picture url=cca220002-hp-197106170090000002l-0001- w.jpg&xml_id=0005902237&collectionname=&topicname=

The Protest 14 (Picture taken on June 18th, 1971) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/search/search_meta.jsp?xml_id= 0000812391&dofile=cca220001-hp-hjm0140938-0001-i.jpg

15 A group of NTU students protested against America s decision to hand over the Diaoyutai Islands to Japan. They were marching toward American embassy to submit a petition. (Picture taken on June 18th, 1971) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/search/search_meta.jsp?xml_id= 0000812392&dofile=cca220001-hp-hjm0140939-0001-i.jpg

16 A group of NTU students appealed for boycotting Japanese goods. (Picture taken on June 18th, 1971) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/photo/photo_meta.jsp?xml_id=0000812430

17 A hunger strike. (Picture taken on February 30th, 1972) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/photo/phot o_meta.jsp?xml_id=0000812460

18 (Picture taken on May 14th, 1972) http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/search/search_ meta.jsp?xml_id=0005904465

The Contexts of the Movement From Geopolitical Perspective 1960: ROCs place in the UN became problematic. October 25, 1971: the UN General Assembly Resolution 2758. February 21 st, 1972: Nixon arrived at China. [Nixons Press Corps] September 29 th, 1972: PRC and Japan established official diplomatic relationship. 19

First political awakening of Taiwans students abroad. The movement and the May Fourth Movement. 20 The Contexts of the Movement From a Historical Perspective Pai Hsien-yung, The Chinese Student Movement Abroad: Exiled Writers in the New World (1981) [from Modern Chinese Writers: Self-Portrayals]

21 Many participants tried to relate baodiao to the May Fourth Movement. [For example, Guo Song-fen.] The slogan: Chinas land may be conquered, but it can never be given up; Chinese people may be killed, but they can never be subjugated. (p.316) Source: Chen, Jinxing(2009). Radicalization of the Protect Diaoyutai Movement in 1970s-America Journal of Chinese Overseas 5 Singapore : Singapore University Press for the Chinese Heritage Centre

A polarization of left against right. Pro-communist and anti-communist. Not able to procure the support from the KMT government, the political orientation of many students from ROC changed. Many students from Taiwan became pro- communist. 22

23 [There are both mainlander and Taiwanese among them. For example, in the baodiao movement, while both Liu Ta-jen and Chang Hsi-guo had parents from Chiang-hsi Province, Guo Song-fen was Taiwanese and, at a certain stage of life, pro-reunification and pro-communist.] Disillusionment: when PRC established official diplomatic tie with Japan, the issue was set aside purposely. Cf: Night Duty [ ] by Chen Jo-hsi.

Chang Hsi-guo, Yesterdays Fury [ ] (1977) Narrated from a Taiwanese perspective. Participants and non-participants. The disillusionment of the participants of the movement. The oppositions among different factions of the movement. Patriotism and personal careers. Where to return? 24

Returning the Mainland The case of Chen Jo-hsi: 1966-1973. The Great Cultural Revolution: 1965-1976. Night Duty in The Execution of Mayor Yin. A Taiwanese baodiao activist back to China. Guo and Liu visited the Mainland for 42 days, saw the idealized China for the first time. In Red Boy, we also see Chen Chi-kang, Kao Chiangs friend, chose to leave America for Mainland China in late 1971 after his failure to pass the PhD oral. 25

1938-2005 : UC Berkeley, Comparative Literature. 1939- UC Berkeley, Political Science. 1944- UC Berkeley, Computer Science. 26 The Protect Diaoyutai Movement and Taiwan Fiction: The Three Key Figures.

27 After abandoning their degrees, both Guo and Liu were able to find jobs in the UN, so they stayed in the US, living in New York. Interestingly, Guo never wrote any fiction with the theme of the Protect the Diaoyutai Islands Movement. It has been widely agreed, both Guo and Liu were more radical and leftist, and Chang more centrist.

Liu Ta-jen The 1974 trip to China changed both Liu and Guo. In 1984, Liu Ta-jen published Azaleas Wept Blood [ ], a story set in 1978, and traces further back to the earliest stage of the Chinese Civil War, including the establishment of CPC in Shanghai, and the Long March. The story is about a female local party leader who had eaten her lovers heart in the Long March, and drove to insanity later in the political struggle of the Great Cultural Revolution. 28

In 2010, Liu Ta-jen published Wind and Thunder from Afar [ ] (untranslated), a story set in the new millenium, and traces further back to the last stage of the Chinese Civil War, the white terror in Taiwan, and the Protect Diaoyutai Movement in Californias Bay Area. In the story, we see a mainlander from Nanking, who used to be a part of the student activism in that city. In Taiwan, when he was in NTU, he was imprisoned; afterward, he tried to study abroad and became a part of the failed Baodiao movement. 29

30 Chang Hsi-kuo 1944: born in Chungking, Szechwan. A graduate of NTU (Department of Electrical Engineering). 1969: received PhD degree from UC Berkeley. Professor of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh.

1983-1991: The City Trilogy, including Five Jade Disks, Defenders of the Dragon City, and Tale of a Feather. [ ] The City Trilogy. Trans. John Balcom. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. 31

A writer keeps flirting with different forms of fiction with works such as The Red Boy, The Watchman, and The Policy Maker. [ ] Besides science fiction, his works usually focus on the lives of overseas Chinese, the role of the intellectual in modern society, and the relationships between men and women. 32

Chang Hsi-kuo Red Boy (1976) Epistolary Novel: according to Britannica online Encyclopedia, epistolary novel is a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. Originating with Samuel Richardsons Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740)... it was one of the earliest forms of novel to be developed and remained one of the most popular up to the 19th century. The epistolary novels reliance on subjective points of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel. 33 Source: The article of epistolary novel is from the website of the Encyclopdia Britannicathe Encyclopdia Britannica

According to Chen Pingyuan ( ), a famous scholar from Mainland China, as stated in his Transformation in the Narrative Mode of Chinese Fiction [ ], epistolary form is never a mainstream part of traditional Chinese fiction. This form of fiction was received by Chinese writers after late Qing or the May Fourth period. 34

In Taiwan, its reception can be traced to the 70s and 80s. Some representative works are Li Angs A Love Letter Never Sent [ , 1987 ], Chi Teng- shengs Letters from Tan Lang [ , 1985 ], and The Spy Catcher [ , 1992], a novel co- written by Chang Hsi-kuo and Ping Lu. 35

As a work of fiction in an epistolary form, the special position of Red Boy does not only lie in its being a pioneering work in this genre, but also lies in the fact that it is polyphonic [ ], rather than only monophonic [ ] or duophonic [ ]. It has to be noted, in this story which consists of seventeen letters and seven documents, many voices and tones are used by the writer; also, none of the letters is written by the main character, Kao Chiang. 36

This is quite different from the traditional way of writing a story, which tends to describe directly the actions taken by and words uttered by the main character. In this story, the actions and words of Kao Chiang can be known indirectly from the reactions of his friends and family presented in the letters. 37

The letters from Kao Chiangs family: letters from Kao Chiangs family are more than biographical backgrounds. They also show Chang Hsi-kuo social and political concerns. Central Daily News [ ] The reason for studying engineering and science. [For example, Lu Xun. ( )] The overseas Chinese and their feeling of uncertainties, both economic and political. 38

39 Jan 29 (p. 227-228) We are expecting another child soon. Your sister- in-low will give birth in September. This is the last one. No matter whether it is a girl or a boy we arent planning to have any more. Our company laid off several dozen people. One whole research division was completely dissolved, and even old- timers who had been here more than ten years had to leave immediately, so morale in the company is not good. There is no feeling of security when you work for Americans. If they lay me off, I plan to go back to Taiwan to look for work. I certainly wont stay here and take any more of this. Source: Chang Hsi-kuo (1983). Red Boy Joseph S.M.Lau (Ed.), The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926. Bloomington : Indiana University Press

40 Feb 29 (p. 229) The situation at our company has improved- everyone got a raise, and I got the biggest one of all. One good thing about America is that if you have ability you will gain peoples recognition. The reason I like America is because of their way of treating everyone equally. When you go to work later on you will undoubtedly feel the same way. Source: Chang Hsi-kuo (1983). Red Boy Joseph S.M.Lau (Ed.), The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926. Bloomington : Indiana University Press

Political Labeling. The Chinese Civil War reincarnated? Whats in the name: patriotic or revolutionary uprising? Caught between the Leftism and Rightism: Kao Chiang becomes the victim of a complicated and confusing ideological warfare. In the end, he becomes less interested in politics after being considered as a Communist agent by the Anti-Communist Patriotic Alliance of G City [G ] (p. 223), and as right-wing opportunist by the leftist G City Revolutionary Uprising Headquarters [G ] (p. 225). 41 Source: Chang Hsi-kuo (1983). Red Boy Joseph S.M.Lau (Ed.), The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926. Bloomington : Indiana University Press

Ironically, not a single letter is written about practical steps which can be taken to protect the islands. The characters: Kao Chiang: from good boy to red boy. Kao Wei: a restless Chinese. Chen Chi-kang: an idealist discouraged by the movement. Chung Kuei-ching: from study group to Bible study group, a proof of the movements failure. Wang Fu-cheng: the author himself? 42

Wangs letter to Kao Chiang He seems to be moderate, a centrist. He loved Taiwan. He respected those who decided to return to China. He despised those leftists. 43 I really respect his courage. A lot of people talk very prettily about how one should serve the people, but do they do it themselves? They love the material pleasures of America, and while they shout about revolution, they are busy raking in the money. Every time I run into these people, I cant help thinking of Chen Chi-kang. I think he is a much better person than those leftists who are all talk and no action. (p. 228) Source: Chang Hsi-kuo (1983). Red Boy Joseph S.M.Lau (Ed.), The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926. Bloomington : Indiana University Press

The title. Is it strange to you? Is it able to communicate the message? What does it mean? 44

The Title of the Story and Its Symbolic meaning. 45 In Chinese mythological system, especially in Journey into the West [ ], Red Boy [ ], the son of the Princess Iron Fan [ ] and the Bull Demon King [ ], is famously a mischievous character who gives Sun Wukong [ ] a real hard time.

Two Senses of the Title First, as is told in the story, though raised in a pro-KMT rightist family and had never given his parents any cause to worry, after the Protect Diaoyutai Movement, Kao Chiang became quite radical and progressive politically, so he can be seen as a mischievous red boy in the story, an embodiment of the Red Boy in Journey into the West. 46

47 Also, there might be another symbolic sense. As a pro-Communism oversea student, Kao Chiang is of course a red boy since red is the representative color of Communism, and the participants of the contemporaneous Great Cultural Revolution are named the Red Guards ( ).

Ping Lu 48 1953: born in Kaohsiung, named Lu Ping by birth. Like Chu Hsi-ning, Chang Ta-chun and many other postwar novelists, her family were from Shandong.

49 She earned a bachelors degree in psychology from NTU, and a masters degree in statistics from the University of Iowa. After graduation, she worked in the United States Postal Service as a statistician for some time. 1983: during her stay in the States, she won first prize with her short story Death in a Cornfield in the 1983 United Daily News Fiction Competition [ ].

2003: she took up the job offered by DPP government, and went to Hong Kong to work as director of Kwang Hwa Informa- tion and Culture Center [ ], an institute founded by Taiwans Government Information Office. 50

As a female writer who started her literary career in the 1980s, Ping Lus concerns cover a wide range of social, cultural, political, and even historical issues, well beyond the topics usually dealt with in her fellow female writers works which are mostly related to womens lives. Also, as one of the most representative postmodern novelists in Taiwan, Ping Lus achievements in historicizing fiction and fictionalizing history are both impressive and innovative. 51

1991: Who Killed xxx? [ ; The story about President Chiang Ching- kuos mistress, Chang Ya-jo ( ) and her mysterious death.] 1995: Love and Revolution. [ ; The story about the last days of Dr. Sun Yat- sen and the life of his wife, Soong Ching- ling, ( ) after his death. The novel was translated by Nancy Du and published by Columbia University Press in 2006.] 52

1998: Notes of the Centennial Year. [ ; The story about Soong Mei-ling ( , 1897-2003), that is, Madame Chiang Kai- shek.] 2002: When Will My Love Come Again? [ ; The story about Teresa Teng (1953-1995), arguably the most famous and popular singer in the postwar period in Taiwan. Teng had a legendary career before her death in Chiang Mai, Thailand, which was caused by an asthma attack.] 53

Death in a Cornfield (1983) This work is both structurally and thematically similar to My First Case by Chen Ying-chen. The Jigsaw Puzzle Structure. Why Chen committed suicide? 54

It has to be noted, however, the narrators function and role in the story is different from the young security police officer in My First Case. The narrator is more a round character who was influenced by the death of Chen Hsi- shan. [For example, the narrator finally returned to Taiwan after the investigation of Chens death.] 55

Also, this story can be seen as a sequel to Red Boy because the protagonist Chen is also a protestor during the Protect Diaoyutai Movement who had been on the blacklist, like novelists Guo Song-feng and Liu Ta-jen, and could not return to Taiwan for years. Unlike Guo and Liu worked in the UN, Chen joined the Federal Government. 56

Death in the story is more than physical, so what we might be concerned about are its mental, social, spiritual, and even occupational dimensions. [For example, the disillusion of American Dream, the problems of marriage, and boring jobs, etc.] 57

The Historical Context 58 The summer in Washington, DC, that year was prob- ably hotter than it had ever been. For about two weeks, the temperature was around 100 degrees every day. I was then a foreign correspondent for a Taiwanese newspaper. My name appeared often on the second page of that paper. Dispatch from Washington, DC, by correspondent so-and-so. With such a nice ring to my title I should have had a splendid life. (p.135) Source: Chen Ying-chen.(1994). Death in a cornfield Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.), Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan. Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press

It marks Taiwans retreat from the UN. At this critical juncture, you tend to feel your fate is actually closely related to your country. 59 Unfortunately, this was not so. As a matter of fact, I was at that time rather tired of my job. It was partly because the international situation then was so unfavorable to us that even reporters were affected and could not enjoy the privileges we were entitled to. We had to cope with politically snobbish circles; sometimes it was humiliating. (p.135) Source: Chen Ying-chen.(1994). Death in a cornfield Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.), Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan. Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press

The Cornfield From the second interview, we know that Chen had always talked about the canefield before his death. Foreshadowing the cornfield scene 60 The cornfield might be a n important clue, I thought. Its resemblance to sugarcane fields reminded Chen of his childhood, so it had a special meaning for him. Could it be this reminder of his childhood that led, directly or indirectly, to the tragedy? The tangled threads made me even more confused.(p.143) Source: Chen Ying-chen.(1994). Death in a cornfield Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.), Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan. Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press

The Link 61 Oddly enough, except for a momentary confusion, whenever I thought of Chen lying quietly in the cornfield, a cool feeling would begin and grow deep inside me. I became more and more aware that the cornfield scene brought a kind of inner coolness. It made me invulnerable to the summer heat that continued its unrelenting pressure. I became obsessed with the image of the scene. There must be some link between Chen and me. Yes, both of us were married to very capable women, except that he had a five-year-old daughter and I did not. It is good to have a child. If it had not been for my wifes extremely should and logical mind, my child would also be five years old now. (p.143-144) Source: Chen Ying-chen.(1994). Death in a cornfield Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.), Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan. Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press

62 The link mentioned here is only superficial. Their common mentality is more important, and will be explored until later.

The symbolic meaning of the cornfield and its association with the cane fields in Taiwan. In the cornfield scene we are able to see the narrators exploration of his and Chens inner worlds. In the end he admitted that Chen was, like himself, simply an unhappy man. Though the narrator had not been a part of the movement, but, like Chen, he had also gone through both the prosperity of American Dream and the absurdity of marriage. 63

Female characters in the story are described as more adaptive to the society in the States. Georgia, Chens wife whos from Hong Kong, owned a trading company. Georgia thought learning Chinese characters was a pressure on their daughter, teaching her Taiwanese was not sensible. The narrators wife Mei-yun tried to get herself mingled with the women of high society. 64

The Male Characters Chen His-shan: an ex-member of the Protect Diaoyutai Movement; had planned to go back to the Mainland to serve the Socialist Motherland. He was on the blacklist, so he couldnt return to Taiwan. The reporter: had once considered himself to be voice of the people and the conscience of society, now unhappy with his job and life, reached his self-awareness after the investigation of Chens death. 65

Whats Postmodern about the Story? After reading the first two accounts of Chen, you could see how different he was in the eyes of his wife and his colleague. For Georgia, Chen had been a terrible husband and father, without whom her and her daughters lives barely changed. For Kao, Chen had been nice, innocent, perfectionist, and a responsible family man. In the last interview, we also see the complexity of Chens character. 66

Chen fought for happiness in his diasporic life. The reporter had lived a life of double- diaspora, but, unlike Chen, he could choose to go back to Taiwan. 67

Copyright Declaration PageWork LicensingAuthor/Source 5 Wikipeida: Author Unknown http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diaoyutai_senkaku.png 2012/03/29 visited 6 Wikipedia BehBeh http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20100915Senkaku_Islands_Uotsuri_Jima_Kita_K ojima_Minami_Kojima.jpg?uselang=zh-tw 2012/03/29 visited 21 Chinas land may be conquered, Chinese people may be killed, but they can never be subjugated. Chen, Jinxing(2009). Radicalization of the Protect Diaoyutai Movement in 1970s- America.Journal of Chinese Overseas 5 (p.316). Singapore : Singapore University Press for the Chinese Heritage Centre It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 35 A novel told through. it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel. This article of epistolary novel is from the website of the Encyclopdia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/190331/epistolary-novel. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/190331/epistolary-novel Article 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. Encyclopdia Britannica Terms of Use 39 We are expecting another look for work. I certainly wont stay here and take any more of this. Chang Hsi-kuo. (1983). Red Boy. Joseph S.M. Lau (Ed.) The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926 (pp. 227-228. ). Bloomington : Indiana University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 40 The situation at our company has improved-everyone later on you will undoubtedly feel the same way. Chang Hsi-kuo (1983). Red Boy. Joseph S.M. Lau (Ed.) The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926 (p. 229 ). Bloomington : Indiana University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 68

Copyright Declaration PageWork LicensingAuthor/Source 41 Communist agent Chang Hsi-kuo. (1983). Red Boy. Joseph S.M. Lau (Ed.) The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926 (p. 223 ). Bloomington : Indiana University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 41 right-wing opportunist Chang Hsi-kuo. (1983). Red Boy. Joseph S.M. Lau (Ed.) The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926 (p. 225 ). Bloomington : Indiana University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 43 I really respect his courage. A lot of people talk those leftists who are all talk and no action. Chang Hsi-kuo. (1983). Red Boy. Joseph S.M. Lau (Ed.) The Unbroken chain : an anthology of Taiwan fiction since 1926 (p. 228). Bloomington : Indiana University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 58 The summer in Washington, DC, that year was prob- ably to my title I should have had a splendid life. Chen Ying-chen. (1994). Death in a cornfield. Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.) Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan (p. 135). Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 59 Unfortunately, this was not so. As a matter politically snobbish circles; sometimes it was humiliating. Chen Ying-chen. (1994). Death in a cornfield. Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.) Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan (p. 135). Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 60 The cornfield might be a n important clue, tragedy? The tangled threads made me even more confused. Chen Ying-chen. (1994). Death in a cornfield. Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.) Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan (p. 143). Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 69

Copyright Declaration PageWork LicensingAuthor/Source 61 Oddly enough, except for a momentary confusion, whenever I thought mind, my child would also be five years old now. Chen Ying-chen. (1994). Death in a cornfield Ching-hsi Perng and Chiu-kuei Wang (Eds.) Death in a cornfield and other stories from contemporary Taiwan (pp. 143-144). Hong Kong ; New York : Oxford University Press It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 70

Documents

Introduction to Postwar Taiwan Fiction Unit Six: Caught between Left and Right— The Protect Diaoyutai Islands Movement and Fiction Writing Lecturer: Richard