Introduction to OSS

8/12/2019 Introduction to OSS

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Introduction to OSS

Module 1


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What Is OSS?

NonStop Kernel Open System Services

API, command interpreter, and utilities

HP NonStop system implementation of POSIX openstandards

Familiar interface and capabilities on top of NonStop systemfundamentals


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Characteristics of Open Systems

Compatibility Applications running on the system will beable to run on future versions of the system.

Portability Applications running on the operating system

on a given hardware platform will run on any vendorssystem that utilizes that same operating system.

Scalability Applications written for the system will run onthe full range of computer architectures and sizes.

Interoperability Applications running on the system willbe able to communicate with any other system using thesame networking protocols.


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Program

POSIX.1 APIs

POSIX.1 (API examples)

abort Generate an abnormal process abort

alarm Schedule an alarm

clock Report processor time used

cos Cosine function

execv Execute a file

exit Terminate a process

free Free memory

pause Suspend process execution

stat Get file status time Get system time


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POSIX.2 Commands

POSIX.2 (command examples)

cat Concatenate and print files

cp Copy files

date Get the date and time

grep Search a file for a pattern

ls List directory contents

man Display manual pages

rmdir Remove a directory


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Commandsand Utilities

(POSIX)

Base Profile

C (ISO and Common Usage)

Internationalized SystemCalls and Libraries

(POSIX)

OperatingSystem andLanguages

ADAPascalFORTRANCOBOL

X/OPEN XPG4


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What OSS Is Not

UNIX

Similar but different

POSIX

OSS is more than just this

A development environment

Facilities exist, but there are better ways


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OSS Versus UNIX

Which UNIX?

SVR4 versus BSD

Whose UNIX?

HP-UX

Solaris

AIX

Like UNIX, but different No UNIX kernel

No UNIX system administration

Only Korn shell

...


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Products that Use OSS

HP NonStop TUXEDO

iTP WebServer

HP Pathway/iTS

HP NonStop SQL/MX

HP NonStop CORBA

All Java products

HP NonStop SOAP

Open Source Software ported to Open System Services(OSS):

Apache Perl

TCL

and more ...


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Guardian Environment

Database Management

Systems Management

SNA,X25,TCP/IP

Pathway

Database ManagementSystems Management

DCE/TCP/IPTUXEDO

Guardian Services

Guardian UtilitiesGuardian APIs

OSS UtilitiesOSS APIs

Application

Open System Svcs

OSS Environment

NonStop Kernel

NonStop Kernel Environments


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NonStop Kernel

Guardian API

250+ Functions

POSIX.1/XPG4 API

250+ Functions150+ C Functions

POSIX.2/XPG4 Toolsand Utilities

Guardian Services

Tools and Utilities

TACL

Open System Services

Processes

File systemI/OPipes/FIFOsSignals

l18N (L10N)

OSS Product Features


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3

1

Guardian API OSS API

GuardianProcess

OSSProcess

GuardianObjects

4

OSSObjects

2

Interoperability with Guardian Environment

1. Access to Guardianservices from OSSprocesses

2. Access to OSS services

from Guardian processes3. Accessing Guardian files

4. Accessing OSS files andobjects


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OSS/Guardian Interoperability

Terminals/TELNET session

Common user ID scheme

TACL/shell bridge

Access to /G objects

Access to /E objects

Process status display

Print job spooling

File attribute display


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OSS Environment

Differences for Guardian users:

File system

Commands and utilities

Access by means of TCP/IP, FTP, or NFS

Aliasing of spooler locations

Differences for UNIX users:

System administration Not vanilla (plain) UNIX

Use of OSS and Guardian sockets


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OSS File System Basics

Module 2


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Getting In and Out

Logged in directly

With TELNET

Available Services:

OSS TACL EXITEnter Choice> oss

login:

Initiated from TACL with OSH1> osh


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OSS Shell (Based on Korn Shell)

Shell environment

/etc/profile, $HOME/.profile

Aliases

Functions

Command line and history editing

HP extensions

DEFINE facilities Built-in run command

-W flags


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OSS File System

File system characteristics

Hierarchical file system with path names

Capability to span multiple disk volumes

Single file limited to one disk volume

OSS path names

Case-sensitive (1023 character maximum)

Access to Guardian files in the /G directory Access to remote files on other nodes by means of the /E directory


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OSS Hierarchy

/E

/G etc usr var

dev tmp users bin

/

Nodes

Guardian

tty,null

profile

benbill

.profile fileA dirB

vi


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File System Terminology

Fileset Subtree of files in the OSS filename space

Pathname A character string pointing to a file

Absolute pathname A pathname that begins with a

slash (/)

Relative pathname A pathname that does not beginwith a slash (/)

File name Guardian file name File descriptor (fd)

Guardian file number (fnum)

File system


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OSS Pathname

Made up of one or more component directory namesseparated by slashes (/)

Can be up to 1023 bytes in length; each component

can be up to 255 bytes in length Component name can be any string of ASCII

characters, except null (\0) and slash (/)

Can be absolute or relative; for example:

/home/stu01/program.c

program.c

Tilde (~) is home directory

Dot (.) is current directory Two dots (..) mean one level up

The names of hidden files begin with a dot (.)


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OSS Pathname to Guardian Files (1 of 2)

/G directory for local files

Disk: /G/[/[/filename]]

has no leading $

Subvolume and filename have _ - . removed Filename is truncated to eight characters

Examples:$DATA.PERSONEL.EMPLOYEE is accessed as/G/DATA/PERSONEL/EMPLOYEE

/G/DATA/PERSONEL/EMPL_MAST becomes$DATA.PERSONEL.EMPLMAST

/G/DATA/MY-SUB/MY.FILE becomes$DATA.MYSUB.MYFILE

Other devices and processes: /G/

Same character removal and length restrictions as for disk files

$ZVPT is accessed as /G/ZVPT


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OSS Pathname for Guardian Files (2 of 2)

/E directory for remote systems

Remote passwords needed

/E/

has no leading \

/E//G

Examples:

\REMOTE.$DATA.MYSUB.AFILE is accessed as

/E/REMOTE/G/DATA/MYSUB/AFILE


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C

OSS pathname:/filename/filename/./filename

(dir) (dir)

Regular disk file Text file

Object file

Data file

Directory file

FIFO (named pipe) file

Special character file

Link (hard/symbolic) file Sockets file for an AF_UNIX socket

OSS File Types


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OSS Security Uses POSIX Security Model

Default permissions preset for any file type

Directory file: U=rwx G=rwx O=rwx

Other file types: U=rw- G=rw- O=rw-

r=read, w=write, x=execute

U=User (file owner access)

G=Group (file Group association access)

O=Other (file access for other than U and G)


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Some Common Directories

/usr Contains standard subdirectories:

/usr/include Header files for compilation

/usr/lib Library files for linking

/usr/tandem Optional products

/bin Standard utilities

/bin/unsupported Unsupported utilities

/users Contains subdirectories for individuals /dev Two entries only:

tty The current terminal session

null Standard bit bucket

/etc System files


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/dev Directory

The /dev directory (device directory) contains:

tty The current controlling terminal

null A data sink

Other devices Do not appear in /dev

Are added and configured in the Guardian environment


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/E/riddlr/G/data/test/foo

usr bin

WORK

DATA

TEST

Volume

Subvolume

File ID

G

SPOOLSYSTEM

\RIDDLR.$DATA.TEST.FOO

/

DUMP

OSS File System

E

/G/data/test/foo $DATA.TEST.FOO

RIDDLR

System

/


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file and tty Commands

The file command displays the file type of OSS and Guardianfiles

The file command displays:

File type of OSS and Guardian Attributes such as:

File type

File code

Target execution environment

The tty command displays terminal session name


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Basic Commands and Utilities

Module 3

F nctionall Eq i alent OSS Commands for


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Functionally Equivalent OSS Commands forGuardian Users

Navigating to directories

cd versus VOLUME

Displaying directories

ls and ls -l versus FILES and FILEINFO

Copying files

cp versus FUP DUP

Editing files vi (and ed) versus TEDIT and EDIT

Printing files

lp and lpstat versus FUP COPY and PERUSE


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alias cpio fold lp ps trar csplit gencat lpstat pwd trueawk cut genxlt ls read tty

basename date getconf make rm type

bc dc getopts man rmdir umaskbg diff grep mkcatdefs sed unaliasc89 dirname head mkdir sh unamecancel echo iconv mkfifo sleep uncompresscat ed id more sort unexpand

cd egrep ipcrm mv split uniq chgrp env ipcs nm strings uudecodechmod expand jobs nohup strip uuencodechown expr join od stty vicksum false kill passwd tail wait

cmp fc lex paste tar wccomm fg ln pathck tee whocommand fgrep locale pax test xargscompress file logger pr time yacccp find logname printf touch zcat

Commands and Utilities


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cd and pwd Commands

cd command:

Positions to different directory

Uses absolute or relative pathname:

$ cd /usr/tandem/webserver $ cd terry/test

$ cd .. go up one level

$ cd - go to previous directory

Position to home directory: $ cd

$ cd ~

pwd command displays current directory:

$ pwd


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ls Command

List OSS and Guardian files

Lists names of OSS files

Lists names of /G files

-l flag for details -a flag for hidden files

-r for reverse order

-t for modified timestamp order

Guardian extension

-W flag added

$ ls -Wguardian [/G[/volume[/subvol[/filename]]]] ..

Displays name and file code testobj 100

testc 101


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Displaying the Contents of a Disk File

cat command displays all the contents:

$ cat /users/terry/testfile

more command displays a page at a time:

$ more /users/terry/testfile spacebar next screen

f next screen

b previous screen

next line f forward n lines

b back n lines

h display help

q terminate

head command displays the first -n lines

n defaults to 10

tail command displays the last -n lines

n defaults to 10


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Copy File Command - cp

$ cp -options source destination

Source and destination can be file or directory

Destination file deleted without warning (except in /G/)

Guardian option -Wclobber allows target Guardian file to be overwritten

Guardian characteristics

File attributes not preserved

Guardian EDIT file copied into OSS disk file as unstructured OSS disk file copied to Guardian file as unstructured, code 180

Guardian special case

Copy Guardian file to Guardian file (similar to FUP DUP)

File attributes preserved

Depth of Guardian directory

Limits recursive copies


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Renaming Files

mv command changes the name of a file or directory:$ mv old-name new-name

Can rename to a new directory:

$ mv existing-file new-directory Absolute and relative pathnames are allowed


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Creating a Directory

Create using absolute or relative pathname:$ mkdir /usr/tandem/webserver/testapp

$ mkdir stu99/newtest

Note: The examples assume that higher level directories already exist. Uses default permissions

Allowed on /G$ mkdir /G/volume/subvol

Creates empty directory in OSS only


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Deleting Directories and Files

rmdir command deletes directories

Directories must be empty

rm command deletes files

-i flag means prompt for approval -r flag means delete subdirectories and files also

Use with -i for safety

$ rm -r -i stu99/newtest

Allows deletion from /G


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file Command

Displays file type

Works on OSS and Guardian files

File types determined include:

Text files

Files with magic values

cpio or tar format files

Object files

Directory files

FIFO files

Special character files

Needs vt100+ emulation


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File and Directory Security Overview

Permissions are given to three user types:

User (owner)

Group

Others Three access modes: Read, Write, Execute (rwx)

Default security for new files and directories set by umask

Permissions changed by chmod Ownership changed by chown command (super user only)

Network (/E/) access requires remote passwords


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400

200100

40

20

104

2

1

User Group Others

r w x r w x r w x

Permissions Mask

System default permissions are in code and are non-alterable Set with umask command to specify what is subtracted from system

default, thereby resulting in permission settings for new files/directories

May be used in chmod command to alter permissions on existingfiles and directories


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Setting Default Security

umask sets default permissions for new files or directories

Does not change security for existing files or directories

System default permissions are:

Owner Group Other

Directory file: rwx rwx rwx (octal 777)

Disk file: rw- rw- rw- (octal 666)

umask in users profile overrides the umask in /etc/profile umask for user session overrides all default permissions

Parameter value is subtracted from system default

umask 066 deny read and write permissions for group and others

umask with no parameter displays current setting


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Changing Permissions

chmod changes permissions on existing files/directories

Victor ugo method: u for owner, g for group, o for others, a for all users

+ adds permission

- removes permission

= sets all permissions

$ chmod u+x add executable for user (owner)

$ chmod o-w remove write for others

$ chmod a=rw for all users allow read and write only

Octal method: set permissions with octal mask value:

$ chmod 744 read, write, executable for owner; read

only for group and others Allowed by file owner and super user only

Not allowed on /G and /E


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Changing Ownership

chown changes the owner of an existing file or directory

Permitted only by the super IDsz

Not even owner can alter ownership

chown

$ chown stu02 myfile

chgrp changes the group of an existing file or directory

Permitted by:

user (owner) if member of new group

super ID

Group name can be:

administrative group (0-255), with all names in uppercase

filesharing group (256 - 65535), with case-sensitive names

chgrp $ chgrp OSSGD myfile

$ chgrp Test myfile

S O


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lp file1

lpstat

Spooling Operations

l C d


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lp Command

Uses Guardian spooler to print files from OSS environment

Consults /$HOME/printcap file or /etc/printcap file

Aliases map to Guardian spooler locations

hp4 $S.#LASER1

lineprint $S.#LP

Users own printcap destinations take precedence

The users default is the first entry in the users printcap file

lp command writes file to destination: Use one of the following methods to indicate destination:

-d flag

export LPDEST or PRINTER environment variables

$ export LPDEST=hp4

$ lp -d hp4 myfile

$ ls | lp

$ cat myfile | lp

C t lli th S l


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Controlling the Spooler

lpstat command displays status information

Same information as PERUSE

cancel command deletes a job

$ cancel 123

P


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Processes

TACL STATUS command shows Guardian and OSSprocesses

ps command normally shows OSS processes only

$ ps Shows users processes $ ps f Gives more detail

$ ps e Shows all OSS processes

$ ps l Long listing

These examples produce displays in Guardian format:

$ ps -W all Shows OSS and Guardian processes

$ ps -W cpu=n Shows all processes in a specified processor

$ ps -W all,guser= Shows all processes for a specifieduser

The run Command


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The run Command

Runs OSS processes with NonStop Kernel-specificattributes

Command syntax:

$ run [options] program [arguments] Examples:

$ run -cpu=3 -gpri=50 -name=/G/myls ls -al

$ run -debug -inspect=on /test/proga

Options include: -defmode=on|off

-jobid=nnn

-lib=/G/vol/subvol/libname

-mem=mmm

-term=/G/termname

The kill Command


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The kill Command

Sends a signal to one or more running processes

Examples:

Terminate OSS process(es)

$ kill -s Kill . . . Terminate all your background OSS process(es)

$ kill 0

Terminate Guardian process

$ kill -s guardian /G/SVR1$ kill -s GUARDIAN /G/5,48

Obtain a listing of possible signals

$ kill -l

Signal names are not case sensitive

OSS File Editing


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OSS File Editing

Module 4

Editing Source Files


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Editing Source Files

EDIT files Type 101, exist only in Guardian name space

ASCII text files Type 180, exist in OSS and Guardian namespaces

Guardian programs can access only Guardian files EDIT/TEDIT editors see only EDIT files

OSS programs can access OSS and Guardian files vi anded editors see only ASCII text files

Moving Files Between OSS and GuardianEnvironments


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Environments

Copying an EDIT file to an OSS file$ cp /G/data/reports/jan94 /home/stu01/report

Reading a Guardian file into the ed buffer

$ edr /G/data/reports/jan94

Converting an OSS file to an EDIT file (two steps)

1. In the OSS environment:

$ cp /home/stu01/report /G/data/reports/jan942. In the Guardian environment:

TACL> CTOEDIT JAN94,EDIT94

Converting an EDIT file to an OSS file

In the Guardian environment:

TACL> EDITTOC EDIT94,JAN94

Editors Available on NonStop Systems


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Editors Available on NonStop Systems

Guardian environment (for files with file code 101)

EDIT [vs]

TEDIT

OSS environment (for text files) vi

ed (unsupported utility)

Three vi Modes


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Three vi Modes

vi CommandMode

Input Mode

Last LineMode

:

Return

ESC

Insert, Append,

Replace, Change

Common vi Editor Commands (1 of 3)


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Starting vi$ vi

Cursor positioning

h Same as left arrow key l Same as right arrow key

j Same as down arrow key

k Same as up arrow key

Saving and exiting

ZZ Save changes and exit

:w Save changes, without exiting

:q! Exit without saving :wq Same as ZZ



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Insertion mode

i Begin insertion mode, in front of cursor

a Append after current position

esc Stop insertion or append mode Deletion

dd Deletes current line

x Deletes current character

dd Deletes lines starting from current

dw Deletes word

Undo command (on line 25)

:u Undo most recent change :U Undo all changes to current line



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Pattern matching

/ Search for , forwards

? Search for , backwards

? Find next occurrence String replacement

:m,ns///[g] Replace first occurrences of with from line numbers m to n (tagging g at end

means global replacement) Miscellaneous

:j Join current line with the next

:nJ Join n lines

i+Enter Break line at current cursor position

vi Terminal Settings


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e a Sett gs

The following must be specified:

$ export TERM=vt100

OV32 must be set to vt320, vt220, or vt100 for session

emulation type.

vi Session Options


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p

Set by the command::set

Common options are:

errorbells Specifies that when an error is made, a bell sounds.This is the default.

ignorecase Specifies that when searches are performed, the caseof characters should be ignored. The default is noignorecase.

number Specifies that line numbers are to be displayed at the leftmargin. The default is nonumber.

showmatch Specifies that when you type a matching parenthesisor brace, the cursor moves to the matching character and returns.The default is noshowmatch.

tabstop Specifies the amount of space between tab stops. Thedefault setting is eight spaces.

View settings:

:set all

OSS Manuals


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Open System Services Installation Guide

Open System Services Library Calls Reference Manual

Open System Services Management and Operations Guide

Open System Services Porting Guide

Open System Services Programmers Guide

Open System Services Shell and Utilities Reference Manual

Open System Services System Calls Reference Manual

Open System Services Users Guide

http://docs.hp.com/


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Documents

Introduction to OSS