Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time:

Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics

Review of last time:Review of last time:


Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphologyMorphology


Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphologyMorphology

Studies the internal structure of Studies the internal structure of words and their relationshipswords and their relationships


Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphemeMorpheme



A minimal unit of meaningA minimal unit of meaning



A minimal unit of meaningA minimal unit of meaning– may be bound or freemay be bound or free– can change the part of speech of a wordcan change the part of speech of a word


Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words


Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– Open:Open:


Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– Open:Open:

In the majorityIn the majority can have an “unlimited” number of can have an “unlimited” number of

words created from themwords created from them– ex: gork - gorker, gorking, gorked, gorksex: gork - gorker, gorking, gorked, gorks


Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– ClosedClosed


Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– ClosedClosed

Few or no words can be created from Few or no words can be created from them.them.

Include conjunctions and Include conjunctions and prepositionsprepositions


New Words:New Words:


New Words:New Words:– Coining new wordsCoining new words

AcronymsAcronyms



AcronymsAcronyms– radar (radio detecting and ranging)radar (radio detecting and ranging)– laser (light amplification by stimulated laser (light amplification by stimulated

emission of radiation)emission of radiation)




emission of radiation)emission of radiation) Abbreviation or shorteningAbbreviation or shortening





– PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.,PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.,





– PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.,PC, CD, Dr., Mrs., ClippingClipping

– fax, photo opfax, photo op



AcronymsAcronyms– radar (radio detecting and ranging)radar (radio detecting and ranging)– laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of

radiation)radiation) Abbreviation or shorteningAbbreviation or shortening

– PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.PC, CD, Dr., Mrs. ClippingClipping

– fax, photo opfax, photo op BlendingBlending

– motel, edutainmentmotel, edutainment


New Words:New Words:– Meaning ChangeMeaning Change



GenerificationGenerification– xerox, kleenexxerox, kleenex



GenerificationGenerification– xerox, kleenexxerox, kleenex

Category changeCategory change– to porch the paper, to people an islandto porch the paper, to people an island

Metaphorical extensionMetaphorical extension– ““Let me chew on those new ideas”Let me chew on those new ideas”


New Words:New Words:– Compounds and CompoundingCompounds and Compounding



noun + noun: landlord, chain-smokernoun + noun: landlord, chain-smoker adjective + noun: high chair, wildfireadjective + noun: high chair, wildfire preposition + noun : overdose, preposition + noun : overdose,

underdogunderdog verb + noun: scarecrow, go-cartverb + noun: scarecrow, go-cart adj + adj.: red-hot, bittersweetadj + adj.: red-hot, bittersweet noun + adj.: sky-blue, earthboundnoun + adj.: sky-blue, earthbound preposition + verb: overstuff, underfeedpreposition + verb: overstuff, underfeed



Meaning of compounds cannot Meaning of compounds cannot always be predicted:always be predicted:

– Bigfoot vs. bigwigBigfoot vs. bigwig– alligator shoes vs. horseshoesalligator shoes vs. horseshoes


New Words:New Words:– Morphological analysisMorphological analysis



Phonological change: initiate - Phonological change: initiate - initiationinitiation




Category change: verb to nounCategory change: verb to noun




Category change: verb to nounCategory change: verb to noun Semantic changeSemantic change


New Words:New Words:– BackformationBackformation


New Words:New Words:– BackformationBackformation

resurrectionresurrection to resurrectto resurrect preemptionpreemption to preemptto preempt burglarburglar burgleburgle laserlaser to laseto lase backformationbackformation backformingbackforming


Inflectional vs. Derivational Inflectional vs. Derivational MorphologyMorphology


Inflectional vs. Derivational Inflectional vs. Derivational MorphologyMorphology– InflectionalInflectional

Most languages have some form of Most languages have some form of inflection, morphemes which deal more with inflection, morphemes which deal more with syntactic function than the creation of new syntactic function than the creation of new wordswords

English: walk, walks, walkedEnglish: walk, walks, walked Irish: garsún, garsúinIrish: garsún, garsúin Latvian: akmens, akmenim, akmeni, akmenLatvian: akmens, akmenim, akmeni, akmen Welsh: amdanaf, amdanat, amdano...


Inflectional vs. Derivational Inflectional vs. Derivational MorphologyMorphology– DerivationalDerivational

Looks at compounds and new word Looks at compounds and new word creation, and generally involves at creation, and generally involves at least two of the analytical markers least two of the analytical markers we mentioned earlier (category we mentioned earlier (category change, phonological change, change, phonological change, semantic change)semantic change)

Modern, modernize, modernizerModern, modernize, modernizer

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Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time: