Introduction to Investigation and Experimentation

vii

Introduction to Investigation and Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g

What is science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9.b

Tools of the Physical Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g

Case Study: Wind Turbines for the Birds . . . .34 9.a, 9.c, 9.f

Unit 1 Motion and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Chapter 1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

California Standards

Lesson 1 Determining Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1.a

Lesson 2 Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration . . . . . . . . 56 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 9.b, 9.f

Lesson 3 Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 1.f, 9.d, 9.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82–83

Chapter 2 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Lesson 1 Combining Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 9.g

Lesson 2 Types of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2.d

Lesson 3 Unbalanced Forces and Acceleration . . . . 106 2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 9.a, 9.d

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124–125

Chapter 3 Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Lesson 1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8.a, 8.b, 9.f

Lesson 2 Pressure and the Buoyant Force . . . . . . . . 140 8.c

Lesson 3 Sinking and Floating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 8.d, 9.f


Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Spiny box fish

Unit 2 Structure of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Chapter 4 Understanding the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170


Lesson 1 Atoms—Basic Units of Matter . . . . . . . . . 174 3.a

Lesson 2 Discovering Parts of the Atom . . . . . . . . . 182 3.a

Lesson 3 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions—How Atoms Differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 3.f, 7.b, 9.e


Chapter 5 Combining Atoms and Molecules . . . . . . . . .214

Lesson 1 How Atoms Form Compounds . . . . . . . . 218 3.a, 3.b, 3.f

Lesson 2 Forming Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 3.b, 3.c, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e


Atomic force micrograph of yttrium oxide molecules

viii

Chapter 6 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250


Lesson 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 3.d, 3.e

Lesson 2 Changes in States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . 261 3.d, 3.e, 9.e, 9.g


Chapter 7 The Periodic Table and Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Lesson 1 Organization of the Periodic Table . . . . . 290 3.f, 7.a

Lesson 2 Isotopes and Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 7.a, 7.b, 9.e

Lesson 3 Physical Properties and Changes . . . . . . . 313 5.d, 7.c, 9.a

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328–329

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Unit 3 Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332

Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Lesson 1 Chemical Properties and Changes . . . . . . 338 3.f, 5.a, 7.c

Lesson 2 Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 3.b, 3.f, 5.b

Lesson 3 Energy and Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . . 358 5.c, 9.a, 9.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374–375

Dry ice sublimating

x

Chapter 9 Acids and Bases in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376


Lesson 1 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 7.c, 9.e

Lesson 2 Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Solutions . . . . 394 5.e, 9.a, 9.b, 9.e


Chapter 10 Chemistry of Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .418

Lesson 1 Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 6.b, 6.c

Lesson 2 Carbon Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 3.c, 6.a, 6.b

Lesson 3 Compounds of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 6.c, 9.c


Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Unit 4 Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Chapter 11 Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Lesson 1 Structures of the Solar System . . . . . . . . . 462 2.g, 4.c, 4.d, 4.e

Lesson 2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . 472 4.d

Lesson 3 The Planets and Their Moons . . . . . . . . . 478 4.d, 4.e, 9.e

Lesson 4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids . . . . . 489 4.c, 4.e, 9.a


The Sun

��

��

��

��

��

��

xi

Chapter 12 Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504


Lesson 1 Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 4.b, 4.c, 4.d

Lesson 2 How Stars Shine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 2.g, 4.d

Lesson 3 Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 4.a, 4.b, 4.c, 9.d


Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

At-Home Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Galaxy NGC 3310 as viewed through the Hubble telescope.

��

��

��

��

�

xii

Student Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Science Safety Skill Handbook . . . . 572

Technology Skill Handbook . . . . . . . 575

Math Skill Handbook Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579

Science Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589

Reference Handbook Using a Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594

Understanding Scientific Terms . . . . . . . . . .595

Science Referece Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597

Physical Science Reference Tables . . . . . . . .598

Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . .600

English/Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . .602

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624

The Japanese bullet train can travel at speeds up to 260 km/h.

��

BrainPOP Movies

Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Newton’s Laws of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

Atomic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

Matter Changing State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

Property Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

Title Chapter-Lesson

xiii

To view BrainPOP Movies go to ca8.msscience.com. The features listed here correlate to their respective chapter’s science content.

http://ca8.msscience.com

xiv

Chapter/ Page

Science & Career

Science & Technology

Science & History

Science & Society

176–77

Automobile Designer GPS Shows the Way Galileo and Scientific Theories

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line

2118–119

Rocket Scientist Hi-Tech Roller Coasters

Isaac Newton: Bestselling Author?

What keeps a bridge from falling down?

3158–159

Can ice cubes sink in water?

Biodiesel Cannery Row Los Angeles Smog

4206–207

Chien-Shiung Wu Nuclear Power Three Mile Island Accident

Dropping the Atomic Bomb

5242–243

CFCs and the Ozone Layer

Sweeter Than Sugar Discovering DNA’s Structure

The Human Genome Project

6278–279

New and Improved World Record Holder Statistical Matters A Cool Way To Go

7322–323

The Chemistry of Color

Superconductors Uses of Lead in History

Fluoridation of Drinking Water

8368–369

Hazardous Materials Specialist

Green Chemistry at Work

Soft Drinks, Erasers, and More

The Nose Knows

9410–411

Yuan T. Lee Acid Rain Prevention Gilbert N. Lewis Acetylsalicylic Acid

10446–447

Something in the Air...

Now, Spit! What do you mean by that?

Labeling Trans Fat

11496–497

Designing the New Generation of Spacecraft

The Search for Extra-Solar Planets

Johannes Kepler’s Revolutionary Laws

Deadly Impact

12538–539

Stephen Hawking: An Extraordinary Mind

Adaptive Optics Kepler’s Supernova Watching the Heat

The features listed here correlate to their respective chapter’s science content.

xv

Labs California Standards

Chapter 3 A Homemade Hydrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156–157 8.d, 9.f

Chapter 5 Growing Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240–241 3.c, 9.a

Chapter 6 Does change of state take longer for some liquids? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276–277 9.e

Chapter 7 Investigating Physical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320–321 7.c, 9.a

Chapter 10 Polarity and Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444–445 6.c, 9.c

Chapter 11 Model the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494–495 4.c, 9.a

Design Your Own Labs Chapter 1 Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74–75 1.f, 9.e

Chapter 2 Comparing Mass and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116–117 2.d, 9.a, 9.d

Chapter 4 Build an Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204–205 3.a

Chapter 8 Dirty Jewelry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366–367 5.a, 9.a

Chapter 9 Solubility and pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408–409 5.e, 9.a, 9.e

Chapter 12 A Star is Born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536–537 4.b, 4.d

xv

xvi


Chapter 1 How do you get there from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1.a, 9.b

Chapter 2 Can you feel the force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2.c

Chapter 3 Can you push the beach ball under water? . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.c

Chapter 4 What’s in the box? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 3.a

Chapter 5 What do structures made of atoms look like? . . . . . . . . 215 3.b

Chapter 6 Model for Particle Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 3.e

Chapter 7 Which element are you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 3.f

Chapter 8 Can you see a chemical reaction taking place? . . . . . . . 335 5.a

Chapter 9 Where’s that bubble? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 5.e

Chapter 10 What is a life chemical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 6.b

Chapter 11 How do you measure distance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 9.b

Chapter 12 How far away are the stars and how many are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 2.g, 4.a, 4.b, 4.c


Chapter 1 Negative Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1.a

Can you measure average speed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 1.b, 9.b

Chapter 2 Can you measure the force of friction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2.a, 2.d

Does water exert a force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2.e

Chapter 3 Can you feel the buoyant force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.c

Do cold things float? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8.d

Chapter 4 How big are the particles in an atom? . . . . . . . 181 3.a

How do electrons move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 3.a

Chapter 5 How can you model molecules? . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 3.b

Chapter 6 Observing Fluid Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 3.e

Sensing Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 3.e

Chapter 7 Can you guess the element? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 3.f

Which parachute will drop first? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 7.c, 9.a

Chapter 8 How can you tell a chemical change from a physical change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 5.a

Can you model the burning of methane? . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 3.b, 5.b

This lab might be performed at home.

(continued) California Standards

Chapter 9 How can you determine pH? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 5.e, 9.b

Chapter 10 How much water is in celery? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 6.c

Modeling Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 6.a

Chapter 11 How do planets move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 4.d

How does the Moon change its shape in the sky? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 4.d

How do craters appear? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 4.e


Chapter 1 How can a graph show relative positions? . . . . 55 1.a

What can you learn from a graph? . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1.f, 9.d

Chapter 2 Can you add vertical forces? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2.c, 9.g

Chapter 3 Can you calculate the density? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.b, 9.f

Chapter 4 How do atoms differ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 3.a, 3.f, 9.e

Chapter 5 How are ionic radii and lattice energies of salts related? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 3.b, 9.e

Chapter 6 How are boiling point and atmospheric pressure related? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 3.d, 9.g

Chapter 7 How can you show a visual explanation of half-life? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 7.b, 9.e

Chapter 8 Where does the tablet go? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 5.b

How does temperature change as chemicals react? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 5.c, 9.e

Chapter 9 How do solubilities differ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 7.c, 9.e

Chapter 10 Which fat is healthy for you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 6.c, 9.e

Chapter 11 How large are the planets? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 4.e, 9.e

Chapter 12 Can you identify elements in a star? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 4.d

How fast is the universe expanding? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 4.c

xvii

xviii

Get Ready to Read Chapter 1 Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Chapter 2 Identify the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Chapter 3 New Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Chapter 4 Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Chapter 5 Visualize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Chapter 6 Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Chapter 7 Make Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Chapter 8 Identify Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Chapter 9 Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Chapter 10 Summarize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Chapter 11 Compare and Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Chapter 12 Make Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Target Your Reading Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Applying Math Chapter 1 Using the Speed Equation to Find Distance and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Chapter 2 Finding Force and Acceleration . . . . . . 115

Chapter 3 Solve for Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Using the Density Equation to Find Mass and Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Solve for Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Chapter 4 Mass of Subatomic Particles . . . . . . . . 180

Chapter 5 Formula Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Chapter 6 Packing Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Chapter 7 Isotope Half-Life Conversions . . . . . . . 311

Chapter 8 Calculate Change in Heat of a Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Chapter 9 Comparing pH Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Chapter 10 Bond Angles in Organic Chemistry . . . 437

Chapter 11 Parts of an Elliptical Orbit . . . . . . . . . . 471

Chapter 12 Brightness of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

The California Science, Math and Language Arts correlations for these features can be found on the referenced page.

Documents

Introduction to Investigation and Experimentation