Introduction to Introduction to Geography:Geography:

Economic GeographyEconomic Geography

Geography 1010Geography 1010

6-10 February 20066-10 February 2006

Ian MacLachlanIan MacLachlan

http://people.uleth.ca/http://people.uleth.ca/~maclachlan/~maclachlan/

What is economic What is economic geography?geography?

““Economic geography is the study of Economic geography is the study of how people earn their living, how how people earn their living, how livelihood systems vary by area, and livelihood systems vary by area, and how economic activities are spatially how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked” interrelated and linked” – Getis, Getis and Fellman, p. 355Getis, Getis and Fellman, p. 355

Empirically based: to understand what we Empirically based: to understand what we see and measure in the real worldsee and measure in the real world

Theoretically based: generalization and Theoretically based: generalization and modelling of processes and spatial diversitymodelling of processes and spatial diversity

Economic Geography WeekEconomic Geography Week

It’s about Time!It’s about Time!– Geography of Prime Meridian and time Geography of Prime Meridian and time

zoneszones– Politics of Prime Meridian and time zonesPolitics of Prime Meridian and time zones– Telling timeTelling time

Regional Economic StructureRegional Economic Structure– Categories of Economic ActivityCategories of Economic Activity– Economic SectorsEconomic Sectors

Regional Economic DevelopmentRegional Economic Development– Micro scaleMicro scale– Macro scaleMacro scale

What was the key machineWhat was the key machine of the modern industrial of the modern industrial

age?age?Watt’s steam engineWatt’s steam engine

Stevenson’s locomotiveStevenson’s locomotive

Jacquard loomJacquard loom

Whitney’s cotton ginWhitney’s cotton gin

Colt revolver & interchangeable partsColt revolver & interchangeable parts

Ford Model T & assembly lineFord Model T & assembly line

What was the key machineWhat was the key machine of the modern industrial of the modern industrial

age?age?

The clock, not the steam engine, is The clock, not the steam engine, is the key machine of the modern the key machine of the modern industrial age.industrial age.– Lewis Mumford Lewis Mumford Technics of CivilizationTechnics of Civilization

World Scale Time Zone MapWorld Scale Time Zone Map

Solar TimeSolar Time

Apparent local timeApparent local time– Centred on solar noonCentred on solar noon

Egyptians divide day and nightEgyptians divide day and night

into 12 equal parts into 12 equal parts – Temporal hours – unequalTemporal hours – unequal– At Thebes, summer solstice, June 21At Thebes, summer solstice, June 21

Daytime temporal hour was 69 minutesDaytime temporal hour was 69 minutes Nighttime temporal hour was 51 minutesNighttime temporal hour was 51 minutes

– March 21 & September 21 – temporal equalityMarch 21 & September 21 – temporal equality– Hipparchus: 24 equal “equinoctial hours” c. 127 BCEHipparchus: 24 equal “equinoctial hours” c. 127 BCE

Solar TimeSolar Time Temporal hours until 15Temporal hours until 15thth century century LondonLondon

– Hour ranges from 38-82 minutesHour ranges from 38-82 minutes Mechanical clocks appear c. 1270 CEMechanical clocks appear c. 1270 CE Apparent solar time varies from place to Apparent solar time varies from place to

placeplace Apparent length of solar day varies in length Apparent length of solar day varies in length

through the yearthrough the year Mean time introduced by nineteenth centuryMean time introduced by nineteenth century

– Celestial adjustment to sun timeCelestial adjustment to sun time Time ballsTime balls

Nelson's Monument on Edinburgh’s Calton Hill, visible to ships on the Firth of Forth, 1852.

Commemorates Admiral Lord Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Where should time begin?Where should time begin?

Any arbitrary meridian could be chosen as originAny arbitrary meridian could be chosen as origin Prime Meridian, Royal Greenwich ObservatoryPrime Meridian, Royal Greenwich Observatory

Where does time begin?Where does time begin? Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

– Solar day varies…Solar day varies…– Celestial time became basis for ‘mean time’Celestial time became basis for ‘mean time’– Zulu timeZulu time (zero hours) (zero hours) ± n± n

UTC = Coordinated Universal Time, 1928UTC = Coordinated Universal Time, 1928– Atomic clocksAtomic clocks– Earth’s rotational speed may be measuredEarth’s rotational speed may be measured– Leap seconds have been addedLeap seconds have been added

Geography of Time ZonesGeography of Time Zones

Prime Meridian is basis for UTCPrime Meridian is basis for UTC UTC is origin of time zones: UTC UTC is origin of time zones: UTC ± n± n

– E.g. Mountain Standard Time is UTC-7E.g. Mountain Standard Time is UTC-7 Centered on meridians: multiples of 15°Centered on meridians: multiples of 15°

– 360°/24hours = 15° time zones 360°/24hours = 15° time zones in theoryin theory– Adjacent time zones Adjacent time zones usuallyusually one hour apart. one hour apart.

But…But…– one hour separation is not universal one hour separation is not universal (India (India

UTC+5:30)UTC+5:30)

– shape and longitudinal extent varyshape and longitudinal extent vary

Politics and Science!Politics and Science!

‘‘Science-based’ decisions are also…Science-based’ decisions are also…– Political decisions based onPolitical decisions based on

economic conditions, social relations, andeconomic conditions, social relations, and

technological change.technological change. Geometrically rational time zones = Geometrically rational time zones = 15°15° Geographically rational time zones:Geographically rational time zones:

1.1. Time zone boundaries arranged to coincide Time zone boundaries arranged to coincide with boundaries of human interaction with boundaries of human interaction patternspatterns

2.2. Need to reach consensus – politics Need to reach consensus – politics

Politics of TimePolitics of Time

Until 1800s, solar time was adequateUntil 1800s, solar time was adequate– High-speed railway transportationHigh-speed railway transportation– Telegraph and telephone communicationsTelegraph and telephone communications

British railways started using GMT in British railways started using GMT in 18471847

Multiple reference meridians:Multiple reference meridians:– Greenwich, Paris, Rome, Copenhagen, Oslo, Greenwich, Paris, Rome, Copenhagen, Oslo,

Pisa, Jerusalem, St. Petersburg, Washington, Pisa, Jerusalem, St. Petersburg, Washington, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

World system of time zones proposed by World system of time zones proposed by Sir Sandford Fleming, 1873Sir Sandford Fleming, 1873

International Meridian Conference, International Meridian Conference, 18841884

delegates from 25 nations delegates from 25 nations Agrees on Greenwich as 0Agrees on Greenwich as 0°°

– 24 hour day24 hour day– Longitude measured as 180Longitude measured as 180°° east and west of Greenwicheast and west of Greenwich

Who abstained?Who abstained?– Did not agree until 1911!Did not agree until 1911!

The Time Zone SystemThe Time Zone System

Canada established time zones in Canada established time zones in 18911891– Provinces may adjust as local needs Provinces may adjust as local needs

requirerequire Most countries accepted time zones Most countries accepted time zones

by 1929by 1929

Canadian Time ZonesCanadian Time Zonesin theoryin theory

TIME ZONES PACIFIC MOUNTAIN CENTRAL EASTERN ATLANTIC NFLD

Time Meridian

120°W 105° W 90° W 75° W 60° W 52.5°W

Time difference

1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 5:30

UTC - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 ½

Empirical reality is a little different…

110°W 102°W

Exceptions by Local Exceptions by Local AgreementAgreement

Source: H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent “It's about TIME” Canadian Geographic http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/geomap.asp

World Time ZonesWorld Time Zones

How to Tell the Time? IHow to Tell the Time? I

We are in Lethbridge. What time is it in We are in Lethbridge. What time is it in Winnipeg? Winnipeg?

Lethbridge is UTC-7, Winnipeg is UTC-6Lethbridge is UTC-7, Winnipeg is UTC-6(-6)-(-7)=1(-6)-(-7)=1– Winnipeg time is 1 hour ahead of LethbridgeWinnipeg time is 1 hour ahead of Lethbridge

Suppose we are in Shanghai. What time is Suppose we are in Shanghai. What time is it in Paris?it in Paris?

Shanghai is UTC+9, Paris is UTC+1Shanghai is UTC+9, Paris is UTC+1(1)-(9)=-8(1)-(9)=-8– Paris time is 8 hours behind ShanghaiParis time is 8 hours behind Shanghai

How to Tell the Time? IIHow to Tell the Time? II Suppose we are in Washington D.C. What time is it Suppose we are in Washington D.C. What time is it

in Sydney, Australia? in Sydney, Australia? Washington is UTC-5, Sydney is UTC+11Washington is UTC-5, Sydney is UTC+11

(11)-(-5)=16(11)-(-5)=16– Sydney time is 16 hours ahead of WashingtonSydney time is 16 hours ahead of Washington

Suppose we are in Bangkok. What time is it in Suppose we are in Bangkok. What time is it in Honolulu?Honolulu?

Bangkok is UTC+7, Honolulu is UTC-10Bangkok is UTC+7, Honolulu is UTC-10– (-10)-(7)=-17(-10)-(7)=-17– Honolulu time is 17 hours behind Bangkok Honolulu time is 17 hours behind Bangkok

Daylight Saving Time UTC+1Daylight Saving Time UTC+1– But DST depends on latitude andBut DST depends on latitude and– Local preferences e.g. Saskatchewan, Arizona, HawaiiLocal preferences e.g. Saskatchewan, Arizona, Hawaii

Daylight Saving TimeDaylight Saving Time World War IWorld War I

– Sommerzeit 1916Sommerzeit 1916– British Summer Time 1916British Summer Time 1916– U.S. & Canada Daylight Saving Time 1918U.S. & Canada Daylight Saving Time 1918

World War IIWorld War II– British Double Summer TimeBritish Double Summer Time

U.S. U.S. Uniform Time ActUniform Time Act of 1966 of 1966 Urban – rural divisionUrban – rural division

Daylight Saving TimeDaylight Saving Time 1974 OPEC oil embargo1974 OPEC oil embargo

– Nixon experiment, year-round DSTNixon experiment, year-round DST 1986 – extra month of DST1986 – extra month of DST

– $150 million for barbecue industry$150 million for barbecue industry– $200-400 million for golf industry$200-400 million for golf industry

Savings in lighting costSavings in lighting cost Added cost in petroleum for daylight Added cost in petroleum for daylight

driving in longer eveningsdriving in longer evenings No saving in energy use!No saving in energy use!

– See Michael Downing, Tufts University See Michael Downing, Tufts University Spring Spring Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Savings TimeSavings Time

Daylight Saving TimeDaylight Saving Time

2007 U.S. will spring ahead the second 2007 U.S. will spring ahead the second Sunday in March, three weeks earlier Sunday in March, three weeks earlier than now. Additionally the clocks will fall than now. Additionally the clocks will fall back the first Sunday in November, one back the first Sunday in November, one week later than the current standard. week later than the current standard.

2007 Alberta’s 2007 Alberta’s Daylight Saving Time ActDaylight Saving Time Act, , – Will conform to U.S.Will conform to U.S.

Time and Space ThemesTime and Space Themes

Time may be defined and measured Time may be defined and measured scientificallyscientifically

But the map of time is a human But the map of time is a human creationcreation– Political decision – social processPolitical decision – social process– Depends on spatial patterns of human Depends on spatial patterns of human

activityactivity– Technology change – social processTechnology change – social process

Time is money!Time is money!

Introduction to Regional Development

Structure Growth Structural Change Development

Regional Economic Structure Shift from time to space: case study Coalhurst Heuristic

Structure Growth Development

Structure “the way in which parts are arranged to

form a whole” Structure as a framework Structure as a nested hierarchy

Economic structure1. Classification of regional economy into sectors2. Measure their size (count, employment, value)3. Describe components of the structure

Commercial Structure of a Service Centre: The Economic Geography of Coalhurst

Town of Coalhurst: 1,493 in 2004 Services:

1 post office 1 elementary school 1 high school 1 bar/restaurant 1 Royal Canadian Legion 1 gas station and convenience store 1 specialized lumber distributor 1 manufacturer of cement lawn ornaments

Is Coalhurst Growing?

Year Population Dwellings

Population 2004 1,493

Population 2002 1,476

Population 2001 1,475 510

Population 2000 1,465

Population 1999 1,465

Population 1996 1,439 470

Population 1991 1,322 415

Percent change 1991-1996 8.9 13.3

Percent change 1996-2001 2.5 8.5

Is Coalhurst Developing?Commercial Structure of Coalhurst in 1989

Town of Coalhurst: 1,289 Services:

1 post office 1 elementary school 1 high school 1 bar/restaurant 1 Royal Canadian Legion 1 gas station and convenience store (new) 1 convenience store 1 specialized lumber distributor 1 manufacturer of cement lawn ornaments

A different kind of regional structure…

Coalhurst’s Demographic Structure, 2003

Suppose Coalhurst were to Grow...

Town of Coalhurst: 1,493,000 Services:

1,000 post offices 1,000 elementary schools 1,000 high schools 1,000 bar/restaurants 1,000 Royal Canadian Legions 1,000 gas station and convenience stores 1,000 specialized lumber distributors 1,000 fountain manufacturers

What would be missing?

What have we learned from Coalhurst?

Experienced distinction between growth and development Calculated growth rates

Structure in the context of economic geography: Commercial structure

Little change between 1989 and 2004 Demographic Structure

Family-oriented Slow growth but no evidence of structural

change How can this community be sustainable?

Understanding locations in space:Site and Situation

Site - absolute locational concept Physical characteristics Economic and cultural attributes

Situation – relative locational concept External relationships with other places …location relative to other features

Markets Services Employment

 

How Can We Understand the location of Coalhurst? Site: Undifferentiated prairie

Shallow coal deposit Coal mine closed in 1936

Situation: 10 minutes from Lethbridge Suburban satellite of Lethbridge

Employment Shopping Services

Residents choose Coalhurst for its lack of development Dependency relationship is an asset