INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO FOREIGN POLICYFOREIGN POLICY

Sources: Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_affairs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_affairs

http://www.dfat.gov.au/http://www.dfat.gov.au/

UNIT 4UNIT 4INTERNATIONAL STUDIESINTERNATIONAL STUDIES

AREA OF STUDY 2:AREA OF STUDY 2: AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICYAUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IR)INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IR)

► International relationsInternational relations ( (IRIR) or ) or International StudiesInternational Studies ((ISIS) represents the study of ) represents the study of foreign affairsforeign affairs and global and global issues among states within the international system, issues among states within the international system, including the roles of including the roles of statesstates, , inter-governmental organizationsinter-governmental organizations (IGOs), (IGOs), non-governmental organizationsnon-governmental organizations (NGOs), and (NGOs), and multinational corporationsmultinational corporations (MNCs). (MNCs).

► Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as fields as economicseconomics, , historyhistory, , lawlaw, , philosophyphilosophy, , geographygeography, , sociologysociology, , anthropologyanthropology, , psychologypsychology, and , and cultural studiescultural studies. It involves a diverse range of issues including but not . It involves a diverse range of issues including but not limited to: limited to: globalizationglobalization, , state sovereigntystate sovereignty, , ecologicalecological sustainabilitysustainability, , nuclear proliferationnuclear proliferation, , nationalismnationalism, , economic developmenteconomic development, , global financeglobal finance, , terrorismterrorism, , organized crimeorganized crime, , human securityhuman security, , foreign interventionismforeign interventionism and and human rightshuman rights..

Remember the Remember the Treaty of Westphalia 1648Treaty of Westphalia 1648

(Germany)(Germany)► The history of international relations is often traced The history of international relations is often traced

back to the back to the Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia of 1648, where the of 1648, where the modern state system was developed. modern state system was developed.

► Prior to this, the European medieval organization of Prior to this, the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. hierarchical religious order.

► Westphalia instituted the legal concept of Westphalia instituted the legal concept of sovereigntysovereignty, which essentially meant that rulers, or , which essentially meant that rulers, or the legitimate sovereigns, had no internal equals the legitimate sovereigns, had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders. sovereign borders.

► A simple way to view this is that sovereignty says, A simple way to view this is that sovereignty says, "I'm not allowed to tell you what to do and you are "I'm not allowed to tell you what to do and you are not allowed to tell me what to do." not allowed to tell me what to do."

FOREIGN POLICY (FP)FOREIGN POLICY (FP)

► A A countrycountry's 's foreign policyforeign policy, also called the , also called the international relations policyinternational relations policy, is a set of , is a set of goals outlining how the goals outlining how the countrycountry will interact will interact with other countries economically, politically, with other countries economically, politically, socially and militarily, and to a lesser extent, socially and militarily, and to a lesser extent, how the country will interact with non-state how the country will interact with non-state actors. actors.

► Foreign policies are designed to help protect a Foreign policies are designed to help protect a country's country's national interestsnational interests, , national securitynational security, , ideological goalsideological goals, and economic , and economic prosperityprosperity. This . This can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation.with other nations, or through exploitation.

CREATION OF FOREIGN CREATION OF FOREIGN POLICYPOLICY

► Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the the head of governmenthead of government and the and the foreign ministerforeign minister (or equivalent). In some (or equivalent). In some countries the countries the legislaturelegislature also has also has considerable oversight. As an exception, in considerable oversight. As an exception, in FranceFrance and and FinlandFinland, it is the , it is the head of statehead of state who who is responsible for foreign policy, while the is responsible for foreign policy, while the head of government mainly deals with head of government mainly deals with internal policy. In the internal policy. In the United StatesUnited States, the head , the head of state (the of state (the PresidentPresident) also functions as the ) also functions as the head of governmenthead of government..

AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICYPOLICY

► Until the Until the Second World WarSecond World War, Australia's status as a , Australia's status as a dominiondominion of of the the British EmpireBritish Empire then then realmrealm in the in the British CommonwealthBritish Commonwealth meant its meant its foreign relationsforeign relations were mostly defined by the were mostly defined by the United KingdomUnited Kingdom. During this time, Australia's overseas activities . During this time, Australia's overseas activities were predominately related to trade and commercial interests, were predominately related to trade and commercial interests, while its external affairs were concerned mostly with while its external affairs were concerned mostly with immigration, exploration and publicity.immigration, exploration and publicity.

► The political and economic changes wrought by the The political and economic changes wrought by the Great DepressionGreat Depression and Second World War, and the adoption of and Second World War, and the adoption of the the Statute of WestminsterStatute of Westminster, necessitated the establishment and , necessitated the establishment and expansion of Australian representation overseas, independent of expansion of Australian representation overseas, independent of the the British Foreign and Commonwealth OfficeBritish Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Australia began to . Australia began to establish its first establish its first overseas missionsoverseas missions (outside of (outside of LondonLondon) in 1940, ) in 1940, beginning with Washington, D.C., and now has a network of over beginning with Washington, D.C., and now has a network of over 80 diplomatic (and 22 trade) posts.80 diplomatic (and 22 trade) posts.

► The Department of Foreign Affairs (renamed from 'external The Department of Foreign Affairs (renamed from 'external affairs' in 1970) and the Department of Trade were affairs' in 1970) and the Department of Trade were amalgamated by the Hawke Labor Government to form DFAT on amalgamated by the Hawke Labor Government to form DFAT on 24 July 1987.24 July 1987.

Australian Government Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs Department of Foreign Affairs

and Trade (DFAT)and Trade (DFAT)► The department's role is to advance the The department's role is to advance the

interests of Australia and Australians interests of Australia and Australians internationally. This involves working to internationally. This involves working to strengthen Australia's security; enhancing strengthen Australia's security; enhancing Australia's prosperity; and helping Australian Australia's prosperity; and helping Australian travellers and Australians overseas.travellers and Australians overseas.

► The department provides foreign and trade The department provides foreign and trade policy advice to the government. We work with policy advice to the government. We work with other government agencies to ensure that other government agencies to ensure that Australia's pursuit of its global, regional and Australia's pursuit of its global, regional and bilateral interests is coordinated effectively.bilateral interests is coordinated effectively.

► http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/index.html http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/index.html

The Role of DFATThe Role of DFAT► The department's role is to advance Australia's national interest. This The department's role is to advance Australia's national interest. This

involves working to strengthen Australia's security and enhance involves working to strengthen Australia's security and enhance Australia's prosperity.Australia's prosperity.

► The department provides foreign and trade policy advice to the The department provides foreign and trade policy advice to the government. We work with other government agencies to ensure that government. We work with other government agencies to ensure that Australia's pursuit of its global, regional and bilateral interests is Australia's pursuit of its global, regional and bilateral interests is coordinated effectively.coordinated effectively.

► DFAT is the lead agency managing Australia's international presence. We DFAT is the lead agency managing Australia's international presence. We manage a network of 89 overseas posts in five continents and we have manage a network of 89 overseas posts in five continents and we have over 3600 staff - including locally engaged staff - located in Canberra, over 3600 staff - including locally engaged staff - located in Canberra, state and territory offices and overseas posts.state and territory offices and overseas posts.

► Our officers are highly skilled at their work which includes developing and Our officers are highly skilled at their work which includes developing and implementing foreign and trade policy, negotiating international implementing foreign and trade policy, negotiating international agreements and delivering high quality consular assistance. This business agreements and delivering high quality consular assistance. This business is often conducted in one of the 29 foreign languages in which DFAT staff is often conducted in one of the 29 foreign languages in which DFAT staff are proficient. We have an information, communications and technology are proficient. We have an information, communications and technology (ICT) platform that allows us to transmit classified and unclassified (ICT) platform that allows us to transmit classified and unclassified messages quickly across our overseas network.messages quickly across our overseas network.

► The department's objective is to reduce the risks and make the most of The department's objective is to reduce the risks and make the most of opportunities for Australia in our regional and global environment. Our opportunities for Australia in our regional and global environment. Our purpose is to ensure that our structures - such as procedures for advising purpose is to ensure that our structures - such as procedures for advising ministers, consular contingency planning, passport services, ICT ministers, consular contingency planning, passport services, ICT platforms, staff deployment strategies, effective resource management platforms, staff deployment strategies, effective resource management and the scope of overseas representation - are carefully targeted to meet and the scope of overseas representation - are carefully targeted to meet our goals.our goals.

► http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/whatwedo.html http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/whatwedo.html

Australian Foreign Policy Australian Foreign Policy ObjectivesObjectives

► The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) has six key goals, as stated on its website: (DFAT) has six key goals, as stated on its website: http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/whatwedo.html http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/whatwedo.html

1.1. Enhance Australia's security Enhance Australia's security 2.2. Contribute to growth in Australia's economy, Contribute to growth in Australia's economy,

employment and standard of living employment and standard of living 3.3. Assist Australian travellers and Australians Assist Australian travellers and Australians

overseas overseas 4.4. Strengthen global cooperation in ways that Strengthen global cooperation in ways that

advance Australia's interests advance Australia's interests 5.5. Foster public understanding of Australia's foreign Foster public understanding of Australia's foreign

and trade policy and project a positive image of and trade policy and project a positive image of Australia internationally Australia internationally

6.6. Manage efficiently the Commonwealth's overseas Manage efficiently the Commonwealth's overseas owned estate. owned estate.

Foreign and trade policyForeign and trade policy► Australia’s foreign and trade policies promote the security and long-Australia’s foreign and trade policies promote the security and long-

term prosperity of Australia in a global context.term prosperity of Australia in a global context.► The The three pillars of Australia’s international engagementthree pillars of Australia’s international engagement are: are:1.1. Active participation in the institutions of global governance, Active participation in the institutions of global governance,

including the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, including the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, 2.2. Enhancing Australia’s alliance relationship with the United States, Enhancing Australia’s alliance relationship with the United States,

and and 3.3. Diplomatic and economic engagement in the dynamic and diverse Diplomatic and economic engagement in the dynamic and diverse

Asia-Pacific region.Asia-Pacific region.► Key international policy objectives includeKey international policy objectives include::1.1. reducing the threat to Australians from terrorism, the proliferation reducing the threat to Australians from terrorism, the proliferation

of weapons of mass destruction and transnational crime, including of weapons of mass destruction and transnational crime, including drug trafficking, people smuggling and money laundering; drug trafficking, people smuggling and money laundering;

2.2. contributing to a comprehensive and effective international contributing to a comprehensive and effective international response to climate change and global poverty; response to climate change and global poverty;

3.3. developing market access opportunities for Australian exports of developing market access opportunities for Australian exports of goods and services and promoting productive two-way investment goods and services and promoting productive two-way investment flows; flows;

4.4. providing Australians with high-quality passport and consular providing Australians with high-quality passport and consular services, including responses to major crises; services, including responses to major crises;

5.5. projecting a positive image of Australia as a tolerant, open, just and projecting a positive image of Australia as a tolerant, open, just and egalitarian society and promoting Australia’s attractiveness as an egalitarian society and promoting Australia’s attractiveness as an international partner in education, research and innovation. international partner in education, research and innovation.

Australian Neighbours (NZ & Australian Neighbours (NZ & ASIA)ASIA)► Australia has strong relations with the major states of Australia has strong relations with the major states of

North Asia – China, Japan and the Republic of Korea – North Asia – China, Japan and the Republic of Korea – countries which are also our major markets. Relations countries which are also our major markets. Relations with India are also growing strongly. Australia also has with India are also growing strongly. Australia also has active, long-standing and close bilateral ties with active, long-standing and close bilateral ties with Indonesia and the other member nations of ASEAN in Indonesia and the other member nations of ASEAN in South-East Asia.South-East Asia.

► Australia strongly supports closer regional integration Australia strongly supports closer regional integration and plays a key role in regional architecture. Australia and plays a key role in regional architecture. Australia is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the East Asia Summit (EAS), the Cooperation (APEC), the East Asia Summit (EAS), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the Pacific Islands ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).Forum (PIF).

► Australia works closely with New Zealand and Pacific Australia works closely with New Zealand and Pacific island states to promote sustainable development, island states to promote sustainable development, good governance and regional stability in the South good governance and regional stability in the South Pacific, including through Australia’s long-term Pacific Pacific, including through Australia’s long-term Pacific Development Partnerships. Australia has an ongoing Development Partnerships. Australia has an ongoing commitment to coordinate the Regional Assistance commitment to coordinate the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI).Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI).

Australian and the USAAustralian and the USA

► Beyond our region, Australia enjoys strong Beyond our region, Australia enjoys strong economic, security, political, social and economic, security, political, social and cultural ties with the United States and cultural ties with the United States and Canada. Canada.

► The United States’ system of security The United States’ system of security alliances, including ANZUS, is crucial to alliances, including ANZUS, is crucial to maintaining peace and stability in the Asia-maintaining peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. Pacific region.

► Australia contributes to international peace, Australia contributes to international peace, security and development through its security and development through its participation in international security forces in participation in international security forces in Afghanistan and East Timor.Afghanistan and East Timor.

Australian and EuropeAustralian and Europe

► Australia and Europe are building on our Australia and Europe are building on our strong and long-standing political, cultural, strong and long-standing political, cultural, trade and investment, and people-to-people trade and investment, and people-to-people links to advance our shared interests. links to advance our shared interests.

► Australia is committed to building a broad-Australia is committed to building a broad-based, creative partnership with the European based, creative partnership with the European Union, addressing the contemporary Union, addressing the contemporary challenges of climate change, development, challenges of climate change, development, international trade, security, and building a international trade, security, and building a stronger system of international governance.stronger system of international governance.

Australian and the Middle East, Australian and the Middle East, Africa & Latin AmericaAfrica & Latin America

► Australia has significant people-to-people links and Australia has significant people-to-people links and growing trade and investment interests in the growing trade and investment interests in the strategically important Middle East. Australia strategically important Middle East. Australia supports the Middle East Peace Process.supports the Middle East Peace Process.

► In Africa, Australia has longstanding bilateral ties, In Africa, Australia has longstanding bilateral ties, especially with fellow Commonwealth nations, and especially with fellow Commonwealth nations, and growing trade and investment interests and people-growing trade and investment interests and people-to-people connections.to-people connections.

► Australia cooperates with Latin American countries Australia cooperates with Latin American countries in a range of international fora to pursue common in a range of international fora to pursue common foreign and trade policy interests, including in the foreign and trade policy interests, including in the Cairns Group. Australia also has warm relations Cairns Group. Australia also has warm relations with Caribbean countries.with Caribbean countries.

Australia and the UNAustralia and the UN► Australia has a strong record in providing development assistance and Australia has a strong record in providing development assistance and

responding to humanitarian crises in our region and beyond. Australia responding to humanitarian crises in our region and beyond. Australia partners with less developed countries to help them meet their Millennium partners with less developed countries to help them meet their Millennium Development Goals. We are committed to increasing Australia’s aid to 0.5 per Development Goals. We are committed to increasing Australia’s aid to 0.5 per cent of Gross National Income by 2015, reflecting our determination to play a cent of Gross National Income by 2015, reflecting our determination to play a larger role in sustainable development, reducing poverty, inequality and lack larger role in sustainable development, reducing poverty, inequality and lack of governance that feed instability.of governance that feed instability.

► Australia was one of the 50 founding members of the United Nations in 1945 Australia was one of the 50 founding members of the United Nations in 1945 and has long supported the organisation’s central role in world affairs. and has long supported the organisation’s central role in world affairs. Australia is seeking a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council in 2013-Australia is seeking a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council in 2013-14 so that it can contribute actively to the critical role that the UN plays in 14 so that it can contribute actively to the critical role that the UN plays in maintaining the rules-based international order that underpins global security maintaining the rules-based international order that underpins global security and prosperity.and prosperity.

► Australia is strongly committed to supporting the efforts of the United Nations Australia is strongly committed to supporting the efforts of the United Nations and other components of the multilateral system to tackle the complex global and other components of the multilateral system to tackle the complex global challenges that no country can address on its own. These include climate challenges that no country can address on its own. These include climate change, the loss of biodiversity, ongoing conflicts and human rights abuses, change, the loss of biodiversity, ongoing conflicts and human rights abuses, the spread of WMD and transnational terrorism and crime.the spread of WMD and transnational terrorism and crime.

► By ratifying the Kyoto Protocol in 2007 – and committing to a target of cutting By ratifying the Kyoto Protocol in 2007 – and committing to a target of cutting national greenhouse gas emissions by 60 per cent by 2050 – Australia has national greenhouse gas emissions by 60 per cent by 2050 – Australia has underscored its intention to contribute to international efforts to develop underscored its intention to contribute to international efforts to develop effective solutions to one of the greatest challenges for international society.effective solutions to one of the greatest challenges for international society.

Australia and Australia and Terrorism & Nuclear Terrorism & Nuclear

DisarmamentDisarmament► Regional and international cooperation is essential to counter terrorism. Regional and international cooperation is essential to counter terrorism.

Australian assistance gives priority to law enforcement, intelligence Australian assistance gives priority to law enforcement, intelligence cooperation, border control, transport security, legal frameworks, cooperation, border control, transport security, legal frameworks, countering terrorist financing and preventing terrorists’ access to countering terrorist financing and preventing terrorists’ access to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials. Australia is also chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials. Australia is also active in promoting tolerance and countering terrorist propaganda.active in promoting tolerance and countering terrorist propaganda.

► One of the main threats to Australia’s security is the spread of weapons One of the main threats to Australia’s security is the spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Australia has responded to this challenge by of mass destruction (WMD). Australia has responded to this challenge by working with multilateral institutions like the International Atomic Energy working with multilateral institutions like the International Atomic Energy Agency to ensure the peaceful spread of nuclear energy is not diverted to Agency to ensure the peaceful spread of nuclear energy is not diverted to nuclear weapons programs. Australia has also been active in promoting, nuclear weapons programs. Australia has also been active in promoting, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, effective controls in international particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, effective controls in international trade in sensitive materials and technology to help deny access to those trade in sensitive materials and technology to help deny access to those seeking to develop WMD and ballistic missiles.seeking to develop WMD and ballistic missiles.

► Australia is strongly committed to progressing nuclear disarmament and Australia is strongly committed to progressing nuclear disarmament and to strengthening the multilateral disarmament regime. Australia plays a to strengthening the multilateral disarmament regime. Australia plays a constructive and active role in negotiations in multilateral disarmament constructive and active role in negotiations in multilateral disarmament fora and promotes nuclear disarmament through our bilateral fora and promotes nuclear disarmament through our bilateral relationships, including with states possessing nuclear arsenals.relationships, including with states possessing nuclear arsenals.

Australian Trade PolicyAustralian Trade Policy► Central to Australia’s trade policy approach are the twin pillars Central to Australia’s trade policy approach are the twin pillars

of trade reform at the border through multilateral, regional of trade reform at the border through multilateral, regional and bilateral negotiations, and economic reform behind the and bilateral negotiations, and economic reform behind the border to improve Australia’s international competitiveness. border to improve Australia’s international competitiveness.

► Achieving multilateral trade reform through an ambitious Achieving multilateral trade reform through an ambitious outcome to the WTO Doha Round of trade negotiations is outcome to the WTO Doha Round of trade negotiations is Australia’s highest negotiating priority. Australia’s highest negotiating priority.

► Australia is a strong supporter of market access reform across Australia is a strong supporter of market access reform across the board – in agriculture and industrial goods, and in the board – in agriculture and industrial goods, and in services. services.

► Australia is one of the world’s most efficient agricultural Australia is one of the world’s most efficient agricultural producers and works actively to promote agricultural trade producers and works actively to promote agricultural trade reform through chairing the Cairns Group coalition at the reform through chairing the Cairns Group coalition at the WTO.WTO.

Australia and Regional Forums Australia and Regional Forums e.g. APECe.g. APEC

► Australia is committed to further Australia is committed to further strengthening the APEC forum as a means of strengthening the APEC forum as a means of promoting regional prosperity and security, promoting regional prosperity and security, alongside other key regional fora including alongside other key regional fora including the EAS and the ARF. APEC’s 21 member the EAS and the ARF. APEC’s 21 member economies account for 70 per cent of economies account for 70 per cent of Australia’s exports and almost half of world Australia’s exports and almost half of world trade. trade.

► Key priorities include advancing APEC’s Key priorities include advancing APEC’s regional trade and investment liberalisation regional trade and investment liberalisation agenda and promoting further structural agenda and promoting further structural economic reform in APEC member economies.economic reform in APEC member economies.

Australia and Free TradeAustralia and Free Trade

► Australia’s global trade liberalisation efforts Australia’s global trade liberalisation efforts are reinforced by regional and bilateral are reinforced by regional and bilateral trade agreements. Australia has free trade trade agreements. Australia has free trade agreements (FTAs) with New Zealand, agreements (FTAs) with New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand and the United States. Singapore, Thailand and the United States.

► Australia is negotiating FTAs with a number Australia is negotiating FTAs with a number of other key trading partners; specifically of other key trading partners; specifically Chile (where negotiations have concluded), Chile (where negotiations have concluded), China, Japan, Malaysia, ASEAN and the Gulf China, Japan, Malaysia, ASEAN and the Gulf Cooperation Council.Cooperation Council.