Introduction to Electronic Cigarettes and Vaporizers

1. Types of Electronic Cigarettes

• Variable Voltage Modules

• Mechanical Modules

2. Hardware and Components

• Atomizers

3. E-Liquid and Ingredients

• Propylene Glycol

• Vegetable Glycerin

• FDA Approved Flavoring

• Nicotine

4. Research

• Background

• Methods

• Sampling Sessions

• Volunteers

• Materials

• Results

• Conclusion

5. Sources Cited

Topics Covered

Introduction: What Is Vaping?

• The term “vaping” refers to the action of inhaling the vapor produced from an electronic cigarette also known within the community as a “vape”.

• Vaping is arguably a safer alternative of delivering nicotine to the body than traditional cigarettes

• Electronic cigarettes utilize a liquid called “e-juice” or “e-liquid” that contains nicotine

• The liquid is heated into a vapor form by the electronic cigarette, which is then inhaled by the user

Types of Electronic Cigarettes

• Two main types exist, however there are a variety of subcategories that offer different features

• Variable Voltage Module—An electronic cigarette with an internal battery built into the module, that allows for the adjusting of voltage output.

• Mechanical Module—An electronic cigarette with a removable internal battery that does not allow the user to adjust the voltage.

Variable Voltage Modules

• Two different types of variable voltage modules are depicted

• eGo-C Twist on the left

• Vamo on the right

Mechanical Modules

• Picture of a unassembled Mechanical Module on the left.

• No electronic components aside from the battery.

• Example of type of battery used on the right.

Mechanical Modules Continued

• Example of a fully assembled Mechanical Module.

Hardware and Components

• Atomizer—the heating component of the variable voltage and mechanical modules.

• There are many different types of atomizers

• Usually a metal coil or wire is wrapped around a cotton medium that holds the e-liquid.

E-liquid and Ingredients

• Composed primarily of:• Propylene Glycol

• Vegetable Glycerin

• FDA Approved Flavoring

• Pharmacy Grade Nicotine

Propylene Glycol

• Molecular Formula C3H8O2

• Water soluble—solvent for many organic compounds

• FDA Approved for use as an additive directly or indirectly to food.

• Metabolizes within 48 hours

Vegetable Glycerin

• Molecular Formula C3H8O3

• Also known as glycerol, glycerin, or glycerine

• Water soluble—due to OH groups

• Precursor for triacylglycerols and phospholipids synthesis

FDA Approved Flavoring

• FDA approved for consumption

• Flavoring is carried in Propylene Glycol

• Water Soluble

• Flavorings are defined as VOC’s by the FDA.

Pharmacy Grade Nicotine

• Molecular Formula C10H14N2

• Can be dissolved in Propylene Glycol or Vegetable Glycerin

• Nicotine itself is regulated by the FDA

• Drugs containing nicotine must go through an NDA

Research

• There has been a recent study published on September 1, 2012 on the chemicals released into the air by the usage of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes.

• Title: Characterization of chemicals released to the environment by electronic cigarettes use (ClearStream-AIR project): is passive vaping a reality?

Background

• The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of e-cigarettes on the release of chemicals into the environment as well as to identify and quantify the chemicals released in a closed environment from the use of e-CIG (ClearStream-AIR).

Methods

• A 60m3 closed room used

• Two 5 hour sessions organized: one with 5 smokers and 5 who used electronic cigarettes

• Between sessions room was cleaned and ventilated for 65 hours

• Smokers used cigarettes containing 0.6 mg of nicotine

• E-cigarette users used FlavourArt brand e-liquid with nicotine concentration of 11mg/ml

Methods Cont.

• Chemicals tested for in air:

• CO

• NOx

• Acrolein

• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

• Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

• Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

• Nicotine

• Glycerine

• Propylene Glycol

Sampling Sessions

• Volunteers allowed to smoke/vape as much as they wanted

• Must smoke/vape inside the room

• Time spent in room limited to only smoking/vaping

• Door of the room was only opened to let volunteers in and out

• All volunteers gave informed consent before participating in the study

• Number of cigarettes smoked in total and amount of e-liquid consumed was recorded.

Volunteers

• Mean age of smokers was about 21 years old: smoked on average 17 cigarettes a day for 6.5 years

• Nicotine content per cigarette 0.6mg

• 19 cigarettes smoked total during sampling session (11.4mg nicotine dispensed)

• Vapers declared they had been using e-cigarettes for an average of 3 months

• Average daily intake of 1.5 ml of e-liquid

• Average nicotine content of e-liquid 11mg/ml

• Commercially available FlavourArt e-liquid used and commercial EGO Pulse device

• Around 1.6 ml of e-liquid vaporized (about 17.6 mg nicotine delivered)

Materials

• Different SKC vials specific for its respective component used

• Fiberglass or PTFE 0.8 micrometer porosity membrane filters used

• CO, CO2, NOx, detector and FID flame ionization TOC detector used

• At the end of the experiment the vials and membranes were sealed and taken to labs for analysis

Results

• Results show that there are a significantly lower amount of harmful chemicals released from electronic cigarettes than traditional cigarettes.

Conclusion

• There is a significant decrease in the presence of harmful chemicals in the air after the use of electronic cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes

• Though this does not prove that e-cigarettes are safer per se, it shows that e-cigarettes have the potential to be a safer option than traditional cigarettes.

Sources Cited

• "An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)." United States Environmental Protection Agency. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 7 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fiaq%2Fvoc.html%3F__utma%3D5453745.1111008454.1413581956.1413581956.1413581956.1%26__utmb%3D5453745.7.8.1413582124501%26__utmc%3D5453745%26__utmx%3D-%26__utmz%3D5453745.1413581956.1.1.utmcsr%3Dtoxics.usgs.gov%7Cutmccn%3D(referral)%7Cutmcmd%3Dreferral%7Cutmcct%3D%2Fdefinitions%2Fvocs.html%26__utmv%3D5453745.%7C1%3Dvisitor%2520id%3Done%2520and%2520done%2520visitor%3D1%26__utmk%3D113539459>.

• Black eGo-C Twist Electronic Cigarette. Digital image. American Vapor Factory. N.p., 2014. Web. 6 Oct. 2014. <http://americanvaporfactory.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/twist.jpg>

• Caravella Mechanical Mod. Digital image. E-Cigarette Forum. E-Cigarette Forum, 2 Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/forum/blogs/baditude/5058-10-advancing-up-vaping-ladder-egos-mods.html>.

• Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews."Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListing&id=142>.

• "Food and Flavorings." Dow Chemical Corporate Website. The Dow Chemical Company, 1995-2014. Web. 08 Oct. 2014. <http://www.dow.com/propyleneglycol/applications/food_and_flavorings.htm>.

• Glycerin Chemical Structure. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 30 May 2008. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Glycerine_chemical_structure.png>.

• "Glycerin." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Pharmacopoeia Convention. The United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, 1 May 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/referenceStandards/2009-01-30GlycerinMonograph.pdf>.

• "Glycerol." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Nov. 2014. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol>.

Sources Cited Cont.

• IGO-T Atomizer. Digital image. E-Cigarette Forum. E-Cigarette Forum, 8 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Oct. 2014. <http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/forum/general-vaping-discussion/488566-rebuildable-atomizers.html>.

• New Peaches and Cream Flavor Concentrate V2-13g [B-106. Digital image.Capella Flavors Inc. Capella Flavors Inc., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://capellaflavordrops.com/peachesandcreamV2-2.aspx>.

• Propylene Glycol. Digital image. U.S. Pharmacopeia. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m71010.html>.

• "Public Health Statement for Propylene Glycol." ATSDR. N.p., 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/PHS/PHS.asp?id=1120&tid=240>.

• Rac-Nicotine. Digital image. Toronto Research Chemicals. Toronto Research Chemicals, 2014. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://www.trc-canada.com/detail.php?CatNum=N412420&CAS=22083-74-5&Chemical_Name=rac-Nicotine&Mol_Formula=C10H14N2&Synonym=3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine;%20(%C2%B1)-Nicotine;%20(%C2%B1)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine;%20(R,S)-Nicotine;%20(%C2%B1)-Nicotine;%201-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine;%20DL-Nicotine;>.

• Romagna, G., MD, L. Zabarini, L. Barbiero, E. Bocchietto, S. Todeschi, E. Caravati, D. Voster, and K. Farsalinos, MD. Characterization of Chemicals Released to the Environment by Electronic Cigarettes Use (ClearStream-AIR Project): Is Passive Vaping a Reality?3 (n.d.): n. pag.ClearStream. 01 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://clearstream.flavourart.it/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/CSA_ItaEng.pdf>.

• Sony Vct4 2100mah. Digital image. 88evape. 88evape, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <https://88evape.com/shop/batteries-chargers/sony-vct4-2100mah/?age-verified=0c9bbad7ff>.

• Space Jam EJuice. Digital image. Cloudscape Vape. Cloudscape Vape, 2012. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <http://csvape.com/space-jam-ejuice/>.

• Stillare RDA-2. Digital image. NPCTSD Presents... Electronic Cigarette Reviews. NCPTSD.org, 2013. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <https://www.ncptsd.org/reviews/stillare-rda-by-cartel-mods/>.

• Szajewski, Janusz. "Propylene Glycol." IPCS INCHEM. IPCS, 1994. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim443.htm#SectionTitle:6.4>.

• Turtle Ship V2 Mechanical Mod. Digital image. Element Vape. Elementvape.com, 2013-2014. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <https://www.elementvape.com/turtle-ship-v2-mechanical-mod>.

• Vamo-stainless. Digital image. New Orleans NOLA Vape. OAC Software, 2014. Web. 6 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nolavape.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/vamo-stainless.jpg>.