Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
III i mi IIIII IIIII mil mi mi
B/78776
Introduction toComparative PoliticsPolitical Challenges andChanging AgendasF o u r t h E d i t i o n
G e n e r a l E d i t o r s
Mark KesselmanC o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y
Joel KriegerW e l l e s l e y C o l l e g e
William A. JosephW e l l e s l e y C o l l e g e
Houghton Mifflin CompanyBoston New York
17c
B R I E F C O N T E N T S
PART Introduction
PART
1 Introducing Comparative Politics 3
Consolidated Democracies 36
23
4
5
6
7
Britain 37France 91
Germany 147
Japan 201
India 251
The United States 301
P A R T Q Transitional Democracies 352
89
1011
Russia 353
Brazil 415
Mexico 471
Nigeria 519
P A R T O Authoritarian Regimes 576
1213
Iran 577
China 625
C O N T E N T S
Preface
PART Introduction
1 Introducing Comparative Politics 3
Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, and William Joseph
0 The Global Challenge of Comparative Politics 5Globalization and Comparative Politics 6Making Sense of Turbulent Times 7
© What—and How—Comparative Politics Compares 8Level of Analysis 10Causal Theories 11
© Themes for Comparative Analysis 13Theme 1: A World of States 13Theme 2: Governing the Economy 16Theme 3: The Democratic Idea 17Theme 4: The Politics of Collective Identity 19
© Classifying Political Systems 21What is the Meaning—-or Rather, Meanings-
© Organization of the Text 271: The Making of the Modern State 282: Political Economy and Development 283: Governance and Policy-Making 284: Representation and Participation 305: Politics in Transition 31
Democracy? 23
PART
2 Britain 37
Joel Krieger
Consolidated Democracies 3 6
39The Making of the Modern British StatePolitics in Action 39Geographic Setting 41Critical Junctures 41
The Seventeenth-Century Settlement 41The Industrial Revolution and the British Empire 43
Contents
French-Style Economic Management 109Planning 109De Gaulle's Leadership 109Dirigisme 109
- France's Economic Miracle 110May 1968 and Beyond: Economic Crisis and Political Conflict 110Economic Instability 110French Socialism in Practice—and Conservative Aftermath 112France's Neoliberal Modernization Strategy 113
Privatization 113Deregulation and Liberalization 113Impact of the European Union 113The End of Dirigisme or Dirigiste Disengagement? 114
Social Policy 115Society and Economy 116
Inequality and Ethnic Minorities 116Inequality and Women 116The Generation Gap 116
France in the Global Economy 116France and the EU 117France and Globalization 117
© Governance and Policy-Making 117Organization of the State 118The Executive 119
The President 120Presidential Personalities 120The Constitutional Presidency 121The Political President 122
The Prime Minister and Government 122Bureaucracy and Civil Service 124Public and Semipublic Agencies 125
Other State Institutions 125The Military and the Police 125The Judiciary 126
The Constitutional Council 126State Council 126
The Economic and Social Council 127Subnational Government 127
The Policy-Making Process 127
© Representation and Participation 128The Legislature 128
How a Bill Becomes a Law 130Electing the Legislature 130
Political Parties and the Party System 131The Major Parties 131
Union pour un mouvement populaire 131
Contents x i
Parti socialiste (PS) 131Small Parties 132
Front national (FN) 132Elections 132Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 135
Social Class 135Citizenship and National Identity 135Ethnicity and Immigration 136Gender 137
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 137Organized Interests 138Social Movements and Protest 138
O French Politics in Transition 138Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 138
The Strikes of December 1995: May 1968 Redux? 140Oui to Roquefort Cheese, Non to Genetically Engineered Products 140The Challenge of Le Pen and the FN 141Muslim-Jewish Tensions 141France Falling? 142France's Relation to Terrorism 142
French Politics in Comparative Perspective 143
4 Germany 147
Christopher S. Allen
O The Making of the Modern German State 149Politics in Action 149Geographic Setting 150Critical Junctures 151
Nationalism and German Unification (1806-1871) 151The Second Reich (1871-1918) 152The Weimar Republic (1918-1933) 153The Third Reich (1933-1945) 153A Divided Germany (1945-1990) 155The Challenge of German Unification (1990-1998) 156Germany in the Euro Era (1998-2001) 157Germany after September 11 (2001 - ) 158
Themes and Implications 159Historical Junctures and Political Themes 159Implications for Comparative Politics 160
O Political Economy and Development 160State and Economy 160
The Role of the State Before 1945 160The Social Market Economy 161Welfare Provision 164Current Strains on the Social Market Economy 164
xii Contents
Society and Economy 166Ethnicity and Economy 167Gender and Economy 168
Germany in the Global Economy 169The European Union 169Germany in a Globalizing World 169
© Governance and Policy-Making 171Organization of the State 171
The Basic Law and Promoting Stability 171Government Institutions 172
The Executive 172The President 173The Chancellor 173The Bureaucracy 174Semipublic Institutions 175
Other State Institutions 176The Military and Police 176The Judiciary 177Subnational Government 178
The Policy-Making Process 179
O Representation and Participation 180The Legislature 180
The Bundestag 181The Bundesrat 183
Political Parties and the Party System 184The Christian Democrats 184The Social Democratic Party 185The Greens 187The Free Democratic Party 187The Left Party (Linksbundnis) 188
Elections 188Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 190Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 192
0 German Politics in Transition 194Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 194German Politics in Comparative Perspective 197
5 Japan 201
Shigeko N. Fukai and Haruhiro Fukui
O The Making of the Modern Japanese State 203Politics in Action 203Geographic Setting 204Critical Junctures 204
Ancient and Medieval Japan 204The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867) 206
Contents xi i i
Japan in the Meiji-Taisho Era (1868-1925) 206Japan Under Military Rule and in War 208The Allied Occupation (1945-1952) 209Contemporary Japan (1952 to the Present) 210
Themes and Implications 212Historical Junctures and Political Themes 212Implications for Comparative Politics 213
© Political Economy and Development 214State and Economy 214
Wars and Japanese Economic Development 214The State's Role in the Economy 216
Society and Economy 218The Private Sector 218Employment, Social Security, and Taxation 219
Japan in the Global Economy 221The Trading State 221Japan in International Organizations 222
© Governance and Policy-Making 223Organization of the State 223
The Japanese Monarchy and the Royal Family 224The Executive 224
The Cabinet 224The National Bureaucracy 226
Other State Institutions 228The Military 228The Police 229The Judiciary 229Subnational Government 231
The Policy-Making Process 231
© Representation and Participation 233The Legislature 233Political Parties and the Party System 235Elections 236Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 237Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 239
Energy and Environmental Issues 239Ethnic Minorities Ainu, Outcastes, Koreans, and Immigrants 239The Women's Movement 241Japan: A Classless Society? 242
© Japanese Politics in Transition 242Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 243Japanese Politics in Comparative Perspective 246
xiv Contents
6 India 251
Atul Kohli and Amrita Basu© The Making of the Modern Indian State 253
Politics in Action 253Geographic Setting 254Critical Junctures 255
The Colonial Legacy (1757-1947) 255The Nationalist Movement (1885-1947) 256The Nehru Era (1947-1964) 259The Indira Gandhi Era (1966-1984) 260Coalition Governments (1989 to the Present) 262India after September 11 263
Themes and Implications 263Historical Junctures and Political Themes 263
India in a World of States 263Governing the Economy 263The Democratic Idea 264The Politics of Collective Identity 264
Implications for Comparative Politics 264
© Political Economy and Development 265State and Economy 265
The Economy Under British Rule 265The Economy After Independence 266Economic Liberalization 267Reforms in Agriculture 268Social Welfare Policy 269
Society and Economy 270India in the Global Economy 272
© Governance and Policy-Making 274Organization of the State 274The Executive 274
The President and the Prime Minister 274The Cabinet 275The Bureaucracy 276
Other State Institutions 276The Military and the Police 276The Judiciary 277Subnational Government 279
The Policy-Making Process 281
© Representation and Participation 282The Legislature 282Political Parties and the Party System 284
The Congress Party 284The Janata Party 286
Contents xv
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 286The Communist Party of India (CPM) 288
Elections 289Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 289Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 291
© Indian Politics in Transition 294Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 294
Kashmir Within a World of States 294Nuclear Power Status 296The Challenge of Ethnic Diversity 296Economic Performance 297
Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective 297
7 The United States 301
Louis DeSipioO The Making of the Modern American State 303
Politics in Action 303Geographic Setting 306Critical Junctures 307
The Revolutionary Era (1773-1789) 308The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861 -1876) 310The New Deal Era (1933-1940) 310Divided Government and Political Contestation of the Scope of Government(1968 to the Present) 311September 11, 2001, and Its Aftermath 312
Themes and Implications 315Historical Junctures and Political Themes 315Implications for Comparative Politics 316
© Political Economy and Development 317State and Economy 317Society and Economy 320The United States in the Global Economy 324
© Governance and Policy-Making \ 325Organization of the State 325The Executive 327
The Presidency 327The Cabinet and the Bureaucracy 329
Other State Institutions 330The Military 330National Security Agencies 331The Judiciary 331Subnational Government 332
The Policy-Making Process 333
xvi Contents
© Representation and Participation 334The Legislature 334Political Parties and the Party System 336Elections 338Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 341Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 342
© United States Politics in Transition 345Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 345United States Politics in Comparative Perspective 349
PART Transitional Democracies 3 5 2
8 Russia 353
Joan DeBardeleben
O The Making of the Modern Russian State 355Politics in Action 355Geographic Setting 356Critical Junctures 356
The Decline of the Russian Tsarist State 356The Bolshevik Revolution and the Establishment of Soviet Power (1917-1929) 358The Stalin Revolution (1929-1953) 360Attempts at De-Stalinization (1953-1985) 361Perestroika and Glasnost (1985-1991) 362Collapse of the USSR and the Emergence of the Russian Federation (1991 to the Present) 363After September 11 th, 2001 365
Themes and Implications 366Historical Junctures and Political Themes 366Implications for Comparative Politics 367
0 Political Economy and Development 368State and Economy 368
The Soviet Economic System 368State and Economy in the Russian Federation 369
Society and Economy 375Soviet Social Policy 375Economic Reform and Russian Society 376Russian Political Culture and Economic Change 378
Russia in the Global Economy 379
© Governance and Policy-Making 380Organization of the State 380
The Soviet State 382The New Russian State 383
The Executive 383The National Bureaucracy 385
Contents xvi i
Other State Institutions 386The Military and Security Organs 386TheJudiciary 388Subnational Government 388
The Policy-Making Process 391
© Representation and Participation 392The Legislature 3 9 3Political Parties and the Party System 394
The Russian Left: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation 396Centrist Parties: United Russia 397Liberal/Reform Parties 398Nationalist/Patriotic Parties 398
Elections 399Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 400Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 402
© Russian Politics in Transition 404Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 404
Russia in the World of States 405Governing the Economy 406The Democratic Idea 406The Politics of Collective Identities 407
Russian Politics in Comparative Perspective 407
9 Brazil 415
Alfred P. Montero
© The Making of the Modern Brazilian State 417Politics in Action 417Geographic Setting 418Critical Junctures 418
The Brazilian Empire (1822-1889) 418The Old Republic (1889-1930) 420The 1930 Revolution 421The Populist Republic (1945-1964) 423The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964-1985) 423The Transition to Democracy and the First Civilian Governments (1974-2001) 425After September 11, 2001 426
Themes and Implications 427Historical Junctures and Political Themes 427Implications for Comparative Politics 428
© Political Economy and Development 429State and Economy 429
The Environmental Costs of State-Led Growth 431The Fiscal System 432The Problem of Inflation 433
xvii i Contents
Society and Economy 434The Welfare System 435Agarian Reform 436
Brazil in the Global Economy 437
© Governance and Policy-Making 440Organization of the State 440The Executive 441
The Bureaucracy: State and Semipublic Firms 442The Military and the Police 444
Other State Institutions 445The Judiciary 445Subnational Government 446
The Policy-Making Process 447
© Representation and Participation 448The Legislature 449Political Parties and the Party System 450Elections 455Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 456Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 459
© Brazilian Politics in Transition 461Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 461Brazilian Politics in Comparative Perspective 464
10 Mexico 471
Merilee S. Grindle
O The Making of the Modern Mexican State 473Politics in Action 473Geographic Setting 474Critical Junctures 474
Independence and Instability (1810-1876) 475The Porfiriato (1876-1911) 476The Revolution of 1910 and the Sonoran Dynasty (1910-1934) 477Lazaro Cardenas, Agrarian Reform, and the Workers (1934-1940) 479The Politics of Rapid Development (1940-1982) 480Crisis and Reform (1982-2001) 480The Fox Presidency and Post-September 11 Mexico (2001 to the Present) 482
Themes and Implications 483Historical Junctures and Political Themes 483Implications for Comparative Politics 484
© Political Economy and Development 484State and Economy 484
Import Substitution and Its Consequences 485Sowing the Oil and Reaping a Crisis 488New Strategies: Structural Reforms and NAFTA 489
Contents x ix
Society and Economy 490Mexico in the Global Economy 491
© Governance and Policy-Making 492Organization of the State 493The Executive 493
The President and the Cabinet 493The Bureaucracy 495The Para-Statal Sector 495
Other State Institutions 495The Military 495The Judiciary 496Subnational Government 497
The Policy-Making Process 497
© Representation and Participation 498The Legislature 498Political Parties and the Party System 499
ThePRI 500The PAN 502ThePRD 504Other Parties 505
Elections 506Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 506Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 508
O Mexican Politics in Transition 511Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 511Mexican Politics in Comparative Perspective 515
11 Nigeria 519
Darren Kew and Peter Lewis
O The Making of the Modern Nigerian State 521Politics in Action 521Geographic Setting 522Critical Junctures 523
The Precolonial Period (800-1900) 525Colonial Rule and Its Impact (1860-1945) 526Divisive Identities: Ethnic Politics Under Colonialism (1945-1960) 527The First Republic (1960-1966) 527Civil War and Military Rule (1966-1979) 528The Second and Third Republics, and Predatory Military Rule (1979-1999) 529The Fourth Republic (1999 to the Present) 531
Themes and Implications 532Historical Junctures and Political Themes 532
Nigeria in the World of States: Oil Dependence and Decline 532Governing Nigeria's Economy 532
x Contents
Democratic Ideas Amid Colonialism and Military Rule 533Nigeria's Fragile Collective Identity 533
Implications for Comparative Politics 534
© Political Economy and Development 534State and Economy 535
Origins of Economic Decline 535From 1985 to the Present: Deepening Economic Crisis and the Search for Solutions 536
Structural Adjustment 536Economic Planning 539Social Welfare 541
Society and Economy 542Ethnic and Religious Cleavages 542Gender Differences 544
Nigeria in the Global Economy 545Nigeria and the Regional Political Economy 545
Nigeria and the Political Economy of the West 545
© Governance and Policy-Making 547Organization of the State 547
The National Question and Constitutional Governance 547Federalism and State Structure 548
The Executive 548Evolution of the Executive Function 548The Executive Under Military Rule 550The Obasanjo Administration 550The Bureaucracy 552Para-statals 553
Other State Institutions 553The Judiciary 553
State and Local Judiciaries 554State and Local Government 554
The Policy-Making Process 558
© Representation and Participation 559The Legislature 559The Party System and Elections 561
Old Roots and New Alignments: The PDP and the Other Parties of the Fourth Republic 563Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 565
Modernity Versus Traditionalism 566Religion 566The Press 566
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 567Labor 567The Business Community 568Other Social Groups 568
© Nigerian Politics in Transition 569Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 569Nigerian Politics in Comparative Perspective 571
Contents xxi
A World of States 571Governing the Economy 572The Democratic Idea 572Collective Identities 573
PART Q Authoritarian Regimes 576
12 Iran 577
Ervand Abrahamian
0 The Making of the Modern Iranian State 579Politics in Action 579Geographic Setting 580Critical Junctures 581
The Safavids (1501-1722) 581The Qajars (1794-1925) 583The Pahlavis (1925-1979) 585The Islamic Revolution (1979) 587The Islamic Republic (1979-2001) 590Iran after September 11 * (2001 to the Present) 591
Themes and Implications 592Historical Junctures and Political Themes 592Implications for Comparative Politics 593
O Political Economy and Development 594State and Economy 594
The Economy in the Nineteenth Century 595The Oil Economy 595
Society and Economy 596Iran in the Global Economy 599
Under the Shah 599Iran's Economy Under The Islamic Republic 600
O Governance and Policy-Making 602Organization of the State 602
The Leader 602The Executive 605
The President and the Cabinet 605The Bureaucracy 605Semipublic Institutions 606
Other State Institutions 607The Military 607The Judiciary 607Subnational Government 607
The Policy-Making Process 608© Representation and Participation 610
The Legislature 611Political Parties and the Party System 611
xxii Contents
Elections 612The First Majles (1980) 612The Second Majles (1984) 613The Third (1988), Fourth (1992), and Fifth (1996) Ma,7eses 613The Sixth/Ua,7es (2000) 616The 2005 Presidential Elections 617
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 618Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 619
© Iranian Politics in Transition 620Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 620Iranian Politics in Comparative Perspective 621
13 China 625
William A. Joseph
O The Making of the Modern Chinese State 627Politics in Action 627Geographic Setting 628Critical Junctures 629
From Empire to Republic (221 B.c.-l 911 A.D.) 629Warlords, Nationalists, and Communists (1912-1949) 630Mao in Power (1949-1976) 632Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of Chinese Communism (1977-1997) 635From Revolutionary Leaders to Technocrats (1997 to the Present) 635
Themes and Implications 637Historical Junctures and Political Themes 637
The World of States 637Governing the Economy 638The Democratic Idea 639The Politics of Collective Identity 639
Implications for Comparative Politics 639
© Political Economy and Development 640State and Economy 640
The Maoist Economy 640China Goes to Market 641Remaking the Chinese Countryside 643The Political Impact of Economic Reform 645
Society and Economy 645China in the Global Economy 648
© Governance and Policy-Making 651Organization of the State 651The Executive 653
The Chinese Communist Party 653The Government of the PRC 656The Bureaucracy 657
Contents xxi i i
Other State Institutions 659The Military and the Police 659The Judiciary 661Subnational Government 661
The Policy-Making Process 662
© Representation and Participation 663The Legislature 663Political Parties and the Party System 664
The Chinese Communist Party 664China's Noncommunist Parties 665
Elections 665Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 666
From Communism to Consumerism 666Citizenship and National Identity 668China's Non-Chinese Citizens 669
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest 671Mechanisms of Social Control 672Protest and the Party-State 672
© Chinese Politics in Transition 674Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 674
Scenes from the Chinese Countryside 674Huaxi, Jiangsu Province 674Naliang, Shaanxi Province 674Beihe, Shandong Province 674Daolin, Hunan Province 674Beiwang, Hebei Province 675
Economic Management, Social Tension, and Political Legitimacy 675China and the Democratic Idea 677
Chinese Politics in Comparative Perspective 678China as a Communist Party-State 678China as a Third World State 679
Glossary 683About the Authors and Contributors 701Index 703
