Introduction to Caulks & Sealants - AltusGroup · Introduction to Caulks and Sealants Program ID 0SEAL1 BASF is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing

Introduction to Caulks & Sealants

Ensuring Envelope Integrity with Joint Sealants

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Introduction to Caulks and Sealants Program ID 0SEAL1

BASF is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Course Description Program ID 0SEAL1

In this course you will learn proper and sealant joint safe, proper and safe sealant application procedures, be able to recognize and understand causes for sealant problems, and compare and contrast different sealant types.

Learning Objectives Program ID 0SEAL1

Discuss the role of sealants in protecting buildings

Review the key functions and properties of joint sealants

Discuss the types of joints and proper sealant joint design

Illustrate proper application procedures

Understand various sealant technologies

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Course Outline Program ID 0SEAL1

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Sealants

Sealant fundamentals

Joint design

Installation

Sealant technologies

Role of Joint Sealants Ensuring Envelope Integrity

Role of Joint Sealants What are sealants?

Oldest referenced use: Noah 1467 BC Phoenician boat builders Tar and pitch used for centuries Oakum rope used for caulking Vegetable, animal oils

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Materials used to seals cracks and openings within a structure

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Role of Joint Sealants How do sealants protect structures?

Primary role of a sealant is to prevent the passage of air

and water, accommodate differential movement

Stick

Move

Last

Role of Joint Sealants How do sealants protect structures?

Stick

Adhere to a variety of substrates

Adhere in a variety of conditions

Adhere to a joint that is “manufactured” on site

Last

Withstand environmental conditions

Continue to accommodate movement over time

Maintain its physical properties

Move

Accommodate differential thermal expansion rate of multiple materials

Move in a wide range of service conditions and temperatures

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Role of Joint Sealants Why should you care about sealants?

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Deterioration of substrate

Deterioration of reinforcing, anchors

Moisture ingress

Damaged interior finishes, contents

Mold

Loss of use

Sealants play a vital role in protecting buildings

“While representing only a minor portion of the exterior and a relatively small expense, the closure between different components of a wall is critical. One

of the most important achievements for watertight exteriors was there the development of elastomeric sealants, many of which were initially introduced

in the 1950’s.”

– Preservation of Modern Architecture, Thomas Prudon, FAIA

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Sealant Fundamentals

Sealant Fundamentals Industry terms and performance attributes

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Elongation

Measurement of sealant in extension (similar to stretching a rubber band)

Ultimate elongation is stretching the sealant until it breaks

Modulus is also measured in elongation

This photo shows a sealant in extension during testing


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Modulus

The stress when exposed to a corresponding strain (elongation)

High Modulus = high stress with long elongation

Low Modulus = low stress with high elongation


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Movement Capability

The ability of a cured sealant to handle repeated cycles of both extension and compression

Usually described as ±%

Sealant Fundamentals Sealant Function

Caulks

Prevent passage of air

Aesthetics

Sealants

Prevent passage of air and water

Aesthetics

Accommodate differential movement

Structural integrity

Fire and smoke barrier

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Joint Design

Joint Design Types of joints

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Two types of joints

Fixed (static)

Moving (dynamic)

Joint Design Fixed joints

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Fixed Joints

Metal to metal joinery

Any two substrate components secured with fixed anchors of fasteners so as to prevent the joint from increasing or decreasing in size

Fixed Metal Panel Joint with Exposed Fasteners

Joint Design Moving joints

Moving Joints

Two adjacent building components not physically connected

Two adjacent building components physically connected with slip joints, seismic joints or with load anchors

The width of the joint will increase or decrease in size

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Expansion Joint in a stadium

Expansion Joint in brick wall

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Joint Design Common configurations

Butt Joints Fillet (cove) Joint Bridge Joint


Butt Joints

A joint where two substrates, either similar or dissimilar abut each other with a sufficient space in between for a backer rod

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Bridge Joints

When a new sealant joint is installed over an existing joint

Used in restoration application when the existing sealant is not moved

Covers metal to metal joints

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Fillet Joints

Also known as cover beads or inside corner beads

Occur at changes in plane, i.e. a 90º angle

Most common reason: construction tolerances don’t allow for a butt joint

Application: windows in a brick wall

Fillet joint between window frame perimeter and brick veneer

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Fillet Joint - type 1



Joint Design Bond breakers/joint backing

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Joint Backing

Controls sealant depth

Prevents 3-sided adhesion

Provides a base for tooling


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Joint Backing Types

Closed cell

Open cell

Hybrid (soft cell)

Joint filler

Bond breaker tapes

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Correct use of backer-rod in joint

Incorrect use of backer-rod in joint

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Joints without Bond breaker

Joint Design Joint dimensions

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Min/Max Joint Depth

Min Joint Depth = ¼”

Max Joint Depth = ½”

Max Joint Width = 3”

Min Joint Width = 1/4”

Joint Design Influences on join movement

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Measuring Joint Movement

Joint Movement is measured in fractions of an inch and expressed as % change

A joint caulked at the lowest temperature will ALWAYS experience compression

A joint caulked at the highest temperature will ALWAYS experience extension

You need to allow for either possibility


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Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Rate of expansion over temperature change

Unique for each material

Available in standardized tables

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Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Precast Concrete

Gravel Aggregate Concrete

Lightw eight Structural Concrete

Aluminum

Glass

Lexan

Plexiglas

Granite

0 0.002 0.004 0.006

Movement per inch per 100F change

Movement per inchper 100F change

Sealant Installation

Sealant Installation Topics

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Sealant Installation

Surface Preparation

Mixing

Installation

Sealant Installation Surface preparation

Why is surface preparation so important?

Most critical factor in sealant installation

Most common cause of failure

Consistency in performance

Ensure proper adhesion

Minimize rework and call backs

Longer lifecycle for the sealant and the building

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The objective of preparing a surface for a sealant is:

Clean the surface

Provide a dry bonding surface

Leave a sound bonding surface

Ensure proper adhesion

Provide a surface free of dust, oil and other contaminants


Mechanical methods

Wire brushing

Sand blasting

Grinding

Sawing

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Solvent wiping

Use clean solvent

Xylene, Xylol, MEK, Toluene or Acetone

Clean, white, cotton rags

Pour solvent onto rag

Can use brush on concrete

Never use alcohol with urethanes

Sealant Installation Surface Preparation

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Compressed air

Removes any dust or debris from joint

(Oil and water free)

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Primer Benefits

Cheap insurance

Maximizes adhesion

Prolongs joint and building life

Primer use

Different primers for various substances

Porous primer (masonry)

Non-porous primer (metal)

Sealant Installation Sealant priming

Prime all joints with the appropriate primer as recommended by the sealant manufacturer

Sealant Installation Sealant priming

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Proper primer application with brush

Prime only sides of joint

Primer outside the joint may stain the substrate

Prime and seal the same day

Sealant Installation Equipment

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Bulk gun – Used for sealant sausages or “propaks”

Cartridge gun - Used for sealant cartridges

Sealant Installation Mixing multi-component

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Sealant Installation Tooling

Tooling

Maximizes adhesion

Gives hourglass shape to joint

Creates neat appearance

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Sealant Installation Technique

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Sealant Installation Adhesion testing

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Confirming tests can be performed onsite

Destructive and non-destructive testing


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Dowel Field Test (Non destructive)

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Always test for adhesion

Test actual substrates onsite

Document locations and times

ASTM C1521 (Destructive Test)


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Sealant mock up evaluated for color

Sealant mock up evaluated for adhesion

Sealant Installation Mock-ups

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Jobsite mockup for use as a standard of practice and workmanship

Sophisticated construction lab mockups

Use the same crew that will work the job

Don’t wait until the last minute

Sealant Installation Mock-ups

Sealant Technologies

Sealant Technologies

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Elastomeric Joint Sealant Types

Polyurethane

Silicone

Hybrids

Sealant Technologies Polyurethane

Polyurethane

Movement, generally +/-25%, some +/-50%

Good adhesion to porous surfaces

Low price

Unlimited colors

Non-staining

Good abrasion resistance

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Sealant Technologies Silicone

Silicone

Good elongation, +100%,-50%

Versatile glazing sealant, including structural

Colors available

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Sealant Technologies Hybrid: Silyl-Terminated Polymers

Silyl-Terminated Polymers

Good elongation, movement up to +100%,-50%

Most versatile sealant

Durability, 20 years+

10 year warranties

Unlimited colors

Non-staining

Paintable

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Sealant Technologies Considerations

Matching the sealant to the application

Movement, high or low?

Short or long lifecycle of building?

Color an issue?

Chemical resistance needed?

Will the building be painted?

Is staining a concern?

Underwater application?

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Sealant Technology

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Product Silicone Polyurethane STPU STPE

Chemistry -Backbone -Curing

Silicone Silicone

PU PU

PU

Silicone

Polyether Silicone

Cure Rate Fast Moderate Fast Fast Movement Excellent Fair Excellent Good Paint Adhesion Poor Good Good Good Longevity Excellent Fair Good Good Staining Poor Good Good Good Adhesion -Concrete -Metal

Fair

Excellent

Good Fair

Good

Excellent

Fair

Excellent Reparability Poor Good Good Good Abrasion Resistance

Poor Excellent Good Good

“Defining needs, arriving at an appropriate solution, and specifying the right materials and techniques can become a complex technical exercise.

More importantly, application and installation continue to require a great deal of care to arrive at the desired performance and longevity.”

– Preservation of Modern Architecture, Thomas Prudon, FAIA

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Introduction to Caulks & Sealants Summary

A sealant should prevent the passage of air and or water, and should accommodate movement of the substrates in the area of the sealant joint and it should adhere to the substrate or substrates to which it is applied.

There are various physical attributes such as elongation and movement capability which effect overall sealant performance.

While there are various types of joints, the sealant used in these applications must be installed properly to insure long term performance.

The type of sealant used on a project is determined by many factors such as anticipated movement, type of substrate, projected life cycle, chemical resistance, and other environmental conditions.

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AIA/CES Credit

This concludes the CES portion of the program. Credit earned during this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.

Certificate of Completion is available on request.

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BASF Sales Team BASF Construction Systems

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High caliber, knowledgeable construction professionals

80 Field Sales People

Common backgrounds:

Contracting

Engineering

Distribution

US and Canadian Technical Sales Team

Capabilities & Services BASF Construction Systems Services Mock-ups Color Matching Guide Specifications Dedicated sector specialist

Technical Support Preconstruction meetings Adhesion and material testing Specification review Applicator training programs

Innovation Unique details Special applications New product development

Industry Commitment BASF Construction Systems

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Committed professionals

Industry involvement

Its what we value

Documents

Introduction to Caulks & Sealants - AltusGroup · Introduction to Caulks and Sealants Program ID 0SEAL1 BASF is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing