INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY – PART 2

THE MOLECULES OF LIFE

(pp. 44-47)

TEST Friday 9/14

I. Importance of Carbon

Although a cell is composed of ________ water most of the rest is carbon-based compounds

70-95%

A. Structure of Carbon

1. Atomic # 6: __ protons & __ electrons; __ in first shell & __ in second

2. Has ___ valance electrons- so can make four covalent bonds

6 62 4

4

A. Structure of Carbon

3. Usually bonds with: _________________________________________________

4. Can also form bonds w/other ________ atoms

5. Compounds with carbon-carbon bonds called organic

hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorussulfur, nitrogen

carbon

B. Macromolecules

macro=______, so these are _________ molecules

largevery large

1. Polymers

a. poly=________

b. these are large molecules made up of _______________ building blocks

many

similar or identical

2. Monomers

a. mono= ____

b. are the building blocks or _________ of polymers

one

sub units

3. Classes of macromolecules or also called Biomolecules

a. ___________________

b. ___________________

c. ___________________

d. ___________________

CarbohydratesLipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

II. Carbohydrates

A. Elements: _______, always a ____ ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O)

B. Monomer: monosaccharide

C. Function: immediate and stored ________; building material

C, H, O 2:1

energy

II. Carbohydrates

D. Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of _______________

E. Food source: _________________

plants & fungus

sugar & starches

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:

1. Monosaccharides: (____ sugar)

a. glucose (C6H12O6)- preferred energy molecule for most organism; including humans

b. galactose- one component of milk

c. fructose- found in some fruits

one

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:

2. Disaccharides: ____ monosaccharides bonded together

a. sucrose- _____ sugar: glucose + fructose

b. lactose- _____ sugar: glucose + galactose

two

table

milk

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:

3. Polysaccharides: ________ monosaccharides bonded together; two groups

a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed energy

many

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:

3. Polysaccharides:

* Glycogen-

Storage of glucose in _______

Stored in _______________

animalsliver & muscles

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:

3. Polysaccharides:

*Starch-

Storage of glucose in _______

Humans _____ break down to glucose for energy

plants

CAN

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:

3. Polysaccharides:

b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:3. Polysaccharides:

* cellulosecomponent of _____ cell

wallshuman ______ to break

downimportant source of _____

in our diet

plant

unablefiber

II. Carbohydrates

F. Examples:

3. Polysaccharides:

* Chitin

Component of ______ cell

walls

Component of insect and other arthropod

___________

fungal

exoskeletal

III. Lipids:(________________compounds)

A. Elements: C, H, O, many more H than in a carb.

B. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids

C. Function: energy storage; ___________; cushioning

D. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs

E. Food Source: _______________________

waxy, fatty, or oily

insulation

butter, shortening, olive oil,

III. Lipids:

F. Examples:

1. Fats & Oils

a. all have 3 fatty acid tails

b. fats _____ at room temperature

c. oils ______ at room temperature

solid

liquid

III. Lipids:

F. Examples:

1. Fats & Oilsd. _________ fats- no carbon-carbon

double bonds

e. ___________ fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds

f. __________ fats linked to heart disease

Saturated

Unsaturated

Saturated

III. Lipids:

F. Examples:

2. Phospholipids

a. unique lipid

b. found in every living

_______________cell membrane

III. Lipids:

F. Examples:

3. Steroids

a. used for hormone production

b. used for animal cell structure

c. Ex. ____________ Cholesterol

IV. Proteins

A. Elements: __________

B. Monomer: amino acids, only 20 different amino acids combine in different numbers, patterns, & arrangement

C. Function: support, structure, ___________________________ metabolism

D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes

C, H, O, N

protection, movement, metabolism

IV. Proteins

E. Food Source: __________________

F. Examples:1. Enzymes

a. ___________________

b. trigger chemical reactions

c. could not maintain _____________ without them

meats, peanuts, eggs

Biological catalysts

homeostasis

V. Nucleic Acids

A. Elements: ____________

B. Monomer: ___________

C. Function: genetic instructions & usable energy

D. Where found in body: nucleus of cells

E. Food Source: _______

C, H, O, N, P

Nucleotide

none

V. Nucleic Acids

F. Examples:

1. DNA-

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid

b. contains the ________ instructions for the cell

genetic

V. Nucleic Acids

F. Examples:

2. RNA-

a. Ribonucleic acid

b. __________ the instructions in DNA

3. ATP-

a. Adenosine triphosphate

b. provides _____________ for the cell

carries out

useable energy