Introduction to Design

C h r i s t o p h e r S a l d a n a , P h . D .W o o d r u f f S c h o o l o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n gG e o r g i a I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g yA t l a n t a , G e o r g i a , U S A

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Dym, C. L., Agogino, A. M., Eris, O., Frey, D. D., Leifer, L. J., and College, H. M., 2005, “Engineering Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning,” J. Eng. Educ., 94(1), pp. 103–120.

Creative Decisions and Design

What is design?“Engineering design is the systematic process of generating, evaluating and specifying concepts that meet constraints and needs”

What is creativity?“Creativity… is simply the ability to look at the problem in a different way or to restructure the wording of the problem such that new and previously unseen possibilities arise”

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Customer• Understand the Design Process

Specification Development• Specification of Information

Conceptual Design• Specification of a Principle• Functional Decomposition• Generate Concepts• Concept Evaluation• Concept Selection• Preliminary Design/Embodiment

Phases of DesignDetail DesignSpecification of Production

• Process Planning

Manufacture

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Novice versus informed designers1. Novice designer

• Straightforward• Well-structured• Correct answer• Start solving immediately

2. Informed designer• Identify your goal• Delay decision making• Explore the problem• Research• Technological investigation• Frame and reframe the problem

Before Designing, Evaluate the Problem!4

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Articulating a problem in your own words

Articulating a problem in technical terms

Articulating a problem in another’s words

Evaluating the state-of-the-art

Constant re-assessment

Problem Understanding is Research

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Humans create via:• Synthesis – combining and recombining parts

– old ideas or concepts re-made• Analogizing – transferring working principles

Types of design:• Original – new products, new ideas (patents)• Adaptive – known system to a changed task• Variant – vary size/arrangement, same task• Redesign – adaptive, variant, bulk of design work

Design Methods/Types

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You don’t need to “reinvent the wheel”; build off of existing ideas!

trackball…. upside down trackball… infrared tracking… scroll wheel… trackball thumb…

digital pens… combine number pad… programmable buttons… ergonomic shapes…

http://xahlee.info/kbd/im/tb/Logitech_Wireless_Trackball_M570_2-s.jpg http://az413224.vo.msecnd.net/img/32200/m_s_p_32200_1.jpg http://velesoft.speccy.cz/othermouse/amiga_mouse/amiga-mouse.jpg http://az413224.vo.msecnd.net/img/29586/m_s_p_29586_1.jpg http://www.ergodirect.com/images/evoluent/Evoluent_VM4S_VerticalMouse_4_Small_Wired_Right_Ergonomic_Mouse.jpg http://content.hwigroup.net/images/products/xl/079155/2/razer_naga.jpg http://assets.razerzone.com/eeimages/products/59/razer-nostromo-gallery-1.png http://blogs.adobe.com/kevinmonahan/files/2011/07/mouse_wheel.jpg http://damngoodcup.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/intuos41.jpg

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Courtesy: Dr. Pete Backlund, Dr. Hung Nguyen, Joshua Keena, Bryan Sanchez, Stewart Vaculik, Jeff Chan

Background: Students at the Rosedale School have limited dexterity. The Rosedale library has an existing page-turning design that receives 10-12 hours of use a week for students reading books.

http://www.rosedaleschool.org/about-us.html

Objective: The design team’s goal is to design and manufacture an improved device that does not damage books, operates consistently well, and is easier to load with books.

Case Example 1: Automated Page Turner

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• 50+ patents• 20+ Analogous Devices• Different types of users

and needs• Cost and/or Performance

Issues• Variable book forms

Case Example 1: Automated Page Turner

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Device Manual or Automatic? Application

Forward/ Backward Rotation?

Multiple Page Turning Capability? User Input

GEWA BLV-6 Automatic Disabilities Yes Yes

Joystick, various

switches, Remote

Touch Turner Automatic Disabilities Yes YesJoystick, various

switches

Turn Mate Automatic Music No No Foot pedal

Kirtas BookScan Products Automatic Digital Books Yes Yes None

Grover Gear Products Manual Disabilities Yes Yes Hand control

Hand Held Page Turners Manual Disabilities Yes Yes Hand control

Case Example 1: Automated Page Turner

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Customer• Understand the Design Process

Specification Development• Specification of Information

Conceptual Design• Specification of a Principle• Functional Decomposition• Generate Concepts• Concept Evaluation• Concept Selection• Preliminary Design/Embodiment

Phases of DesignDetail DesignSpecification of Production

• Process Planning

Manufacture

Case Examples (competitor assessments)

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Background: A design opportunity exists to help safeguard child respiratory health in haze-prone regions by designing a properly fitting N95 mask for children.

Objective: This project goal is to design an effective, safe, affordable, sustainable and child-appropriate N95 mask for manufacture.

Case Example 1: Child Respiratory Masks13

http://energydesk.greenpeace.org/

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“since their bodies are still developing, the under-developed epithelial layer of their lungs allows for greater permeability of airborne pollutants” –Sidney Brison, Industrial Designer Paraphrasing Research by Trasande and Thurston in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

http://www.whiteasmilk.com/blog/2013/06/22/singapore-haze-2013-and-your-children/

http://therealsingapore.com/content/sufficient-n95-masks-no-need-stockpile-moh

Case Example 1: Child Respiratory Masks

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Courtesy: Dr. Kate Fu, Dr. Kris Wood, and the Singapore University of Technology and Design

Case Example 1: Child Respiratory Masks15

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Background: Most hospitals and nursing homes do not accept animals because of fears of infection or allergy. Nevertheless, interactions with animals are known to benefit people emotionally.

Objective: This project seeks to develop robots that can substitute for animal assisted therapy. These robots can improve patient and elderly moods, increase activity and communication, and lower stress.

Sheba, J.K., Elara, M.R., Lerin, E. Martinez-Garcia, E.A., and Torres-Cordoba, R., 2012, “Comparing Thermography, GSR, and Heart Rate during Stimulated Therapeutic Pet Robot Interaction Among Elderly”, International Conference on Intelligent Unmanned Systems.

Case Example 2: Therapeutic Robotics

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Health, entertainment

Exhibited attention and emotion through body language and sounds, regulates stimulation (not overwhelming)

Mobility features for guiding elderly

Emotions are linked to the type shape and model

Behavior algorithms require development. Sensors and feedback

Sheba, J.K., Elara, M.R., Lerin, E. Martinez-Garcia, E.A., and Torres-Cordoba, R., 2012, “Comparing Thermography, GSR, and Heart Rate during Stimulated Therapeutic Pet Robot Interaction Among Elderly”, International Conference on Intelligent Unmanned Systems.

Case Example 2: Therapeutic Robotics

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Existing Products

Academic Prototypes / Publications

PatentsBio-Inspired

Courtesy: Dr. Mohan Rajsh Elara, Singapore University of Technology and Design

Case Example 2: Therapeutic Robotics