Introduction to Aquaculture Introduction to Aquaculture

FAS 1012FAS 1012

Dr. Craig KasperDr. Craig Kasper

HCC Aquaculture ProgramHCC Aquaculture Program

BHUM 111BHUM 111

Hillsborough Community CollegeHillsborough Community College

Tampa, FL 33619Tampa, FL 33619

ckasper@hccfl.educkasper@hccfl.edu

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

AqueousAqueous TerrestrialTerrestrial

• OxygenOxygen 0-14 mg/L0-14 mg/L 21% 21%

• TemperatureTemperature ++ 10˚C 10˚C ++ 40˚C 40˚C

• DensityDensity Variable (4˚C) Variable (4˚C) ConstantConstant

• CompositionComposition Variable*Variable* ConstantConstant

*“Universal *“Universal Solvent”Solvent”

SyllabusSyllabus

Aquaculture Defined?Aquaculture Defined?

• The art of cultivating the natural produce of water.The art of cultivating the natural produce of water.

• Farming of aquatic organisms in natural or Farming of aquatic organisms in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environmentscontrolled marine or freshwater environments

• Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled conditions.semi-controlled conditions.

• Husbandry of organisms in an aquatic ecosystemHusbandry of organisms in an aquatic ecosystem

• Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled conditionssemi-controlled conditions

• Mariculture – (old name) marine or brackish waterMariculture – (old name) marine or brackish water

Aquaculture ClassifiedAquaculture Classified

• Intensive Aquaculture: Highly Intensive Aquaculture: Highly controlled, high density, RAS, controlled, high density, RAS, raceways, confined raceways, confined (industrialized)(industrialized)

•Extensive Aquaculture: Minimal control, Extensive Aquaculture: Minimal control,

lower density, ponds, third worldlower density, ponds, third world

History of AquacultureHistory of Aquaculture

• Egyptian tombs have bas-relief of fish (tilapia) Egyptian tombs have bas-relief of fish (tilapia) being removed from ponds – 2500 B.C.being removed from ponds – 2500 B.C.

• Carp were farmed in China as early as 2500 B.C.Carp were farmed in China as early as 2500 B.C. Wen Fang – founder of the Chou Dynasty is called the first Wen Fang – founder of the Chou Dynasty is called the first

fish farmer (during exile he kept records of fish growth fish farmer (during exile he kept records of fish growth and behavior)and behavior)

Fan Li – wrote first book on fish farming 475 B.C.Fan Li – wrote first book on fish farming 475 B.C.Lee family – Were the first to polyculture carp during the Lee family – Were the first to polyculture carp during the

Tang Dynasty 600 to 900 A.D. Tang Dynasty 600 to 900 A.D.

• England – 1500 A.D. carp culture was introducedEngland – 1500 A.D. carp culture was introduced• U.S. – first fish hatchery was in Oregon 1877U.S. – first fish hatchery was in Oregon 1877

World AquacultureWorld Aquaculture

Commonly Cultured FishCommonly Cultured Fish

• FoodfishFoodfish

Many speciesMany species

• Ornamental fishOrnamental fish

AquariaAquaria

Backyard pondsBackyard ponds

• Bait fishBait fish

MinnowsMinnows

ShinersShiners

Goldfish (carp)Goldfish (carp)

• Natural stock Natural stock enhancementenhancement

SalmonSalmon

TroutTrout

Black sea bassBlack sea bass

Red DrumRed Drum

Many others…Many others…

Commonly Cultured Commonly Cultured CrustaceansCrustaceans

• Marine (Penaeid) shrimpMarine (Penaeid) shrimp

• Freshwater shrimp (prawns)Freshwater shrimp (prawns)

• CrabsCrabs

• CrayfishCrayfish

• LobstersLobsters

• Brine ShrimpBrine Shrimp

Commonly Cultured MolluscsCommonly Cultured Molluscs

• ClamsClams

• OystersOysters

• MusselsMussels

• AbaloneAbalone

• UrchinsUrchins

Additional Cultured OrganismsAdditional Cultured Organisms• Seaweed Seaweed

Food for AbaloneFood for AbaloneExtraction of Extraction of

nutrients for nutrients for vitaminsvitamins

• Corals / Sponges / Sea Corals / Sponges / Sea FansFansExtraction of Extraction of

medicinesmedicinesAquarium tradeAquarium trade

• Live rockLive rockAquarium tradeAquarium trade

Current Aquaculture Current Aquaculture ProductionProduction

• Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of U.S. agriculture with an approximate of U.S. agriculture with an approximate annual growth rate of 10%annual growth rate of 10%

• Currently aquaculture accounts for 25% of Currently aquaculture accounts for 25% of all seafood consumed in the U.S.all seafood consumed in the U.S.

World Aquaculture ProductionWorld Aquaculture Production

• In 2000 45.51 million metric tons by In 2000 45.51 million metric tons by weight of aquaculture productsweight of aquaculture products

• Equal to US $56.47 billion Equal to US $56.47 billion

• China is the largest aquaculture producing China is the largest aquaculture producing country in the world country in the world

Proportion of Total Aquaculture Production for Proportion of Total Aquaculture Production for Different Taxonomic GroupsDifferent Taxonomic Groups

Percent of Total Food Fish Percent of Total Food Fish Supplied by AquacultureSupplied by Aquaculture

Aquaculture Production, Ocean Aquaculture Production, Ocean Fisheries, and Fishmeal ProductionFisheries, and Fishmeal Production

Why Aquaculture Products?Why Aquaculture Products?

• U.S. or locally grown (Exclusive Economic Zones)U.S. or locally grown (Exclusive Economic Zones)

• Control: Control: Food fed, Density, Quality of productFood fed, Density, Quality of product

• Sustainable in the face of Finite ResourcesSustainable in the face of Finite Resources—overfishing —overfishing and habitat destruction antangonistsand habitat destruction antangonists

• Diversify farm income Diversify farm income

• ProximityProximity—Farms may be closer to local markets.—Farms may be closer to local markets.

• Fuel Cost $$$Fuel Cost $$$

Why Aquaculture Products?Why Aquaculture Products?

• Health Consciousness Health Consciousness (protein, FA’s, micronutrients) (protein, FA’s, micronutrients)

--2 fish meals/week decreases mortality from heart 2 fish meals/week decreases mortality from heart problems 50%problems 50%

--Omega-3 fatty acids decreases occurrence of heart Omega-3 fatty acids decreases occurrence of heart disease (oily marine fish – Salmon)disease (oily marine fish – Salmon)

• American Cancer AssociationAmerican Cancer Association-Regular fish consumption decreases chances of -Regular fish consumption decreases chances of

colon cancer 50%colon cancer 50%

• Efficiency of growth(see next slide)Efficiency of growth(see next slide)

Feed Conversion (grain:flesh) Feed Conversion (grain:flesh)

• Beef cattle on feedlotBeef cattle on feedlot 8:18:1

• SwineSwine 3.3:13.3:1

• PoultryPoultry 2.25:12.25:1

• Rainbow troutRainbow trout 1.5:11.5:1

• TilapiaTilapia 1.25:11.25:1

• Why Why AREARE fish so efficient? fish so efficient?

Trade Deficit—$8 billion imported Trade Deficit—$8 billion imported seafood!seafood!

Aquaculture is a Diverse FieldAquaculture is a Diverse Field

• BiologyBiology

• EcologyEcology

• NutritionNutrition

• Handling and haulingHandling and hauling

• Water qualityWater quality

• DiseaseDisease

• MarketingMarketing

• Culture techniquesCulture techniques

Employment OpportunitiesEmployment Opportunities

• Fisheries biology Fisheries biology • Public aquariums Public aquariums • Research positions Research positions • Education Education • Laboratories Laboratories

Genetic studies Genetic studies Nutritional studies Nutritional studies Disease studies Disease studies Water qualityWater quality

• State hatcheries State hatcheries Technicians Technicians Biologists Biologists

• Private operations Private operations Biologist Biologist Assistant manager Assistant manager Manager Manager

• Open your own Open your own operationoperation

IntroductionIntroduction

• Professional Societies Interested in Professional Societies Interested in AquacultureAquaculture

Aquaculture JournalsAquaculture Journals

• Journal of the World Aquaculture SocietyJournal of the World Aquaculture Society

• North American Journal of Aquaculture (PFC)North American Journal of Aquaculture (PFC)

• AquacultureAquaculture

• Journal of Applied AquacultureJournal of Applied Aquaculture

• Aquaculture NutritionAquaculture Nutrition

• Aquaculture ResearchAquaculture Research

• Journal of Aquatic Animal HealthJournal of Aquatic Animal Health

• Transaction of the American Fisheries Transaction of the American Fisheries SocietySociety