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Introduction to 6LoWPAN – The Internet of Things
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6LoWPAN – General Introduction
• 6LoWPAN defines IPv6 over low power, low cost RF networks, defined by IETF in RFC 4944. The IETF is an international standards body.RFC 4944 is the IETF specification for wireless communication protocol over low pwer RF networks.
• Natively supports IP addresses in all RF nodes. Every node can be accessed thru the internet by this unique IP address.
• Uses mesh technology to support large, scalable networks. Message traffic canbe routed through end points which also have the capability to be routers. This routing capability allows devices to communicate over short ranges by hopping thru a series of routers with the best signal strength;reducing required current consumption which is critical for lowpower devices
• Can be used with several different PHY layers, sub-GHz and 2.4 GHz.
• TI offers 6LoWPAN for sub GHz operation – Target forward compatibility with upcoming IEEE802.15.4g
• An extremely efficient stateless header compression scheme for IPv6. IP headers are written as hex files which reduce the header byte structures and increasing the size of payload. Allows upto 65% smaller headers → more payload, shorter channel allocation per packet etc
• Enables end-to-end IPv6 addressing and IP context
• No need for application layer gateways
• Not a single point-of-failure architecture
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Why sub-1GHz 6LoWPAN?
• Wireless extension of installed wired IPV6 (Internet devices)
• 10-800m range, Home area network range
• Instant, secure, automatic connections
• Moderate data rates, 50-200 kbps
• Very low memory footprint, stack is around 20kB This allows the
stack to fit on the CC1180F32. The Sensinode 6LoWPAN stack
is up to six times smaller than a ZigBee PRO stack.
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Main markets
• The 6LoWPAN network technology scalable, but obviously not optimum for all use cases.
• The focus markets / applications are larger scale networks that require connection to an IP backbone network. The current version requires mains power as all the routers must be on to pass message traffic
• The most relevant cases are, but not limited to:
– Smart metering
– Street lighting
– Industrial automation / monitoring
– Logistics / asset tracking
– Security large scale / commercial
– Military / defense
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Wireless Technologies Comparison
No
Battery
Li-
Ion
Technology
0.1
1
3
50
RFID
BLE/ANT
ZigBee
RF4CE
6LoWPAN
Sub-1GHz
2.4GHz
WiFi
Technology
Coin
C
ell
AA
A
RFID
BLE/ANT
Sub-1GHz
2.4GHz Proprietary
Bluetooth®
ZigBee
RF4CE
6LoWPAN
WiFi
Smallest Power Source Required
2.4GHz
Proprietary
6LoWPAN
RF4CE
ZigBee
WiFi
Range (m)
Technolo
gy
RF
ID
ANT
BLE
Bluetooth®
0-1 10 100
Range
Sub-1GHz
Maximum Throughput
Bluetooth®
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6LoWPAN Benefits
The benefits of 6LoWPAN include:
– Open, reliable standards
– Easy learning curve
– Transparent Internet integration
– Network maintainability
– Global scalability
– End-to-End data flow
– Small memory footprint
• IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Area Networks
• Defined by IETF standards
• Stateless header compression
• Enables standard socket API
• Direct end-to-end Internet integration
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Interoperability
• Interoperability for 6LoWPAN is defined on the IP layer; an end node
shall be accessible over the network / Internet. (“ping”)
• The 6LoWPAN network protocol is not directly tied to the PHY layer,
and alternate PHY layers (even not radio) can be used as long as the
end nodes are accessible over the network / Internet.
• As a parallel, wired Internet traffic runs on a vast set of different
platforms and solutions that are incompatible on the PHY layer
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Network Architecture
• 6LoWPANs are stub networks
• Simple 6LoWPAN – Single Edge Router
• Extended 6LoWPAN – Multiple Edge Routers
• Ad-hoc 6LoWPAN – No route outside the 6LoWPAN
• Internet Integration Issues – Max Transmission Unit (MTU)
– Application Protocols
– IPv4 interconnectivity
– Firewalls and NATs
– Security
Source: Sensinode Ltd.
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6LoWPAN Addressing
• IPv6 addresses are compressed in 6LoWPAN
• A 6LoWPAN works on the principle of – flat address spaces (a 6LoWPAN wireless network is one IPv6 subnet)
– with unique MAC addresses (e.g. 64-bit or 16-bit)
• 6LoWPAN compresses IPv6 addresses by – Eliding the IPv6 prefix
• Global prefix known by all nodes in network
• Link-local prefix indicated by header compression format – Compressing the IID
• Elided for link-local communication
• Compressed for multihop dst/src addresses – Compressing with a well-known “context”
– Multicast addresses are compressed
• Every node has a world wide unique IEEE EUI-64 address (”MAC”)
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Network Auto Configuration
• Network solution enables network autoconfiguration where no human
intervention is required
• Using standard IPv6 techniques such as Autoconf
• Network topologies are automatically optimized
– Based on parameters in stack.
• Optimal routes are calculated in a non-centralized manner
• Advanced link metrics are used to choose parent nodes in the network
• The TI/Sensinode sub-GHz solution uses the ND 0.13 routing protocol
from the IETF (draft-ietf-6lowpan-nd-13)
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Routing
• The TI/Sensinode sub-GHz solution uses the RPL 0.13 routing protocol
from the IETF (draft-ietf-roll-rpl-13)
• RPL provides a scalable and a low-complexity solution
• Flexibility in the link metric definitions allows the solution to be
customized to fit customers application requirements
• NanoStack contains the RPL routing solution as a module which
enables quick modifications and optimizations by Sensinode
• Maximum number of hops is 254!
• Data from node to node always goes through ER.
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Self Healing Mesh Network
• In normal operation each node stores the primary route towards the network sink (NanoRouter) and 0-2 alternatives
• When a broken link is detected the routing logic selects the best alternative
• This allows the system to react rapidly to changes in the RF channel and link qualities
• The probability of unnecessary topology changes has been minimized by implementing threshold levels to link qualities
• The list of possible alternatives is updated also during normal operation
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Sensinode Socket API
• The Socket API provides access to data communications for
applications
• Well-known interface for handling data flow and buffer management via
socket
• Commands include:
– socket, bind, send, read, close, etc.
• Supports also control messages to protocols
– RF Configuration API
• Set output power, data rate, FHSS, channel spacing, etc.
– Network configuration API
• net_start, net_stop, set AES key, etc.
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TI Offering
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TI Offering
• The TI sub-GHz 6LoWPAN solution is based on the widely adopted CC1101 radio technology
• TI will initially support two use models
– Single chip system with CC430 running both stack and application
– CC1180 Wireless Network Processor (WNP) system where the WNP handles all protocol related tasks with the application running on a dedicated host MCU e.g MSP430x
• Both models have similar simple APIs (socket approach) and are fully interoperable
• Release of CC-6LOWPAN-DK-868 kit demonstrating both use models
• Kit out-of-the-box experience:
– Power up network nodes
– Connect Edge Router (Gateway) to your network (Ethernet)
– Ping wireless nodes from PC + run simple demo application
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CC-6LOWPAN-DK-868 kit • 2x EM430F5137RF900 (32kB Flash/4kB RAM)
• 2x CC1180DB (CC1180 NWP (32kB/4kB) + MSP430F5438A (256kB/16kB))
• 1x OMAP-L138 Experimenters Board, Edge Router
• 1x CC1180EM + Adapter Board
• Nanorouter SW (Linux SW running on OMAP)
• NodeView Network Analyzer PC SW, java based
• Nanoboot Bootloader for CC1180, used for FW update (OTA possible)
• Simple App Example (CC430 and MSP430F5438A IAR proj, Network
Analyzer application) APIs, documentation
• NAPSocket library in source code, can be ported to any host MCU to
communicate with CC1180
• The kit as ordered is set up for 868Mhz operation; the user guide provides
instructions for reconfiguring the kit for 915Mhz use.
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CC-6LOWPAN-DK-868 kit
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Block Diagram CC-6LOWPAN-DK-868
EM430F5137RF900
EM430F5137RF900
CC1180DB
CC1180DB
OMAP-L138 CC1180EM
PC
Ethernet
UA
RT
Licensing
• The license is included in the CC1180/CC430 chip price
• License includes:
– Nanostack running on CC1180/CC430
– Nanorouter software running on the Edge Router
• No separate agreement directly between customer and Sensinode is
needed.
• License does not include Sensinode NanoService Platform
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6LoWPAN Solution update Jan 2012
• Current product offering is available on CC1180, and CC430 with a
6LoWPAN stack (Nanostack 2.0 Lite) from Sensinode
• Edge Router provided with Sensinode SW
• Current stack support all frequencies that CC1101 radio support
• Current version does not add CC1190 for range extension
• RF configuration API:
– Outputpower: -30 dBm to +10 dBm
– Data rate; 50, 100, 150, 200 kbit/s
– FHSS support, 50 channels
– AES-128 CCM*
– RX attenuation possible, for close-range systems
• Available today!
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Embedded Web Services, Background
• Huge developer base use various webservice technologies
• Large enterprise systems almost invariably use WS
– ”Everything on the Internet is WS based”
• Integration of Enterprise systems and embedded devices traditionally
solved using application layer gateways
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Embedded Web Services, Solution
• Various proprietary binary HTTP compression techniques
• A standard solution being designed in the IETF
• CoAP protocol
– Provides a method/response interaction model between application end-
points
– Supports built-in resource discovery
– Includes key web concepts such as URIs and content-types
– CoAP easily translates to HTTP for integration with the web while meeting
specialized requirements such as multicast support, very low overhead
and simplicity for constrained environments.
– Optionally utilizing EXI compression from W3C
– Can achieve 95% compression of XML headers
– Can be found at IETF: (http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-core-coap/)
Sensinode NanoService™ Platform
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Na
no
Serv
ices
(C
oA
P)
Web
Ser
vice
s (H
TTP
)
Low power M2M devices
Edge Router
Directory Caching Eventing Security
HTTP
JMX
Customer M2M Applications
Management Applications
HTTP
Edge Router Edge Router
Sensinode NanoService™ Features M2M Web Service Communication Technology
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• Resource discovery and registration
– Nodes and their resources are made know to the system
• Eventing
– Gives application the ability to set and be informed of
changes to nodes and their resources
• Semantic Naming
– Understandable & searchable names for nodes / resources
• M2M Security - Standard protocols optimized for M2M
• Efficient Data Formats - EXI and JSON
• Efficient Communication Technology - CoAP
• Domains
– Logical separation of nodes and data in the same system
– Organize a NanoService system into cells, segregate nodes
Backend Platform
Device Libraries
Sensinode NanoService™ Benefits End-to-end Web Services Technology
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• Improved enterprise M2M network performance and capacity
– Reduced bandwidth and greater range due to low data rate requirements
– Better performance in the presence of wireless packet loss
– Efficient data communication, using EXI and NanoService resource model
• Cheaper, lower power M2M devices
– Simple, compact protocol stack
– Lower duty cycle + faster round-trip times = improved battery life
• Scalable M2M backend infrastructure and application platform
– Web services environment for rapid customer application development
– Scalable, cloud-based, enterprise application server infrastructure
– Directory and caching of device resources, with semantic naming and search
– High-performance HTTP/XML -> CoAP/EXI proxy service
– Uniform REST APIs across all M2M traffic
– Efficient device firmware update
6LoWPAN SW Roadmap Released Future Development
Sensinode
6LoWPAN 2.0
Nanostack 2.0 Full
1000 nodes capability
TCP/UDP
Sensinode Lighting
Reference App
MSP430+CC1101
CC1190 range
extender
Sensinode
6LoWPAN 2.x
Sleeping end device
Over-the-air upgrade
Low cost gateway ref
design
MSP430+CC1120
MSP430+CC1200
CC2530
MSP430+CC2520
Sensinode
6LoWPAN 1.1 CC1190 range
extender
Enhanced routing
Sensinode
6LoWPAN 1.0
Nanostack 2.0 Lite
100 nodes
UDP
Simple socket App
MSP430+CC1180
CC430
2Q12 3Q12 4Q12 1Q13
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3 things to remember on 6LoWPAN
1. Large scale networks that require IP
interconnectivity
2. Based on open IETF standards
3. TI solution not aimed for battery powered devices
(all devices can act as routers)
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Additional Information
Where to find the SW and additional information?
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Additional Information
Where to find help & additional information:
• TI Low Power RF website – www.ti.com/lprf
Where you can find a lot of information as the Developer Network
• Customer Support http://www.ti.com/support
Email, Product Information Centers:
Americas, EMEA, Japan, Asia
• TI LP RF forum / E2E community http://www.ti.com/lprf-forum
Where you can find FAQs, Videos, Design and Application Notes:
• FAQs: https://community.ti.com/forums/51.aspx
• DN: https://community.ti.com/search/SearchResults.aspx?tag=DN&orTags=0
• AN: https://community.ti.com/search/SearchResults.aspx?tag=AN&orTags=0
