Introduction Stockholm Convention

8/6/2019 Introduction Stockholm Convention

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1. Introduction to the Stockholm Convention(Secretariat)

2. Meeting the challenges of eliminating POPsthroughout the life-cycle of EEE (Secretariat)

3. Examining the presence of POPs in e-wastein Nigeria (Prof. O. Osibanjo)

SIDE EVENT PROGRAMME


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The Stockholm Convention onPersistent Organic Pollutants:protecting human health and the

environment from persistentorganic pollutants

Stockholm Convention Secretariat


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This presentation

What are POPsThe Stockholm Convention

The POPs Review CommitteeImplications for governmentsPOPs occurring in EEEChallenges of eliminating POPs inEEE


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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

Carbon-based compounds that:

are persistent, remaining intact in theenvironment for a long time;become widely distributed throughout theenvironment through long-range transport;

accumulate in fatty tissue of livingorganisms; andare toxic to humans and wildlife.


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Effects on Wildlifebirth defectscancersdisfunctioning of immune, development andreproductive systemslarge population declines in some species


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Effects on humans

Parallel to those found inanimals, including:cancersbirth defectsfertility problems,disease susceptibilitydiminished intelligence


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The Stockholm Convention

Aim:

Protecting human health and theenvironment from persistent organicpollutants

Entered into force on 17 May 2004

172 Parties to dateThe fifth Conference of the Parties will be held on25-29 April 2011 in Geneva


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What chemicals does the Conventioncover?


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An initial list of 12 POPs

Chemical Pesticides IndustrialChemicals

Unintentionalproduction

Annex

AldrinChlordaneDDTDieldrinEndrinHeptachlorMirexToxaphene

++++++++

AAAAAAAA

Hexachlorobenzene

PCBs

+ +

+

+

+

C

BChlorinated dioxinsChlorinated furans

++

CC


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9 new POPs(added to the Convention in May 2009)

Chemical Pesticides IndustrialchemicalsUnintentional

production Annex

Chlordecone

Lindane

Alpha hexachlorocyclohexaneBeta hexachlorocyclohexane

+

+

+

+

+

+

A

A

AA

Commercial pentabromodiphenylether

Commercial octabromodiphenylether

Hexabromobiphenyl

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, itssalts and perfluorooctane sulfonylfluoride

+

+

+

+

+

A

AA

B

Pentachlorobenzene + C


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What the Convention does

Elimination (POPs listed in annex A)Restriction (POPs listed in annex B)Continuous reduction (POPs listed in annex C)Management of stockpiles and wastesAwareness raising and researchNational Implementation Plan

Exchange of informationReportingEffectiveness evaluationTechnical assistance and Financial mechanism


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Annexes to the Convention

Annex A (Elimination)

Each Party shall prohibit and/or take the legal and administrativemeasures necessary to eliminate its production and use of chemicals inAnnex A subject to the provisions of that Annex.

Annex B (Restriction)

Each Party shall restrict its production and use of chemicals in Annex Bin accordance with the provisions of that Annex

Annex C (Continuing minimization)Each Party shall take measures to reduce the total releases derived fromanthropogenic sources of each of the chemicals listed in Annex C, withthe goal of their continuing minimization and, where feasible, ultimateelimination


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POPs wastes under the Convention

Article 6 on stockpiles and wastes:Develop strategies for identifying stockpiles, products andarticles in use containing POPs;

Identify stockpiles based on these strategies;Manage stockpiles and wastes in an environmentallysound manner;Dispose of waste so that the POPs content is destroyed;

Prevent recovery, recycling and reuse of POPs;Take international rules and standards into account (e.g.for transboundary movement);


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What is the mechanism for listing newPOPs under the Convention


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POPs Review Committee (POPRC)

Subsidiary body to the Convention that meets annually;31 government designated experts;

Scientific review of proposals for listing new chemicals;

Review process:Any Party to submit a proposal;Review proposals (Annex D information);Develop Risk Profiles (Annex E information);Develop Risk Management Evaluation (Annex F information);Make recommendation to the COP;COP makes decisions, the Convention is amended accordingly;

Advisory role on scientific issues related to implementationof the Convention, e.g. alternatives, toxic interactions


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Challenges of the sound management ofPOPs in EEE


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Potential POPs releases from EEE

PFOS & related substances Brominated diphenyl ethersHexabromobiphenyl

Plastic casingsLCD screens

Semi-conductors

Circuit boards


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Commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether

Mixture of brominated organic chemicals,main components are BDE-47 (tetraBDE)and BDE-99 (pentaBDE)

TetraBDE (BDE- 47) and pentaBDE (BDE- 99)

Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs)

HexaBDE and heptaBDECommercial octabromodiphenyl ether

Mixture of brominated organicchemicals, main components areBDE-153, BDE-154 (hexaBDE) andBDE-175, BDE-183 (heptaBDE)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BDE-153.svg


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Use: flame retardant

C-pentaBDE : most commonly used in flexible polyurethanefoam (PUF)

C-octaBDE : most commonly used in acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene (ABS) plastic. Other use: high impactpolystyrene (HIPS), polybutylene terephthalate(PBT) and polyamide polymers.

In EEE appliances:computers, home electronics, office equipment (plastic outercasings, printed circuit boards, internal plastic parts,components with rigid PUR)

Production : Currently ceased in Europe, Japan, Canada,Australia and the US; however, it is possible thatproduction continues elsewhere in the world.

Alternatives : available and already used in many developedcountries

Use and production of listed BDE


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Examples of national/regional control of PBDE

EU: banned sale and use of products with >0.1% pentaBDE oroctaBDE in 2004. Use in EE phased out in 2006. Products with>0.25% are classified as hazardous waste.

USA : voluntary phase out since 2005. Some states ban use. Requiredto notify EPA for any restart of manufacture.

Japan : use ceased voluntarily in 1990.

Norway : banned production, import, export, sale, use. Productscontaining >0.25% PentaBDE or octaBDE are classified as hazardouswaste. Recycling and reuse of products containing PentaBDE notallowed.

Canada : Manufacture, use, sale, and import are regulated since 2006.No production.

China : banned use of PentaBDE in EE in 2007.

Australia : banned use in new articles.


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Listing of BDEs under the Convention

Listed in Annex A (Elimination)

Each Party shall prohibit and/or take the legal andadministrative measures necessary to eliminate itsproduction and use of chemicals in Annex A subject tothe provisions of that Annex.

Exemption for production : none

Exemption for use : may allow recycling of articles thatmay contain the chemicals, and the use and final disposalof articles manufactured from recycled materials that maycontain the chemicals


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Hexabromobiphenyl

Listing under the Convention:

Annex A (Elimination), without exemptions

Past use: flame retardant

In EEE : in the past, added to plastics used in productssuch as home electrical appliances, textiles, plasticfoams, laptop cabinets, etc. Currently no use reported..Production : currently not reported

Alternatives: Available


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Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its saltsand PFOS fluoride

Use: fat and water repellent, resistance to high temperatures and causticconditions

Examples of uses in EEE:photoresistant and anti-reflective coatings and etching agent for semi-conductors, photo masks in the semiconductor and liquid crystal display (LCD)industries and electric and electronic parts for some colour printers and colourcopy machines

Production

PFOS is both intentionally produced and an unintended degradation product ofPFOS-related substances (PFOS precursors).PFOS is still produced in several countries.

Alternatives:Available for some types of use but no known technically feasible alternatives

for some applications e.g. semi-conductor, photo imaging, aviation hydraulicfluids.


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Listing under the Convention

Listed in Annex B (Restriction)

Each Party shall restrict its production and use ofchemicals in Annex B in accordance with theprovisions of that Annex

specific exemptions and acceptable purposesAcceptable purposes: photo-imaging, photo-resist and anti-

reflective coatings for semiconductor, etching agent, aviationhydraulic fluids, metal plating, medical devices, fire-fighting

foams, leaf-cutting ant baitsSpecific exemptions: photo masks in semiconductor and LCD,

metal plating, electric and electronic parts, insecticides,chemically driven oil production, carpets, leather and apparel,textiles and upholstery, paper and packaging, coatings andcoating additives, rubber and plastics


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End productsChemicalproducers

?

??

Upstream

Midstream

Industrial chemicals are used in numerousprocesses and components
http://shusaku.xsrv.jp/sozai/002/007/005/005/001_01.png


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PFOS

photo maskssemiconductor

metalplating

fix-unit

HDDPWB

parts, modules

solder

dispersion

surface treatment

surface treatment

De-smearingetching

adhesive

paintPhoto resist

anti-reflectivecoating

other use

..may also affectother industries

Long supply-chains, involving many producers/users


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Recycling and waste management

IDENTIFY!


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Summary

The Stockholm Convention aims to protect human health and theenvironment from the hazards of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

The Convention requires countries to implement measures to restrict,

reduce and eventually eliminate the production and use of POPs andto manage POPs-containing wastes in an environmentally sound manner

Brominated diphenyl ethers and PFOS are POPs that have been orcontinue to be widely used in the manufacture of EEE

Complex supply and manufacturing chains for EEE and the widespreadoccurrence of these POPs in EEE represent challenges for their soundmanagement and elimination.


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For more information please visit us at:

http://www.pops.int

Documents

Introduction Stockholm Convention