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Introduction
Organic Compounds
Essential for life to exist
Definition: Material that contains Carbon and Hydrogen and usually other elements such as Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen.
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Introduction to Carbohydrates General Information
Carbohydrates - (CH2O) – Compounds of carbons, hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1 ratio
C-H-O made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in varying structures. They are classified as either simple or complex. Simple - Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Complex - Polysaccharides
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - Are known as simple
sugars. They have the form C6H12O6.
Glucose - Blood sugar. There is always a glucose in a disaccharide.
The storage form of glucose is glycogen. It fuels most of the body’s cells
Fructose - Used commonly as sweeteners.
Types of Carbohydrates
Disaccharides - Two monosaccharides put together. Glucose is always one of the mono. Maltose - 2 Glucose together.
Human digestive enzymes in mouth and small intestine break down starch into maltose
Sucrose - Glucose and Fructose - Found in fruits, vegetables, and grains (which makes them sweet). It is what is refined to make table sugar.
Types of Carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides - Multiple monosaccharides, primarily
glucose. Different polysaccharides have different shapes
Some have straight chains -starch
Some have branched chains Example: glycogen
Types of Carbohydrates
Human Liver and Muscles store carbs in the form of glycogen
Starches - Storage form of glucose found in plants (wheat, rice, potatoes, peas, beans).
Cellulose – structural – plants
Chitin – structural - insects
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS
Glycogen
Lipids
Introduction to Lipids
Lipids are the most efficient form of stored energy in animals
Fat is an essential nutrient that provides energy and helps transport fat-soluble nutrients
Excess lipid consumed is stored as fat Plant oils such as peanut, corn and olive oils and
margarine manufactured from plant oils
Introduction to Lipids
Diverse groups of Lipids includes: Triglycerides – most abundant lipid
In the body, fat cells store triglycerides in adipose tissue In foods we call triglycerides “fats and oils”
Fats: solid at RT Oils: Liquid at RT
Phospholipids – 2 % of dietary lipids are phospholipids Versatile molecules play crucial roles as major components of cell
membranes and in blood and body fluids, where they keep fats suspended
Sterols – famous example: Cholesterol Body makes cholesterol Important component of cell membranes and a precursor of sex
hormones, adrenal hormones and vitamin D
Fatty Acids are Building Blocks of Lipids
Fatty acids determine the characteristics of fat
Basic structure of a fatty acid: a chain of carbon atoms (hydrophobic) a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end a methyl group (-CH3) at the other end
Triglyceride Structure (Dehydration Synthesis/ Hydrolysis)
Triglyceride Functions Energy Source
Fat is a rich and efficient source of calories
Energy Reserve Store excess dietary fat as body fat to help us get through
calorie deficits – adipose tissue
Insulation and Protection Fat tissue accounts for about 15 to 30 percent of body weight Part of that is visceral fat – adipose tissue around organs Subcutaneous fat lies under the skin where it protects and
insulates the body Fat’s structural role is no more dramatic than in the brain,
which is 60% fat
Phospholipids Basic Info
Contains glycerol and fatty acids;
except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.
Phospholipid Structure
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/graphics/phospholipid.gif
Phospholipid Functions they are ideal emulsifiers can keep oil
and water mixed This property makes phospholipids a
perfect structural element for cell membranes able to communicate with the watery environments of the blood and cell fluids, yet with a lipid portion that allows other lipids to enter and exit cells
Phospholipid Bilayer
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/cellmemb.html
Sterol Structure
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1030.htm
Sterols Basic Info
Cholesterol serves as the basic structure Cholesterol is the major steroid in animals and the
body is capable of synthesizing it
Structure Sterols have a multiple ring structure Unlike triglycerides and phospholipids, most
sterols do not contain fatty acids
Sterol Functions Cholesterol Functions
Cholesterol is a necessary, important substance in body Major structural component of all cell membranes especially
abundant in nerve and brain tissue
Hormones Sex steroids cortisol (anti-inflammatory)
Proteins
Introduction to Proteins Basic Information
The primary function of proteins are the building and the maintenance of the organism
Proteins are responsible for the greatest range of functions
Amino Acids are Building Blocks of Proteins
Amino acids are the building blocks of polypeptides or proteins.
Amino acids are identified by their side group one carboxylic acid (-COOH), one amino group (-NH2) and
one side group unique to each amino acid (R)
Side group give each amino acid its identity ***
Amino Acids
http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/images/aatheo.gif
Proteins are synthesized by dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis
Polymerization
Polymerization Two amino acids
together make a dipeptide.
Many amino acids together make a polypeptide.
Bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds
Protein Structure Amino Acid Sequence
Amino acids link in specific sequences to form protein up to hundreds of amino acids long
Each amino acid is joined to the next by a peptide bond (Covalent bonds)
A polypeptide contains more than 10 amino acids
Protein Shape As a cell assembles amino acids into a protein,
the protein assumes a unique 3-D shape; determines the protein’s function and the way it interacts with other molecules
Protein Shape Protein Denaturation: Destabilizing a
Protein’s ShapeChanges in acidity or alkalinity, high
temperatures, alcohol, oxidation and agitation can cause a protein to unfold and lose its shape (denature); lose their ability to function properly because its shape determines its function
• Structural
• Transport and Storage
• Antibodies
• Cell Membrane Proteins
• Enzymes
Introduction to Nucleic Acids Basic Information
Macromolecules that dictate the amino acid sequence of proteins – which in turn controls the basic life processes
Nucleic acids are also the source of genetic information in chromosomes
Thus nucleic acids are the chemical link between generations
Nucleic Acid Structure Nucleic acids are made of
simple units called nucleotides connected to form long chains Each nucleotide consists of 3
parts: A 5 carbon sugar – either
deoxyribose or ribose A nitrogen containing base
which is a single or double ringlike structure of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
Phosphate group
RNA vs. DNA Ribose in nucleotides = called ribonucleic acids
(RNA) Deoxyribose in nucleotides = called
deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) RNA is like DNA except the sugar is ribose
Also RNA has uracil instead of thymine Structurally DNA and RNA are different
DNA is a double helix RNA is single stranded
3 types of RNA in cells which each perform a different role in the synthesis of proteins
Nucleic Acids
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/MolecularBiology/AMonksFlourishingGarden/dna.gif
Structure of DNA
Functions of DNA DNA forms genes – units of genetic information
that pass from parent to offspring Structure of DNA explains how DNA functions as
the molecule of genetic information
DNA stores information in a code consisting of units that are three nucleotides long – called triplet codons
The structure of DNA accounts for its ability to be copied and passed through inheritance from one generation to the next
Summary of Organic Compounds
Organic Compound Building Block(s)
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide
Lipid Fatty Acid, glycerol
Protein Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide