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Introduction of Clean Fuel to Vehicle Emission Reductions. Integrated Vehicle Emission Reduction Strategy Workshop Jakarta, 16-18 October 2001. Kiyoyuki Minato Japan Automobile Research Institute. Energy. Global Warming. CO. 2. Air pollution. CO, HC, NOx. 2020. 2025. 1990. 1995. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1
Introduction of Clean Fuel to Vehicle Emission Reductions
Integrated Vehicle Emission Reduction Strategy Workshop
Jakarta, 16-18 October 2001
Kiyoyuki Minato
Japan Automobile Research Institute
2
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Global WarmingCO2
Energy
Air pollutionCO, HC, NOx
2025Year
Current of Environmental ・
Energy problem
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBB
JJJJJJJJJJJJ
JJJJJJJ
JJJJJJ
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHH
FFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFF
FFFF
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGG
àààààààààààà
ààààààààà
àààààà
ZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZ
10
100
1000
10000
100000
10 100 1000 10000GDP(billion 90 US$ PPPs)
B Japan
J China
H India
F Indonesia
G Philippines
à Thailand
Z Malaysia
Japan
China
India
Malaysia
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
3Source: WHO
Air Pollution in Big CitiesTSP SO2 CO NO2 O3 Pb
J apan(Tokyo) B A A B B A
China(Beijing) E D D D C B
Korea(Seoul) B B A C B A
Taiwan ( Taipei ) D B B B B B
Thailand(Bangkok) E B B B B C
Malaysia KL( ) B B C C C C
Indonesia(J akarta) D C C B C C
The Philippines(Manila) D B D D D C
An atmospheric inside density of each material : compared with the WHO standard. A : Very low pollution, WHO guidelines exceeded by less than a factor of half.
D : Moderate to heavy pollution, WHO guidelines exceed by up to a factor of three.E : Serious problem, WHO guidelines exceeded by more than a factor of three.
B : Low pollution, WHO guideline are normally met.C : Moderate to heavy pollution, WHO guidelines exceed by up to a factor of two.
4
Comparison of
Passenger car Emissions Standards
J J J J J
J J J J J J
B B B B B
B B B B B B
H
H H H
H H H H H H H
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
J Japan B EU H US
J J
J J J
J J J J J J
B B B B B
B B B B B B
H
H H H
H H H H H H H0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
NO
x g/
km
NO
x g/
km
Year Year
Gasoline Diesel fuel
Euro 3
Euro 4New- short
New-long
Tier 1
NLEV
Tier 2
Tier 1Euro 3
Euro 4
New-long
New- short
Tier 2
NLEV
Useful Life (km)
Tier 2 : 193,080km Euro4 : 100,000km New-Long : 80,000km
( Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) limits )
5
Comparison of
Heavy-Duty Diesel NOx & PM Standards
g/k
w-h
r
Year Year
( NOx, PM limits g/k-Wh)
J J J
J J
J J J J J J
B B B B B
B B B
B B B
H H H
H H H H
H H H H0
2
4
6
J Japan B EU H US
J J J
J J J J
J J J JB B B B B
B B B B B B
H H H H H H H
H H H H
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
g/k
w-h
rNew-Long
New-Long
Euro 3
Euro 3Euro 4
Euro 4
New-Short New-Short
NOx PM
6
Year
Mar
ket
Sh
are
(%)
in C
a lif
orn
iaImplementation Rates for Conventional Vehicles
In California
The percentage requirements for ZEVs are mandatory starting in 2003
199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030
20
40
60
80
100C-V
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
ZEV
HC CO NOx
TLEV 50% = =
LEV 70% = 50%
ULEV 85% 50% 50%
ZEV 100% 100% 100%
Emission reduction from thebasic California standards
7
Goal is “Zero” EmissionsGoal is “Zero” EmissionsUS CaliforniaUS California
00.050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
1994 2004 2010
HC
NOx
(g/mile)
LEV I LEV IICB
G
Ph
ase
3
8
J J J
J J J J J J J
B
B
B B B B B B
H
H H H H H0
100
200
300
400
500
J Japan
B EU
H USA
Max
imum
sul
phur
con
tent
lim
its (
ppm
)
Year
Final target : sulphur free
Sulphur Free Fuels for Diesel Fuel
9
World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation
Category 1 Markets with no or minimal requirements for emission
control; based primarily on fundamental vehicle/engine performance concerns.
Category 2 Markets with stringent requirements for emission control or
other market demands.
For example, markets US Tier 0 or Tier 1, EURO 1 and 2 or equivalent emission standards.
Regions of Asia, Europe and North America are now planning and implementing requirements for more stringent vehicle emissions control and reduced fuel consumption
10
World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation
Category 3 Markets with advanced requirements for emission control or othe
r market demands. For example, markets requiring US California LEV,ULEV and EU
RO 3 and 4, or equivalent emission standards.
Category 4 Markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to
enable sophisticated NOx and PM after-treatment technologies. For example, markets requiring US California LEV-II, US Tier
2, EURO 4 in conjunction with increased fuel efficiency constraints or equivalent emission standards.
11
Emission Standards in Asia 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Thailand EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 introduction(plan)STEP 2 STEP 3(plan) STEP 4
Malaysia EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 introduction (plan)STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 introduction (plan)introduction of catalytic converter system
India EURO 1
Indonesia EURO1 introduction plan( )STEP 1 STEP 2
Korea US '94
Singapore EURO 1,STEP 1 EURO 2, STEP 2
Taiwan US '94
Philippines ECE standard
VietnamChina EURO 2Emission Standards in EuropeCarLDV HDV
Emission Standards in Asia
EURO 1 introduction 1992 STEP 1 introduction 1992
STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4
tentative level
STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
EURO 1
12
Number of Vehicles and Environment Policy in Japan
Nu
mb e
r o f
Ve h
i cle
s (u
nit:
mi l
lion
)
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Year
Passenger cars
Truck/Bus
1951 Motor Vehicle I&M
1966 CO Control
1973 Emission Standards start
1980 Phased out Lead Gasoline
1970 HC Control
1978 Emissions Standards (the most rigorous in the world)
1978Introduction 3-way Catalytic for passenger cars
Sulpfur contents
1976 0.5%
1992 0.2%
1997 0.05%
2005 0.005%
13
Trends in SO2 CO NMHC Concentration in Japan
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
CO
SO2
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
NMHC *10 Sulfur in Diesel Fuel0.2% --> 0.05%
Sulfur in Diesel Fuel0.5% --> 0.2%
Ann
ual A
vera
ge S
O2
Con
c.
ppm
Ann
ual A
vera
ge C
O, N
MH
C C
onc
.
ppm
, ppm
C
F.Y.Average at Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Stations
Government data
14
1. Improved Vehicle Inspection
2. Improved Cleaner Fuels
phase out leaded gasoline
reduction of sulfur contents
3. Improved Vehicle Emissions
Standards
4. Promotion for Clean Fuel
Vehicles
CNG,EV, etc
Proposition in Asia Countries