PowerPoint PresentationCyclophyllidean
2- The length varies from (several mm ~ several meters)
3- The body is divided into three regions:
-Scolex: is provided with
attachment with or without
5- No digestive system. They feed by diffusion through the
cuticle
contains male and female genital systems. Common genital
pores are either ventral or lateral.
Pseudophyllidae (Diphyllobothrium latum) Cyclophyllidae (Taenia spp.)
Rosette shaped uterus
Morphology and life-cycle:
-Adult 4-10 metres
hooks
Mode of transmission : ingestion of plerocercoid larva inside improperly cooked or salted fish ( Salmon) Infective stage: plerocercoid larva Clinical picture: - Asymptomatic - diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight
loss, - Vitamin B12 deficiency leading to megaloblastic
anaemia - Eosinophilia, intestinal obstruction Diagnosis: eggs or proglottids in stool
Eggs
Treatment: praziquantel 10mg/kg single oral dose Niclosamide 2g single dose
Prevention and control:
- Proper cooking of fish at a temperature of 130°F (54.4°C).
- Freezing fish below 14°F (-18.0°C) for 48 hours.
- Treatment of infected patients
- Prevent defecation in water
tapeworm",
tapeworm".
segments.
T. saginata has an unarmed scolex while T. solium
has an armed scolex ( Rostellum and hooks)
.
• Cows are the intermediate host of T. saginata while
pigs and human are the intermediate host of T.
solium.
cysticercus
Taenia solium Taenia saginata
4-8 meters, 1000 to 2000 segments 2-4 meters, 700 to 1000 segments
Taenia scolex
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
shape: spherical
Mature segment
Taenia solium
2 ovary lobes
uterine branches (one
– Invaginated scolex and neck
Cysticercus cellulosae Cysticercus bovis
human
• The most common complaint is passage (active or passive) of
proglottids, which is associated with slight discomfort.
• Colicky abdominal pain (more common in children)
• Nausea, vomiting
infection is appendicitis, obstruction of bile ducts,
pancreatic duct, intestine.
– Fecal exam: to find eggs and segments (species identification)
Prevention and control
• Inspection of animals and meat help reduce the chance that tapeworms will be spread.
• Avoid eating undercooked or raw meat
• cooking meat well enough (to greater than 140 degrees F for 5 minutes) will prevent tapeworm infection.
• Freezing meats to -4 degrees F for 24 hours
• Good hygiene and hand washing after using the toilet
• Early detection of cases and treatment (praziquantel or albendazole)
• Prevent defecation in soil and sanitary disposal of human excreta.
Method of infection:
1- Accidental swallowing of Taenia solium eggs which contaminate food or drink
2- Autoinfection
- External or
- Internal: eggs are carried up by reverse peristalsis to stomach where they hatch releasing the onchospheres.
nodules.
• In the eyes it lead to periorbital pain,
glaucoma and loss of vision.
• In the heart lead to arrythmias and heart block
Diagnosis of cycticercosis
• X- ray to visualize calcified lesions in the brain
and muscles.
diagnose brain lesions.
IHA and ELISA, immunoelectrophoresis.
The scolex bears rostellum armed with a single circle
of 20 to 30 hooks. The scolex also has four suckers. The
neck is long and slender, followed by more than 100
microns
wich 4-8 filaments arise.
• Diagnostic stage: Characteristic eggs in stool
• Mode of infection:
drinks
1-Ingestion of eggs in contaminated food or drinks
2- Eggs hatch
In five to six days, cysticercoids emerge into the lumen
of the small intestine, where they attach to mucosa
Adult warm
develop after
two weeks
Symptoms include:
Treatment
of praziquantel, repeated in 10 days.
Echinococcus granulosus
(dog tapeworm)
intestine of domestic (dogs)and wild
carnivores (fox) (Definitive host)
goats, and camels. Humans can also be an
intermediate host
-Daughter cysts
(hydatid sands)
Life cycle • The life cycle of this organism outside of a human
can be summed up in six stages:
• The adult Echinococcus granulosus, which is about
3-6 mm in length, resides in the bowel of its definite
host.
feces.
intermediate host, including sheep, goat, swine, cattle,
horses and camels. The eggs then hatch in the bowels
and release oncospheres that penetrate the intestinal
wall. These oncospheres then migrate through the
circulatory system to various organs of the host.
• At the organ site, the oncosphere develops into a hydatid cyst. This cyst enlarges gradually, producing protoscolices and daughter cysts that fill the cyst interior.
• These cyst-containing organs are then ingested by the definite host, causing infection. After ingestion, the protoscolices evaginate,.
• The scolexes of the organisms attach to the intestine of the definite host and develop into adults in 32-80 days.
The life cycle in humans:
• Humans can become infected if they ingest
substances infected with Echinococcus eggs.
• The eggs hatch then release oncospheres in
the small intestine.
cysts in organs.
Clinical presentation
The clinical features are highly variable. The spectrum of symptoms depends on the following:
• Involved organs
• Size of cysts and their sites within the affected organ or organs
• Complications caused by rupture of cysts
• Bacterial infection of cysts
• Immunologic reactions such as asthma, anaphylaxis.
• In the liver, (in 80% of cases) the pressure effect of the cyst can produce symptoms of obstructive jaundice and abdominal pain.
• Involvement of the lungs produces chronic cough, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and hemoptysis.
• Headache, dizziness, and a decreased level of consciousness may signify cerebral involvement.
• Bone involvement can result in tenderness over the affected area (pathological fracture)
• Ocular involvement is rare and lead to blindness
Lab Studies
3- Indirect hemagglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are the most widely used methods for detection of anti-Echinococcus antibodies (immunoglobulin G [IgG]),
4- Complement fixation test
5- Hydatid thrill (vibratory sensation felt by the hand when examining a hydatid cyst.)
4- Immunoelectrophoresis
5-Imaging Studies:
• Plain radiography
• Ultrasound examination
• CT scaning
It is considered the first choice of treatment for
echinococcosis but is associated with
considerable morbidity, and recurrence rates
(2-25%).
Prevention & Control • Prevent dogs from feeding on the carcasses of
infected sheep.
stray dogs
• Do not consume any food or water that may have
been contaminated by fecal matter from dogs.
• Wash your hands with soap and warm water after
handling dogs, and before handling food.
• Teach children the importance of washing hands after
handling dogs to prevent infection.