Introduction

History

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The beginnings: "archaic mobile communication"• visual transmission (smoke/light signals,...)• audible transmission (drums, horns,...)

Electroniccommunication:"terrestrial network"• Telegraph 1st telegraph line 1843 Washington - Baltimore

• Telephone P. Reis 1861 A.G. Bell 1876 World Exhibition Philadelphia

Radio transmission:1873 Maxwell‘s theory of electromagn. waves1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof1895 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission1901 1st transatlantic transmission 1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske1906 1st speech and sound transmission1909 1st radio broadcast1917 1st mobile transmission: radio station - train

History of Mobile Communications

Fig. 2 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 5)

Simplex Connection:transmit or receive

Duplex Connection:simultaneous

transmission and reception

Over

Fig. 3 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 7)

• Car telephone service• Since the late 40‘s

• Low service and speech quality• Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment• Small coverage area• No handover• Manual exchange• Low capacity

First Mobile Services:

Single Cell Systems:

Fig. 4 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 9)

Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications:Single Cell Systems Cellular Systems

radiusr

re-use distance

r

Single CellSystem

CellularSystem

Fig. 5 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 11)

First Generation Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

Country System Frequency range[MHz]

Introduced

in year

USA AMPS 800 1979

Japan NTT-MTS 800 1979

Sweden, Norway,Finland, Denmark

NMT 450, 900 1981 - 86

Great Britain TACS 900 1985

Germany C450 450 1985

France Radiocom2000

NMT

450

900

1985

1989

Italy RTMS

TACS

450

900

1985

1990

Fig. 6 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 13)

2nd Quantum Leap:Analog (1st Generation) Digital (2nd Generation)

Different Generations of Mobile Stations

Second generationGSM mobile telephones Second generation

GSM mobile telephones

Digital GSM technology.Terminal devices are handierand have greater battery capacity.

Digital GSM technology.Terminal devices were lessbulky, but still too heavy(battery capacity problems).

Analog technology.Terminal devices were bulky and heavy.

First generationmobile telephones for fixed vehicle installation and analog mobile telephones

Fig. 7 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 15)

Subscriber trends (Example): Germany 1978 - 2000

B-n

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C-n

etw

ork

intr

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n GS

M (

D1

, D

2) in

trod

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GS

M (

Ep

lus)

intr

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GS

M (

E2)

intr

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Fig. 8 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 17)

Capacity Quality Incompatibility

European mobile communication marketearly 90‘s

1G Limitations

Fig. 9 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 19)

Introduction

GSMGlobal System for

Mobile Communications

Fig. 10 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 21)

GSM Milestones1978 CEPT reserves 2 x 25 MHz in 900 MHz range

1982 CEPT founds "Groupe Special Mobile" GSM

1984-86 Comparison of technical possibilitiesGoals: - free roaming

- international accessibility under 1 number (international roaming)- large network capacity (bandwidth efficiency)- flexibility ISDN- broad service offering- security mechanisms

1986 Core of experts meets continuously

1987 Selection of central transmission techniquesMemorandum of Understanding: MoU

1988 ETSI founded

1989 GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

1990 GSM900 Standard (phase 1)

1991 DCS1800 adaptationTrials / "friendly user" operation

1992 Start of commercial operation

1993 Beginning of work on phase 2

1995 Completion of work on phase 2 (GSM900/DCS1800)Reservation of GSM-R frequencies (ETSI)

1996 PCS1900 adaptation (USA)

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1997 Phase 2+: Annual Release `96DCS1800 / PCS1900 GSM1800 / GSM1900Dual-band devicesGSM: practical world standard (109 countries/regions; 28 % market share)

1998 Phase 2+: Annual Release `97: GPRS, CAMEL,....First GSM-R networksWorld-wide accessibility using dual mode GSM/IRIDIUM35 % of world market

1999 Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘98250 M. subscriber, 130 countries

2000 Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘99: AMR, VHE,... identical to UMTS Rel. ‘9960% of world market; 410 M. subscriber, 161 countries

GSM Milestones

Fig. 12 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 25)

GSM Recommendation

MSCPSTNISDN BSS MS

Series 01: General

Series 02: Service Aspects

Series 03: Network Aspects

Register

Series 04: MS/BS Interface

& Protocols

Series 05: Um Radio

Transmission

Series 06: Speech Coding

Series 067: Terminal

Adaptors for MS

Series 08: MSC-BSS Interface

Series 09: Network Interworking

Series 10: Service Interworking

Series 11: Equipment & Type Approval Specifications

Series 12: Operation & Maintenance

12 Series; each max. 100 Rec.:e.g. GSM Rec. 08.07

Fig. 13 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 27)

Phase 1Phase 2Phase 1

Phase 2+Phase 2Phase 1

Services

Year1991 1995 1997

Full Rate Speech (FR),Standard servicesData: max. 9.6 kbit/s

New services e.g. MTPy, CUG, AoC;Half Rate Speech (HR)

New services e.g. ASCI, SOR, UUSEFR;IN: CAMELData: HSCSD, GPRS,EDGE (> 100 kbit/s)Annual Releases !

GSM: Evolutionary Concept

Downward compatibility

MTPy:CUG:AoC:ASCI:SOR:UUS:

EFR:IN: CAMEL:

HSCSD:GPRS:EDGE:

Multiparty ServiceClosed User GroupAdvice of ChargeAdvanced Speech Call ItemsSupport of Optimal RoutingUser to User Signalling

Enhanced Full Rate SpeechIntelligent NetworkCustomized Applications forMobile network Enhanced LogicHigh Speed Circuit Switched DataGeneral Packet Radio ServiceEnhanced Data Rates for the GSMEvolution

Fig. 14 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 29)

876 880

890

GSM900

915 921 925

935

960 1710 1785 1805 1850

1880

1910 1930 1990[MHz] [MHz]

GSM900

E-GSM E-GSM

GSM1800

GSM1800

GSM1900

GSM-R GSM - Adaptations

GSM1900

Fig. 15 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 31)

GSM-PLMN(Public Land Mobile Network)

Example:Germany

Competition concept:different network operators,providers and manufacturers

D1Telekom

D2Mannesmann

Eplus

E2Viag Intercom

Fig. 16 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 33)

Introduction

Current Situation,Market & Trends

Fig. 17 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 35)

analogue cordless telephone systems

e.g. CT1, CT1+

digitalpaging systems

e.g. ERMES

analoguepaging systems

e.g. Citycall

Cordlesstelephone booth

digital cordless telephone systems

e.g. DECT, PACS, PHP

analoguePrivate Mobile Radio

PMR

Wireless Local LoopWLL

digitalPMR

e.g. TETRA

digital cellular systems

e.g. GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, IS-95

digital satellite systemse.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,

Globalstar

analoguecellular systems

e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS

analoguesatellite systemse.g. INMARSAT

Current Mobile

Communication Systems

Differences:• target groups• services offered• prices• coverage• degree of mobility• transmission technique• ...

1G 2G Fig

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Cellular Systems

First generation:C450NMT - Nordic Mobile TelephoneTACS - Total Access Communications SystemAMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System

Second generation:

Fig

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Supply to/ in case of:Supply to/ in case of:- inaccessible, underpopulated areas- poor infrastructure- high seas- catastrophe areas- failure of other supplies

Supply to/ in case of:Supply to/ in case of:- inaccessible, underpopulated areas- poor infrastructure- high seas- catastrophe areas- failure of other supplies

GEOGEostationary Orbit

10,000- 20,000 km

700- 1,500 km

MEO MediumEarth Orbit

approx.36,000 km

LEOLow Earth Orbit

Mobile Satellite Systems MSS

HEOHigh Elliptic Orbit

1G:MARISAT (USA) since 1976

INMARSAT (International MaritimeSatellite Organisation):• since 1979; > 80 member countries• 4 GEO satellites;• global access

2G:• Iridium, ICO, Globalstar• private MSS operator• speech- & low data rate services

Earth

Fig. 20 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 41)

Subscriber trends: 1980 - 2000

1GIntroduction

Single cellsystems

2GIntroduction

Fig. 21 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 43)

UMTS ForumReport #1

Trends & OutlookS

ub

scri

ber

[M

.]

Year

Fig. 22 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 45)

Trend: Voice Data

Mobile Trends

Source: UMTS Forum

Requirements:• high data rates• user-friendliness• improved service offering• cost reduction• worldwide accessibility

GSM Phase 2+• data rates > 100 kbit/s• mobile computing, Internet• new, integrating ME• new flexible services + IN• satellite roaming• & much more

Fig. 23 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 47)

Mobile subscriber(total)

Mobile subscriberall applications from

voice to Multimedia

Mobile subscriber Speech only/low data rates

Mobile communicationforecast (Europa)

mobile Multi Media: • Start with GSM Ph2+

• Breakthrough:

3G (UMTS)Source: UMTS-Forum

Fig. 24 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 49)

e.g. UMTS, cdma2000, UWC-136

2G(digital)

Paging Systemse.g. ERMES

Cordless Telephonee.g. DECT, PACS, PHS

WirelessLocal Loops

WLL

PMRe.g. TETRA

Cellular systemse.g. GSM, D-AMPS,

IS-95, PDC

MSSe.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,

Globalstar

1G(analog)

Cordless Telephonee.g. CT1, 1+

Paging Systems,e.g. City Call

wirelessTelephone cell

Private Mobile RadioPMR

Cellular systemse.g. C450, NMT, AMPS

MSSe.g. INMARSAT

3G1 family of standards

for all• applications

• countries

different, incompatible standards fordifferent applications, countries & regions

IMT-2000

Fig. 25 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 51)

Zone 4: Global

Zone 3: Suburban / Rural

Zone 2:Urban Zone 1:

IndoorPicoCellMicro

CellMacro

CellMSS

max.data rate144 kbit/s 384 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s144 kbit/s

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

cellular MSS cellular MSS

1885

2010

2110

1980

2025

2170

2200

Frequency range [MHz]

Fig. 26 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 53)