Introduction Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetic Polymers ... · ASTM D5322. Laboratory Immersion Procedures for evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to liquids. ASTM

Industrial Textiles & Plastics Ltd 17/02/2012

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IntroductionIntroduction

Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetic Polymers toGeosynthetic Polymers to Hydrocarbons and Toxic Soil Contaminants

Presented by James Holt

© Industrial Textiles & Plastics Ltd.

OutlineOutline

Background

Environmental Contaminants

Review Geosynthetic materialsy

Review of Chemical Resistance test methods

Chemical Resistance

Permeation

New Barrier Technology

Applications


Applications

References


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Background Background

Established 1989

Producer of building membranes and chemical protection fabrics

Expertise in Flame Retardant and Chemical Resistant Technologies

Product Groups

• Weather Protection & Containment

• Building Membranes

• Gas Barriers


• Chemical Barriers

Background Background

Weather Protection & Containment

Building Membranes

• UV Resistant Facade membranes

• Roof Underlays

• Breather Membranes & Vapour Control Layers



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BackgroundBackground

Chemical Barrier fabrics

• CBRN shelters

• Chemical protection clothingp g

Barrier technology incorporated

into Puraflex


Environmental ContaminantsEnvironmental Contaminants

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons• Cyclohexane• Diesel Fuel• Hexane• Jet Fuel• Petrol / Gasoline• White Mineral Oil

Halogenated Hydrocarbons• 1.1.1.2-Tetrachloroethane

• 1.1.2.2-Tetrachloroethane

• 1.1.1-Trichloroethane

• 1.2-Dibromoethane

• 1.2-Dichloroethane

1 2 4 T i hl b

Metals• Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium,

Chromium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Vanadium, Zinc

Organics• Methyl-tert-butyl-ether

Aromatic Hydrocarbons• 1.1-Biphenyl Anthracene (PAH)*• Acenaphthene (PAH)* • Benzene (BTEX)• Benzo(a)anthracene (PAH)*• Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH)*• Benzo(b)fluoroanthene (PAH)*• Benzo(ghi)perylene (PAH)*• Benzo(k)fluoroanthene (PAH)*• Chrysene (PAH)* • Dibenzo(ah)anthracene (PAH)*

• 1.2.4-Trichlorobenzene

• Carbon Tetrachloride

• Chlorobenzene (VOC)**

• Chlorotoluene

• Chloroform

• Dioxins and Furans

• Hexachlorobuta-1,3-diene

• Pentachlorobenzene

• Pentachlorophenol

• Polychlorinated biphenyls

• Tetrachlorobenzene

Methyl tert butyl ether

• Phenol

Inorganics• Carbon Disulphide

• Cyanides

Pesticides• Dieldrin

• DDT

• HCH

Gases• Carbon dioxide


• Ethylbenzene (BTEX)• Fluoranthene (PAH)*• Fluorene (PAH)*• Idendo(1.2.3-cd)pyrene (PAH)*• Isopropyl BenzineNaphthalene

(PAH)*• Pyrene (PAH)*• Styrene • Toluene (BTEX)• Xylene (BTEX)

Tetrachlorobenzene

• Tetrachloroethylene

• Trichloroethene (VOC)**

• Vinyl Chloride (VOC)**

• Carbon dioxide

• Methane

• Radon

* Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons** Volatile Organic Compound


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Geosynthetic MaterialsGeosynthetic Materials

PVC polyvinyl chloride

Butyl Rubber polyisobutylene / PIB

EDPM ethylene propylene diene monomerEDPM ethylene propylene diene monomer

CSPE chlorosulphonated polyethylene [HypalonTM]

CR polychloroprene [NeopreneTM ]

PP polypropylene

LDPE low density polyethylene

HDPE high density polyethylene

EIA th l i t l ll


EIA ethylene interpolymer alloy[ CoolgardTM, XR-5TM, UltraTechTM, ElvaloyTM ]

Aluminium Laminates

Geosynthetic MaterialsGeosynthetic Materials

Limited Chemical Resistance InformationResistance Information

• Industry practice to compile resistance charts

• Information often sparse and qualitative


qualitative

• Do not provide any performance data


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Test MethodsTest Methods

EN 14414 and EN 14415 Test Procedure

• Immersion test

• 50 ºC for 56 daysy

• Visual inspection

• Measurements of Tensile Strength & Elongation variances

• Pass criterion is merelyresidual strength >75%


* Test Procedures equivalent to ASTM D5322 within EPA method 9090 and ASTM D5747.

PermeationPermeation

Permeation Test Method

• Each challenge chemical exposed to the sample in a permeation cellthe sample in a permeation cell

• Sweep gas to MS or GC



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Permeation Testing

• Breakthrough time

St d St t P ti R t

Permeation Permeation

• Steady State Permeation Rate g/cm2/min


Key Points Key Points –– Materials & TestsMaterials & Tests

Common Geosynthetic Materials

• Limited chemical resistance spectrum of homogenous mono-polymer membrane materials

Current Test Methods

• Limited scope of challenge chemicals

• Lack of Quantitative chemical resistance data


Immersion testing measures Resilience, i.e. the effect of the challenge chemical on the membrane’s physical characteristics.

Performance is measured by Permeation


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‘Hydrocarbon Resistant’‘Hydrocarbon Resistant’

Common HDPE membranes:

• Active-guard HB hydrocarbon barrier [Timloc]

• CarbonBlock – [Geosynthetics]CarbonBlock [Geosynthetics]

• CordenTM EPS Hydrocarbon Membrane Barrier

• HazgardTM/Arctic Liner NTTM (America)

• LandflexTM HCR – [Landline ]

• Monarflex® Besoguard [Icopal]

• Visqueen® GX geomembrane [BPI plc]


How effective is HDPE ?

All Trade Names and Registered Trade Marks are acknowledged and remain the property of the respective companies as above.

LandflexLandflex HCR [Landline]HCR [Landline]

Landflex HCR [Landline] published data

1.0mm HDPE

ISO 6170 method BSO 6 0 et od

• Toluene 6.4 gm/m2/hr ( = 56,064 gm/m2/yr )

• Xylene 3.5 gm/m2/hr ( = 30,660 gm/m2/yr )

Are these permeation rates really fit for purpose?


All Trade Names and Registered Trade Marks are acknowledged and remain the property of the respective companies as above.


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Aluminium Laminate Aluminium Laminate

Control Sample EN 14414 Method A

Immersion 20% Sulphuric Acid

Failure (oxidation)( )


0 days 2 weeks

Aluminium Laminate Aluminium Laminate

Control Sample EN 14414 Method A

Immersion 2.0% Sulphuric Acid

Failure (oxidation)( )


0 days 16 weeks


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Chemical ResistanceChemical Resistance

Factors affecting Chemical Resistance

Geosynthetic material polymer

Challenge chemicalg

• Chemical concentration

• Toxic Additivity

External Factors

• Area, Duration and Frequency of chemical exposure

• Temperature


Temperature

• pH

• Aeration, Flow velocity, Exposure to weathering, Mechanical load


Molecular structure characteristics

• Molecular Weight

- Chain length is directly related toChain length is directly related to polymer strength

• Molecular Weight Distribution

- Relationship between the number of species and the molar mass

• Crystallinity

- Ratio of amorphous regions to


Ratio of amorphous regions to crystalline regions within the polymer’s structure

• Polarity

- Distribution of electrons


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Polymer HDPE LDPE PP PVC

Crystallinity % 55-65 30-45 40-45 0

Tensile Strength Good Fair Good Poor

Brittle Deformation Poor Good Fair Excellent

Chemical Resistance Good Fair Good Poor


Polarity Non-Polar Non-Polar Non-Polar Polar

PolarityPolarity

Polar & Non-polar Chemicals

• Normally an atom has an even distribution of electrons in the orbits

• If more end up on one side that the other in a molecule, there is a resulting electrical field in that area

Polar Non-polar


H2O CO2


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PolarityPolarity

General rule

• Polar + Polar = Soluble

• Non-polar + Non-polar = Solublep p

• Polar + Non-polar = Not Soluble

e.g. Water (Polar) + Oil (Non-Polar)

Why is this significant?

Methanol (Polar) Hydrocarbons (Non-polar)


HDPE (Non-polar)

PolarityPolarity

PVC polyvinyl chloride Polar

Butyl Rubber polyisobutylene / PIB Non-Polar

EDPM ethylene propylene diene monomer Non-PolarEDPM ethylene propylene diene monomer Non Polar

CSPE chlorosulphonated polyethylene Polar

[HypalonTM]

CR polychloroprene [NeopreneTM] Polar

PP polypropylene Non-Polar

LDPE low density polyethylene Non-Polar

HDPE hi h d it l th l N P l


HDPE high density polyethylene Non-Polar

EIA ethylene interpolymer alloy Polar[ CoolgardTM, XR-5TM, UltraTechTM, ElvaloyTM ]


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Solubility Parameters

• Graphical representation

G S h l• Green Sphere = polymer

• Red Satellites = challenge chemicals

The closer the challenge chemical is to the polymer

• > Solubility

δD Dispersion Solubility Parameter

δH Hydrogen Bonding


• > Permeation ratey g g

Solubility Parameter

δP Polar Solubility Parameter

PermeationPermeation

21 31 3

1 SorptionPartitioning of the

2 DiffusionMigration on a molecular

3 DesorptionPartitioning


Partitioning of the chemical to the liner governed by Henry’s Law :

Cg = Sgf*C

Migration on a molecular scale through the barrier expressed by Fick’s first Law :

f = -Dg* (dcg / dz)

Partitioning between the chemical and the outer surface of the barrier


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Permeation Permeation –– polymer comparisonspolymer comparisons

0.00E+00 2.00E+02 4.00E+02 6.00E+02 8.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.20E+03 1.40E+03 1.60E+03 1.80E+03 2.00E+03

Puraflex 0.45mm

HDPE 1 5

Permeation Rate mg/m2/year Challenge 100 mg/kg 20ºC

HDPE 1.5mm

Butyl 1.5mm

EPDM 1.5mm

PVC 1.5mm

CSPE 1.5mm

Polychloroprene 1.5mm


Puraflex 0.45mm

HDPE 1.5mmButyl 1.5mmEPDM 1.5mmPVC 1.5mmCSPE 1.5mmPolychloroprene

1.5mm

Benzene 3.52E-045.60E+021.90E+031.52E+031.90E+031.65E+021.52E+03

Fluorene 3.23E-061.32E+024.69E+023.75E+024.69E+022.17E+013.75E+02

Hexane 1.56E-065.37E+021.79E+031.43E+035.59E+021.74E+025.01E+02

Methyl Isopropyl Ketone 9.43E+008.05E+022.68E+032.15E+032.68E+032.67E+022.15E+03

Vinyl Chloride 1.67E-011.84E+036.15E+034.92E+036.15E+036.14E+024.92E+03

Permeation Permeation –– BTEX ComparisonsBTEX Comparisons

Vinyl Chloride

Permeation Rate mg/m2/year Challenge 100 mg/kg 20ºC

Ethyl Benzene

Toluene

Xylene


Benzene

Benzene Ethyl Benzene Toluene Xylene Vinyl Chloride

Puraflex 450 µm 3.52E-04 1.18E-04 1.14E-03 6.09E-03 1.67E-01

HDPE 1500 µm 5.44E+02 2.92E+02 3.92E+02 2.41E+02 1.84E+03


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New TechnologyNew Technology

Composite construction

Polar and Non-polar polymers

Resistant to Non-Polar and Polar challenge chemicalschemicals

Barrier Technology

• Extruded multi-layer composite

• Incorporates Polar and Non-polar layers

• Chemical Resistant core

• Thermally weldable


Polar (Methanol) Non-Polar (Hydrocarbons)

Non-polar

PolarNon-polar

MicroscopyMicroscopy

C ti Aft iS ld


Cross section After creasingSeam weld


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Design & Installation Design & Installation

• Can be thermally welded on site or pre-fabricated under factory conditions.

• Can be installed in various ways for the foundations of buildings. Textured vertical DPC is available

• Puraflex tank incorporates a bituminous adhesive on one side for tanking applicationsapplications.


Design & Installation Design & Installation

Installation

• Compatible with existing installation methods

• Conventional geosynthetic membrane welding equipment

• Typically a Leister Twinny S hot air wedge welder

• BS EN 13067 Qualified Installers recommended


• Rapid 4m/min installation


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Applications Applications

INDUSTRIAL

• Chemical waste containment

• Petrochemical sites

• Retention ponds

PROTECTING WATER RESOURCES• Groundwater protection• Canals, dikes & dams• Effluent treatment• Retention ponds

• Secondary containment liners & basins

• Sludge desiccation basins

• Under Tank foundations

• Pipeline trench liners

CIVIL ENGINEERING& CONSTRUCTION

• Basement linings

• Fluid barrier• Reedbeds• Reservoir & potable water lining• Water storage & treatment

WASTE• Landfill capping

- (not liner itself – 2mm HDPE)• Transfer stations• Waste disposal & storage sites (liquid &


Basement linings

• Brown-field developments & Land reclamation

• Building foundations (gas barrier)

• Tanking

• Tunnel linings

• Underground structures

• Waste disposal & storage sites (liquid & solid)

AGRICULTURE• Agricultural waste• Biogas production tanks• Slurry lagoons

PuraflexPuraflex Permeation ModellerPermeation Modeller

Permeation Modeller Software

• Specifically written for environmental consultants hydro geologists &consultants, hydro-geologists & geotechnical engineers

• Upload soil analysis concentrations

• Enter variables

• Output permeation rates

• Risk Assessment Models (e.g.CLEA)



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Website and Technical Website and Technical PublicationsPublications

Puraflex Permeation Modeller (PPM) Software

Product Information brochure

Technical Data Sheet Technical Data Sheet

Design & Installation instructions

Sample Specification

Safety data sheet COSHH, MSDS

fl


puraflex.com

Software Downloads Technical Updates Project News Latest Chemical Test Data

ReferencesReferences

ASTM D5322. Laboratory Immersion Procedures for evaluating the ChemicalResistance of Geosynthetics to liquids.

ASTM D5747. Tests to Evaluate Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes toLiquids.

CLAIRE Report The soil generic assessment criteria for human health riskCLAIRE Report. The soil generic assessment criteria for human health riskassessment.

Bromwich.D.W The design of permeation cells for testing chemical protectiveclothing (1999). Phd Thesis – Griffith University.

EN 14414 Geosynthetics – Screening test method for determining chemicalresistance for landfill applications (2004).

EN 14415 Geosynthetics barriers – Test methods for determining the resistanceto leaching (2004).

Lampman.S.W. Characterization and failure analysis of plastics (2003). ASMI t ti l


International.

Method 9090A. Compatibility test for Wastes and Membrane Liners.

Sangam.H.P. & Rowe.R.K. Migration of dilute aqueous organic pollutantsthrough a HDPE geomembrane (2001). Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 19 pp329 – 357.

Scheirs.J. A guide to polymeric geomembranes: A practical approach (2009).Wiley.


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Thank you !Thank you !


Documents

Introduction Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetic Polymers ... · ASTM D5322. Laboratory Immersion Procedures for evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to liquids. ASTM