4
7(0$;;90$5.(7,1* &21&(372 ’HILQLFLyQ HVODGLVFLSOLQDTXHHVWXGLDORVPHUFDGRVORVSURGXFWRVODVSROtWLFDV\ORVSODQHV FRPHUFLDOHVODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHYHQWDV\GLVWULEXFLyQ\FXDOTXLHURWURDVSHFWRTXHWHQJDUHODFLyQ FRQHOIOXMRGHELHQHV\VHUYLFLRVGHVGHHOSURGXFWRUKDVWDHOFRQVXPLGRUDOREMHWRGHDVHJXUDUTXH WRGDV ODVGHFLVLRQHVGHODGLUHFFLyQWHQJDQHQFXHQWDODVH[LJHQFLDVGHODFOLHQWHOD\ODV SRVLELOLGDGHVGHPHUFDGRFRQXQPHQRUJDVWR\HOPi[LPRYROXPHQGHYHQWDV\EHQHILFLRV )XQFLRQHV DYHULJXDUODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHOFOLHQWHSURSRUFLRQDUPHGLRVGHLQWHUFDPELRGH PHUFDGHUtDVILQILQDQFLHURDVtFRPRVLUYHGHYHKtFXORGHLQIRUPDFLyQGHXQHVFDOyQDRWUR WUDGLFLRQDO GDUVDOLGDDXQSURGXFWRHVWRHVYHQGHU&UHDUXQ SURGXFWRRVHUYLFLR PRGHUQR *XWHQEHUJ HOFRQFHSWRGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQHVPiVDPSOLRTXHODGHILQLFLyQGHYHQWD\ GHEHVHUDPSOLDGRFRQODQHJRFLDFLyQGHVHUYLFLRV\ELHQHVPDWHULDOHV ’UXNHU HOFRQFHSWRGHPDUNHWLQJQRVHSDUWH GHOSURGXFWRVLQRGHOFOLHQWH .RWOHU ODVHPSUHVDVDGRSWDQXQDRULHQWDFLyQKDFLDODVYHQWDVSXHVODSURGXFFLyQHV VXILFLHQWHSDUDDEDVWHFHUHOPHUFDGR 0(5&$’2<686&/$6(6.27/(5 ’HILQLFLyQ HVPDUFRGHRSHUDFLRQHVGRQGHVHUHDOL]DQODVWDUHDVGHOVLVWHPDGHOPDUNHWLQJ ’HVFULSFLyQ ’HILQLUHOSURGXFWRRVHUYLFLRGHHVHPHUFDGRPHUFDGRGHODXWRPyYLO &RQVXPLGRUHV\FRPSUDGRUHVOHFKHSDUDODFWDQWHV &RQVXPLGRUODSHUVRQDTXHORFRQVXPHEHEp &RPSUDGRUODSHUVRQDTXHORFRPSUDPDGUH 2WURVDJHQWHVGHOPHUFDGR SUHVFULSWRUHVHVODSHUVRQDTXHDFRQVHMDRSUHVFULEHXQSURGXFWRPpGLFR SURGXFWRUHVLQIOX\HQPHGLDQWHODSXEOLFLGDGWLHQHQTXHFRQRFHUODFRPSHWHQFLD ODFXRWDGHPHUFDGR\OHDOWDGGHVXVFRQVXPLGRUHV GLVWULEXLGRUHVHMHUFHQLQIOXHQFLDSRUHOJUDGRGHHILFDFLDFRQTXHGHVHPSHxDQVX FRPHWLGRGHLQWHUPHGLDULRVLQRSRUHOSDSHOGHFRQVHMHURVTXH HMHUFHQFXDQGRGLVWULEX\HQODPHUFDQFtD )DFWRUHVGHODPELHQWH HODPELHQWHWHFQROyJLFR HODPELHQWHLQVWLWXFLRQDOFRQMXQWRGHOH\HV\UHJODPHQWRVGHOHVWDGR HODPELHQWHGHPRJUiILFR HODPELHQWHHFRQyPLFR

Introduccion a La Economia de La Empresa (Uned) - Resumen - Temas 25 - 26

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Economia

Citation preview

Page 1: Introduccion a La Economia de La Empresa (Uned) - Resumen - Temas 25 - 26

7(0$�;;9��0$5.(7,1*�&21&(372�

� 'HILQLFLyQ� HV�OD�GLVFLSOLQD�TXH�HVWXGLD�ORV�PHUFDGRV��ORV�SURGXFWRV��ODV�SROtWLFDV�\�ORV�SODQHV�FRPHUFLDOHV��OD�RUJDQL]DFLyQ�GH�YHQWDV�\�GLVWULEXFLyQ�\�FXDOTXLHU�RWUR�DVSHFWR�TXH�WHQJD�UHODFLyQ�FRQ�HO�IOXMR�GH�ELHQHV�\�VHUYLFLRV�GHVGH�HO�SURGXFWRU�KDVWD�HO�FRQVXPLGRU��DO�REMHWR�GH�DVHJXUDU�TXH�WRGDV� ODV�GHFLVLRQHV�GH�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�WHQJDQ�HQ�FXHQWD�ODV�H[LJHQFLDV�GH�OD�FOLHQWHOD�\�ODV�SRVLELOLGDGHV�GH�PHUFDGR�FRQ�XQ�PHQRU�JDVWR�\�HO�Pi[LPR�YROXPHQ�GH�YHQWDV�\�EHQHILFLRV�� )XQFLRQHV� DYHULJXDU�ODV�QHFHVLGDGHV�GHO�FOLHQWH��SURSRUFLRQDU�PHGLRV�GH�LQWHUFDPELR�GH�PHUFDGHUtDV��ILQ�ILQDQFLHUR���DVt�FRPR�VLUYH�GH�YHKtFXOR�GH�LQIRUPDFLyQ�GH�XQ�HVFDOyQ�D�RWUR�� WUDGLFLRQDO� GDU�VDOLGD�D�XQ�SURGXFWR��HVWR�HV��YHQGHU��&UHDU�XQ SURGXFWR�R�VHUYLFLR�� PRGHUQR�*XWHQEHUJ� HO�FRQFHSWR�GH�FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ�HV�PiV�DPSOLR�TXH�OD�GHILQLFLyQ�GH�YHQWD�\�GHEH�VHU�DPSOLDGR�FRQ�OD�QHJRFLDFLyQ�GH�VHUYLFLRV�\�ELHQHV�PDWHULDOHV�

'UXNHU� HO�FRQFHSWR�GH�PDUNHWLQJ�QR�VH�SDUWH GHO�SURGXFWR�VL�QR�GHO�FOLHQWH�.RWOHU� ODV�HPSUHVDV�DGRSWDQ�XQD�RULHQWDFLyQ�KDFLD�ODV�YHQWDV�SXHV�OD�SURGXFFLyQ�HV�VXILFLHQWH�SDUD�DEDVWHFHU�HO�PHUFDGR�

0(5&$'2�<�686�&/$6(6��.27/(5��� 'HILQLFLyQ� HV�PDUFR�GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�GRQGH�VH�UHDOL]DQ�ODV�WDUHDV�GHO�VLVWHPD�GHO�PDUNHWLQJ�� 'HVFULSFLyQ�� 'HILQLU�HO�SURGXFWR�R�VHUYLFLR�GH�HVH�PHUFDGR��PHUFDGR�GHO�DXWRPyYLO�

� &RQVXPLGRUHV�\�FRPSUDGRUHV��OHFKH�SDUD�ODFWDQWHV���� &RQVXPLGRU��OD�SHUVRQD�TXH�OR�FRQVXPH�EHEp�� &RPSUDGRU��OD�SHUVRQD�TXH�OR�FRPSUD��PDGUH�� 2WURV�DJHQWHV�GHO�PHUFDGR�SUHVFULSWRUHV�HV�OD�SHUVRQD�TXH�DFRQVHMD�R�SUHVFULEH�XQ�SURGXFWR��PpGLFR�

� SURGXFWRUHV��LQIOX\HQ�PHGLDQWH�OD�SXEOLFLGDG��WLHQHQ�TXH�FRQRFHU�OD�FRPSHWHQFLD��OD�FXRWD�GH�PHUFDGR�\�OHDOWDG�GH�VXV�FRQVXPLGRUHV�� GLVWULEXLGRUHV��HMHUFHQ�LQIOXHQFLD�SRU�HO�JUDGR�GH�HILFDFLD�FRQ�TXH�GHVHPSHxDQ�VX�FRPHWLGR�GH�LQWHUPHGLDULR��VLQR�SRU�HO�SDSHO�GH�FRQVHMHURV�TXH�HMHUFHQ�FXDQGR�GLVWULEX\HQ�OD�PHUFDQFtD��

� )DFWRUHV�GHO�DPELHQWH��� HO�DPELHQWH�WHFQROyJLFR� HO�DPELHQWH�LQVWLWXFLRQDO��FRQMXQWR�GH�OH\HV�\�UHJODPHQWRV�GHO�HVWDGR�� HO�DPELHQWH�GHPRJUiILFR� HO�DPELHQWH�HFRQyPLFR�

Page 2: Introduccion a La Economia de La Empresa (Uned) - Resumen - Temas 25 - 26

/$6�&8$752�2(6�'(�81�0(5&$'2��2%-(726��2%-(7,926��25*$1,=$&,Ï1�<�23(5$&,21(6�2EMHWRV�VH�SXHGHQ�GLYLGLU�HQ�� 3URGXFWRV�GH�FRQYHQLHQFLD�R�GH�RSRUWXQLGDG� HO�FOLHQWH�ORV�FRPSUD�FRQ�IUHFXHQFLD��SDQ�� 3URGXFWRV�R�ELHQHV�GH�FRPSUD� PD\RU�VHOHFFLyQ�GH�ORV�DUWtFXORV��]DSDWRV�� %LHQHV�GH�HVSHFLDOLGDG� UHTXLHUHQ�XQ�HVIXHU]R�HFRQyPLFR��MR\DV�� %LHQHV�GH�HTXLSR� ELHQHV�LQGXVWULDOHV�TXH�QR�IRUPDQ�SDUWH�GHO�SURGXFWR�ILQDO��FDOGHUD�� /RV�ELHQHV�TXH�VRQ�SDUWH�R�FRPSRQHQWHV� ELHQHV�LQGXVWULDOHV�TXH�IRUPDQ�SDUWH�GHO�SURGXFWR�ILQDO��PRWRU�� 3DUWHV�GH�PDQWHQLPLHQWR�R�UHSDUDFLyQ��VH�XWLOL]DQ�SDUD�HO�PDQWHQLPLHQWR�\�UHSDUDFLyQ��SLQWXUD��� 0DWHULDOHV�GH�IDEULFDFLyQ� IRUPDQ�SDUWH�GHO�SURGXFWR�ILQDO��SOiVWLFR��0DWHULDV�SULPDV��PDWHULDOHV�EiVLFRV�GH�IDEULFDFLyQ��PLQHUtD��DJULFXOWXUD�����

2EMHWLYRV�GH�FRPSUD�GHO�FRQVXPLGRU��0DVORZ�� HO�FRQVXPLGRU�WLHQH�XQDV�SULRULGDGHV�R�MHUDUTXtDV�\�HVWDV�VRQ��GHVGH�OD�EDVH���ILVLROyJLFDV��KDPEUH���VHJXULGDG��DPRU���HVWLPD� UHDOL]DFLyQ2UJDQL]DFLyQ�SDUD�FRPSUDU�0DVORZ�� HO�PDUNHWLQJ�WLHQH�FRPR�PLVLyQ�FRQVHJXLU�\�DQDOL]D�OD�FDSDFLGDG�GH�FRPSUD�GH�XQ�GHWHUPLQDGR�PHUFDGR��WLSR�GH�IDPLOLDV��LQJUHVRV�SRU�KDELWDQWH��PHGLR�UXUDO�R�GH�FLXGDG������2SHUDFLRQHV�GH�OD�RUJDQL]DFLyQ�FRPSUDGRUD� VHUtD�HQ�YDULDU�HO�SURFHVR�GH�GHFLVLyQ�GHO�FRPSUDGRU�PHGLDQWH�OD�SXEOLFLGDG��3DUWLHQGR�GH�XQD�QHFHVLGDG��SDQWDORQHV��GDUOH�D�FRPSUDGRU�XQDV�SRVLEOHV�VROXFLRQHV��GLIHUHQWHV�PDUFDV���HO�FRPSUDGRU�HOLJLUtD�XQD�GH�HOODV�HQ�IXQFLyQ�GH�VX�UHDFFLyQ�GH�VDWLVIDFFLyQ�HQ�OD�SRVWFRPSUD�(O�0DUNHWLQJ�0L[� HV�OD�IyUPXOD�TXH�RSWLPL]D�ORV�FRPSRQHQWHV�GH�OD�DFFLyQ�R�HVIXHU]R�FRPHUFLDO�WHQLHQGR�HQ�FXHQWD�ODV�QHFHVLGDGHV�\�UHVWULFFLRQHV�GH�XQ�PHUFDGR�\�ODV�OLPLWDFLRQHV�GH�UHFXUVRV�/DV�IXQFLRQHV�GH�YHQWDV�9� �I��3URGXFWR��3OD]D��3UHFLR��3URPRFLyQ��VH�WUDGXFHQ�HQ�XQDV�IXQFLRQHV�PDWHPiWLFDV�HQ�ODV�TXH�HO�YDORU�GH�FDGD�XQR�GH�ORV�SDUiPHWURV�R�FRPELQDFLyQ�GH�HOORV�GDUi�XQDV�YHQWDV�GLIHUHQWHV�� 3ULQFLSLRV�R�QRUPDV�GH�HODERUDFLyQ�� 5HVWULFFLyQ� FLHUWDV�UHVWULFFLRQHV�TXH�OLPLWDQ�ODV�GHFLVLRQHV��,PDJHQ�GH�OD�HPSUHVD

� ,QWHUGHSHQGHQFLD��FDGD�GHFLVLyQ��HV�XQD�UHVWULFFLyQ�SDUD�HO�UHVWR��&DPSDxD�LQWHQVLYD�GH�SXEOLFLGDG�� 6HFXHQFLD� LPSOLFD�XQD�RUGHQ�HQ�OD�WRPD�GH�GHFLVLRQHV�GH�PDUNHWLQJ��'HWHUPLQDU�DQWHV�XQD�SREODFLyQ�R�PHUFDGR�REMHWLYR�� 5HWURDFFLyQ��HOHFFLyQ�GH�XQDV�GHWHUPLQDGDV�DFFLRQHV�SXHGHQ�REOLJDU�D�UHYLVDU�ODV�GHPiV��,PSOLFDQ�XQ�VHJXLPLHQWR�\�FRQWURO�TXH�SHUPLWD�FRUUHJLU�ODV�GHVYLDFLRQHV�R�PRGLILFDU�ORV�SODQHV�HQ�OD�PHGLGD�TXH�HO�HQWRUQR�OR�GHPDQGH�

Page 3: Introduccion a La Economia de La Empresa (Uned) - Resumen - Temas 25 - 26

7(0$�;;9,��32/Ë7,&$�'(�352'8&726�<�35(&,26�'(),1,&,Ï1�'(�352'8&72�� 3URGXFWR�WDQJLEOH HV�OD�HQWLGDG�R�VHUYLFLR�ItVLFR�TXH�VH�RIUHFH�DO�FRPSUDGRU��FRVD�YHQGLGD���$XWRPyYLO�� 3URGXFWR�DPSOLDGR HV�HO�SURGXFWR�WDQJLEOH�PiV�HO�FRQMXQWR�GH�VHUYLFLRV�TXH�OR�DFRPSDxDQ��(O�DXWRPyYLO�\�OD�UHG�GH�UHFDPELRV�� 3URGXFWR�JHQpULFR��KDFH UHIHUHQFLD�DO�EHQHILFLR�HVHQFLDO�TXH�HO�FRPSUDGRU�HVSHUD�UHFLELU�GHO�SURGXFWR��VWDWXV�VRFLDO�DGTXLULGR���/D�FDWHJRUtD�GHO�DXWRPyYLO�HQ�GHWHUPLQDGDV�SHUVRQDV�� $WULEXWRV�GHO�SURGXFWR� UDVJRV�IXQFLRQDOHV��GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ��FDOLGDG��WDPDxR��HQYDVH�\�HPEDODMH��PDUFD �IXQGDPHQWR�GH�OD�SURPRFLyQ�GH�YHQWDV��IDFLOLWD�OD�UHSHWLFLyQ��SHUPLWH�SURWHJHU�ORV�SUHFLRV��SHUPLWH�LQWURGXFLU�QXHYRV�SURGXFWRV���

&,&/2�'(�/$�9,'$�'(�81�352'8&72��HWDSDV��� GH�QDFLPLHQWR� QHFHVLWD�XQD�JUDQ�SURPRFLyQ��HO�SUHFLR�VXHOH�VHU�HOHYDGR��HO�EHQHILFLR�VXHOH�VHU�SRFR�\�HV�PX\�GLItFLO�TXH�XQ�SURGXFWR�WHQJD�XQ�GHVSHJXH�YHUWLFDO�SRU�ORV�HUURUHV�TXH�VH�SXHGHQ�FRPHWHU��� UHWUDVRV�HQ�OD�H[SDQVLyQ�GH�OD�FDSDFLGDG�GH�SURGXFFLyQ�� SUREOHPDV�WpFQLFRV�VLQ�UHVROYHU�� UHWUDVRV�HQ�SRQHU�HO�SURGXFWR�D�GLVSRVLFLyQ�GHO�FOLHQWH��GLVWULEXFLyQ��� UHVLVWHQFLD�GH�ORV�SRVLEOHV�FOLHQWHV�D�FDPELDU�VXV�KiELWRV�GH�FRQGXFWD�� GH�FUHFLPLHQWR� HO�SURGXFWR�KD�VLGR�DGPLWLGR�HQ�HO�PHUFDGR�\�SRU�WDQWR��ODV�YHQWDV�\�ORV�EHQHILFLRV�DXPHQWDQ��DSDUHFHQ�QXHYRV�FRPSHWLGRUHV��VH�PHMRUD�HO�SURGXFWR�\�VH�DEDUDWD�OD�SURGXFFLyQ�� GH�PDGXUH]� ODV�YHQWDV�VLJXHQ�OD�WUD\HFWRULD�GHO�FUHFLPLHQWR�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ�\�VXV�LQJUHVRV��/RV�EHQHILFLRV�\�FRVWHV�WLHQGHQ�D�HVWDELOL]DUVH��DXPHQWDQ�ORV�FRPSHWLGRUHV�\�SRU�WDQWR�DXPHQWD�VX�SURPRFLyQ��(V�OD�IDVH�PiV�GHOLFDGD�SXHV�VH�HVSHUD�XQD�GLVPLQXFLyQ�GH�ODV�YHQWDV�� GH�YHMH]� DSDUHFHQ�QXHYRV�SURGXFWRV�HQ�HO�PHUFDGR�SDUD�VXVWLWXLU�D�ORV�DQWHULRUHV��2SFLRQHV�� UiSLGD�UHWLUDGD�� HVSHUDU�OD�UHWLUDGD�GH�OD�FRPSHWHQFLD�SDUD�REWHQHU�PiV�EHQHILFLRV�GH�ORV�FOLHQWHV�OHDOHV��/$�',)(5(1&,$&,Ï1�<�(/�326,&,21$0,(172�'(�0$5&$6�/D�GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ�FRQVLVWH�HQ�FDPELRV�ItVLFRV��FDOLGDG��\�GH�QDWXUDOH]D��QRPEUH��HQYDVH��/D�GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�GH�OD�PDUFD�VH�UHDOL]D�PHGLDQWH�VRQGHRV�GH�RSLQLyQ�HQWUH�ORV�FRQVXPLGRUHV��0HGLDQWH�ODV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�GH�ORV�SURGXFWRV VLPLODUHV�VH�SXHGH�GHWHFWDU�XQD�SRVLFLyQ�GLVWHQGLGD�HQ�ORV�FRQVXPLGRUHV��HVWR�HV��VH�UHDOL]D�XQ�JUiILFR�\�FRQ�GRV�GH�ODV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�D�HVWXGLDU�\�VH�PLGH�ODV�GLVWDQFLDV�HQWUH�ODV�SRVLFLRQHV�GH�ORV�FRPSHWLGRUHV�/,1($6�'(�352'8&726�8QD�HPSUHVD�SXHGH�GHFLGLU�YHQGHU�XQ�SURGXFWR��YDULRV�SURGXFWRV�FRQ�GLIHUHQWHV�PDUFDV�R�GLYHUVRV�SURGXFWRV�VLQ�UHODFLyQ��HQ�HVWD�GHFLVLyQ�LQIOX\HQ�ODV�YDULDEOHV�

� GLYHUVLILFDFLyQ� VX�REMHWLYR�HV�OD�GLVSHUVLyQ�GH�ULHVJRV��)OXFWXDFLRQHV�SRVLEOHV�� IOXFWXDFLRQHV�OLJDGDV D�OD�HYROXFLyQ�WHFQROyJLFD�� IOXFWXDFLRQHV�HVWDFLRQDOHV�� IOXFWXDFLRQHV�FR\XQWXUDOHV�� H[FHVR�GH�FDSDFLGDG��YHQGHU�XQ�SURGXFWR�DO�FRVWH�LQIHULRU�DO�TXH�UHVXOWDUtD�D�XQD�QXHYD�HPSUHVD�TXH�VH�FUHDVH�DO�HIHFWR�� HVWUDWHJLD�FRPHUFLDO� RIUHFH�XQD�OtQHD�FRPSOHWD�SDUD�VHUYLU�PHMRU�DO�FOLHQWH��9LQFXODU�PiV�D�ORV�GLVWULEXLGRUHV�RIUHFLHQGR�SURGXFWRV�FRQ�YROXPHQ�LPSRUWDQWH�GH�YHQWDV�� GHVHR�GH�FUHFHU�

Page 4: Introduccion a La Economia de La Empresa (Uned) - Resumen - Temas 25 - 26

18(926�352'8&726� /D�GHFLVLyQ�GH�ODQ]DU�QXHYRV�SURGXFWRV�GHSHQGH�GH�� HFRQyPLFR�ILQDQFLHUD� KDFH�UHIHUHQFLD�DO�ULHVJR�TXH�OD�HPSUHVD�HVWi�GLVSXHVWD�D�WROHUDU�VL�TXLHUH�VHU�XQ�OtGHU�HQ�HO�PHUFDGR�� RUJDQL]DWLYR� HV�XQ�JUDQ�HVIXHU]R�\�D�YHFHV�QHFHVLWD�XQ�FRPLWp�GH�QXHYRV�SURGXFWRV�R�GLUHFWRU�GH�QXHYRV�SURGXFWRV��KDQ�GH�WHQHU�VLHPSUH�SUHVHQWH�TXH�HO�SURGXFWR�KD�GH�VHU�FRPSUDGR�(/,0,1$&,Ï1�'(�352'8&726� HV�GLItFLO�HOLPLQDU�XQ�SURGXFWR�SDUD�OD�HPSUHVD�SRU�UD]RQHV�VHQWLPHQWDOHV��SHUR�KD\�GLIHUHQWHV�UD]RQHV�REMHWLYDV�TXH�OR�RFDVLRQDQ�� XQ�SURGXFWR�GpELO�WLHQGH�D�FRQVXPLU�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GHVSURSRUFLRQDGD�GH�WLHPSR�GH�GLUHFFLyQ�� UHTXLHUH�DMXVWHV�IUHFXHQWHV�GH�SUHFLR�\�GH�LQYHQWDULR�� H[LJH�SXEOLFLGDG�\�DWHQFLyQ�GH�OD�IXHU]D�YHQGHGRUD�� VXV�GHILFLHQFLDV�SXHGHQ�SUR\HFWDUVH�D�OD�LPDJHQ�GH�OD�FRPSDxtD�32/Ë7,&$�'(�35(&,26�(O�SUHFLR�GH�FRVWH�GH�IDEULFDFLyQ�PiV�XQ�PDUJHQ��/HQGUHYLH�\�6WDWRQ�� HO�SUHFLR�GHEH�FXEULU�ORV�FRVWHV�\�JHQHUDU�XQ�EHQHILFLR��SRU�WDQWR��ORV�SUHFLRV�RVFLODQ�FRQ�ORV�FRVWHV��(VWi�PX\�GLIXQGLGR��1R�VH�LJQRUD�OD�GHPDQGD�QL�OD�FRPSHWHQFLD��)DOORV�� VXSRQH�XQ�FRQRFLPLHQWR�GH�ORV�FRVWHV�� HV�XQ�FtUFXOR�YLFLRVR�SXHV�HV�FRVWH�DXPHQWD�VL�QR�VH�YHQGH�\�QR�VH�YHQGH�SXHV�HV�PiV�FDUR

(O�FiOFXOR�GHO�SXQWR�PXHUWR�R�SXQWR�FUtWLFR� QRV�GLFH�ODV�XQLGDGHV�TXH�KD\�TXH�YHQGHU�XQ�SURGXFWR�SDUD�TXH�VHD�UHQWDEOH��3HUR�QR�VH�ILMD�HQ�OD�GHPDQGD�SRWHQFLDO�GHO�PHUFDGR�3XQWR�PXHUWR &RVWHV�ILMRV�WRWDOHV���������������������3UHFLR�XQLWDULR�� FRVWH�YDULDEOH�XQLWDULR(O�PpWRGR�GH�OD�UHQWDELOLGDG� VH�EDVH�HQ�PDUFDU�XQRV�SUHFLRV�VREUH�ORV�FRVWHV�WRWDOHV�SDUD�REWHQHU�XQD�GHWHUPLQDGD�UHQWDELOLGDG�TXH�VHD�DFHSWDEOH�SDUD�OD�HPSUHVD��6H�SURFXUD�PDQWHQHU�ORV�SUHFLRV�HVWDEOHV�R�SURPHGLDU�ORV�DxRV�EXHQRV�FRQ�ORV�DGYHUVRV��6LPLODU�D�ODV�LQYHUVLRQHV52,� ,QJUHVRV�����&DSLWDO�,QYHUWLGR&LFOR�GH�YLGD�GHO�SURGXFWR�\�OD�SROtWLFD�GH�SUHFLRV� H[LVWHQ�GRV�HVWUDWHJLDV�� 3UHFLR�HOHYDGR HQ�OD�IDVH�GH�QDFLPLHQWR�SDUD�HOHYDU�EHQHILFLRV��SRGHU�UHEDMDU�HO�SURGXFWR�FXDQGR�OD�FRPSHWHQFLD�SUHVHQWH�HO�VX\R�

� 3UHFLR�EDMR HQ�OD�IDVH�GH�QDFLPLHQWR�SDUD�FUHDU�XQD�IiFLO�SHQHWUDFLyQ�HQ�HO�PHUFDGR�\�KDFHUVH�FRQ�OD�JUDQ�SDUWH�GHO�PHUFDGR�SRWHQFLDO��&RQGLFLRQHV�� SURGXFWR�FRQ�GHPDQGD�HOiVWLFD��OD�FDQWLGDG�YHQGLGD�VHD�PX\�VHQVLEOH�DO�SUHFLR�� DO�SURGXFLU�D�JUDQ�HVFDOD�VH�SXHGHQ�FRQVHJXLU�FRVWHV�PX\�EDMRV�� HO�S~EOLFR�DFHSWDUi�HO�QXHYR�SURGXFWR�FRPR�SDUWH�GHO�YLYLU�GLDULR�� OD�HPSUHVD�QHFHVLWD�PX\�EXHQRV�PHGLRV�ILQDQFLHURV��FDSDFLGDG�GH�SURGXFFLyQ�\�XQD�UHG�PX\�H[WHQVD�3UHFLRV�� SVLFROyJLFRV� VRQ�ODV�FLIUDV�FRQ�XQ�SRGHU�GH�DWUDFFLyQ���������������� SUHFLRV�UHGRQGRV��VRQ�ORV�SUHFLRV�TXH�DFDEDQ�HQ�P~OWLSOR�GH�FLQFR����y������ RGG�SULFHV� VRQ�ORV�SUHFLRV�TXH�WHUPLQDQ�HQ�RWUDV�FLIUDV��&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV�� ORV�DFDEDGRV�HQ���VRQ�GRV�YHFHV�PiV�IUHFXHQWHV�TXH�HO���y���� ORV�RGG�SULFHV�PiV�FRUULHQWHV�VRQ���������� ORV�PHQRV�SRSXODUHV�VRQ�ORV�DFDEDGRV�HQ�������