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11112010
1
1
Construindo Aplicaccedilotildees na Web Semacircntica
Introduccedilatildeo agrave Web Semacircntica
Renato Filetofiletoinfufscbr
Programa de Poacutes-graduaccedilatildeo em Ciecircncia da Computaccedilatildeo ndash PPGCC
Departamento de Informaacutetica e Estatiacutestica ndash INE
Centro Tecnoloacutegico ndash CTC
Toacutepicos
O que eacute a Web Semacircntica
Objetivos
Ontologias
Padrotildees da Web Semacircntica
XML XML-Schema
RDF RDF-Schema
OWL
SPARQL
RIF
TempestTyphoon
Hurricane
Desert storm
Tornado
Motivaccedilatildeo Fenocircmenos linguiacutesticos
Homoniacutemia mesmo nome para coisas distintas(eg Tornado Lula Satildeo Paulo )rlm
Sinoniacutemia nomes distintos para a mesma coisa (eg Satildeo Paulo time de futebol o tricolor paulista o
campeatildeo mundial de )rlm
Hiperniacutemia Hiponiacutemia (IS_A)
generalizaccedilatildeo especializaccedilatildeo (eg animal
mamiacutefero primata )rlm
Meroniacutemia Holoniacutemia (PART_OF)
agregaccedilatildeo (eg paiacutes estado cidade )rlm
Instanciaccedilatildeo (TYPE_OF) (eg Santo(Satildeo Paulo))rlm
Web semacircntica (Web 3)rlm
A Web semacircntica eacute uma extensatildeo da Web atual em que a informaccedilatildeo recebe significado bem definido habilitando os computadores e as pessoas a trabalhar em cooperaccedilatildeo
Tim Berners-Lee James Hendler Ora Lassila
The Semantic Web Scientific American May 2001
Bases da Web semacircntica
Representaccedilatildeo formal da semacircntica
Ontologias
Padrotildees para representar conhecimento na Web
Anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas
Descriccedilotildees de recursos (dados e serviccedilos) baseadas em ontologias
Inferecircncia (processamento do conhecimento)rlm
Maacutequinas de inferecircncia (reasoners) e agentes inteligentes
11112010
2
Estrutura da Introduccedilatildeo
Motivaccedilatildeo O que eacute a Web semacircntica
Objetivos
Ontologias anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas inferecircncia
Padrotildees da Web Semacircntica
RDF RDF-Schema OWL SPARQLrlm RIF
Desafios da Web semacircntica
Criaccedilatildeo de ontologias anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas
inferecircncia articulaccedilatildeo de ontologias
Desenvolvimento de aplicaccedilotildees
Buscas semacircnticas
Ontologia na Filosofia
Filosofia grega
Ontos = ser logos = ciecircncia
Conceitualizaccedilatildeo compatilhada de algum universo de discurso ou domiacutenio de interesse
Conjunto de conceitos (eg entities attributes processes) com suas definiccedilotildees e intershyrelacionamentos
Visatildeo unificada para resolver problemas envolvendo significado (eg buscas semacircnticas integraccedilatildeo de dados interoperabilidade de sistemas composiccedilatildeo de serviccedilos)
Carrega uma visatildeo de mundo
Ontologias na Computaccedilatildeo
Ontologia
Conceitualizaccedilatildeo compartilhada
de um domiacutenio
Expliacutecita e formal para permitir o
processamento por maacutequinas
Pode ter diferentes formas
Thesaurus com relaccedilotildees semacircnticas entre termos (eg sinoniacutemia )
Taxonomia
Diagrama de classes
Base de conhecimento
Classes propriedades e suas relaccedilotildees
Instacircncias de classes
Compartilhada e Expliacutecita
Compartilhada um grupo de pessoas em um certo domiacutenio deve concordar sobre o significado de entidades e relaccedilotildees expressas em uma ontologia
Expliacutecita uma ontologia eacute uma representaccedilatildeo concreta e manipulaacutevel de (parte de) uma conceitualizaccedilatildeo
Uma conceitualizaccedilatildeo poderia ser impliacutecita
eg existente somente na cabeccedila de algueacutem ou
embutida em um moacutedulo de software
Formal
Uma ontologia [expliacutecita] pode ter diversas formas mas sempre inclui um vocabulaacuterio de termos e alguma especificaccedilatildeo de seu significado O grau de formalizaccedilatildeo de do vocabulaacuterio e dos significados especificados pode variar consideravelmente
Altamente informal expressa em linguagem natural
Semishyinformal expressa em uma forma restrita e estruturada de linguagem natural
Semishyformal expressa em uma linguagem artificial e formalmente definida
Rigorosamente formal termos meticulosamente definidos com semacircntica formal teoremas e provas de propriedades como consistecircncia (soundness) e completuude
Ontologia de domiacutenio modela um domiacutenio de conhecimento especiacutefico (eg medicina biologia engenharia direito e legislaccedilatildeo)
Ontologia aplicaccedilatildeo modela objetos de uma aplicaccedilatildeo (como um modelo de classes)
Ontologia de alto niacutevel modela objetos comuns que satildeo geralmente aplicaacuteveis a uma grande variedade de situaccedilotildees (eg Dublin Core)
Meta-ontologia define meta-classes que determinam caracteriacutesticas de outras ontologias ou modelos em niacutevel de abstraccedilatildeo mais baixo
Tipos de ontologias
11112010
3
Trecho de ontologia 1
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
PART_OF
Trecho de ontologia 2 Travel
Exemplo de ontologia 3 DeCS(Descritores em Ciecircncias da Sauacutede)
Exemplo de ontologia 3a ndash DeCS(anatomia)
Exemplo de ontologia 3b ndash DeCS(doenccedilas)
Exemplo de ontologia 3c ndash DeCS(doenccedilas)
11112010
4
Aplicaccedilotildees de Ontologias
Buscas semacircnticas
Ex Estado(Satildeo Paulo) Cidade(Satildeo Paulo)rlm
Interoperabilidade
Agentes moacuteveis
Reuso e composiccedilatildeo de recursos
Semantic Learning Objects
Semantic Web Services
Semantically enabled services amp workflows
Uses of ontologies
Comunicaccedilatildeo
entre pessoas e organizaccedilotildees
Interoperabilidade
Entre sistemas
Componentes Reusaacuteveis Confiabilidade
Especificaccedilatildeo
Engenharia de Sistemas
Outras distinccedilotildees pode ser importantes dentro de cada categoria tais como a natureza do software tipo de usuaacuteriosn e domiacutenio de aplicaccedilatildeo
Ontologias como uma IntershyLingua
L1
L3
L2
L4
L1
L3
L2
L4
Interlingua
T1 T2
T3 T4
Ontologias pode ser usadas como suporte na traduccedilatildeo entre diferentes linguagens e representaccedilotildees de informaccedilatildeoconhecimento
Padrotildees da Web semacircntica
Character Encoding
Codificaccedilatildeo de Caracteres
Exemplos de cabeccedilalhos de documentos XML com especificaccedilatildeo do
padratildeo de codificaccedilatildeo de caracteres utilizados nesses documentos
ltxml encoding=UTF-8gt
ltxml encoding=UTF-16gt
ltxml encoding=EUC-JPgt
ltxml version=ldquo10rdquo encoding=ISO-8859-1gt
URIs (Unified Resource Identifiers)rlm
httpwwww3orgAddressing
httpwwww3orgAddressingbackground
httpwwwfoldocorgUniform+Resource+Locator
ftpspysecretftpacmecompubtopsecretweapontgz
mailtofreddocicacuk
newsalthypertext
telnet19202168o
magicabcdef
ldap[2001db87]c=GBobjectClassone
tel+1-816-555-1212
urnoasisnamesspecificationdocbookdtdxml412
exampleabc7Bfoo7D
eXAMPLEabb637bfoo7d
11112010
5
NameSpaces
Exemplos de trechos de documentos XML com especificaccedilotildees e
uso de namespaces
ltx xmlnsedi=httpecommerceorgschemagt
lt-- the edi prefix is bound to httpecommerceorgschema
for the x element and contents --gt
ltxgt
ltbook xmlns=urnlocgovbooks
xmlnsisbn=urnISBN0-395-36341-6gt
lttitlegtCheaper by the Dozenlttitlegt
ltisbnnumbergt1568491379ltisbnnumbergt
ltbookgt
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchemagt
ltschemagt
XML ndash eXtensible Makup Language
Construccedilotildees baacutesicas
ltElementogt Conteuacutedo ltElementogt
ltElemento gt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquo Atributo2=ldquoValorrdquogt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquorlmAtributo2=ldquoValorrdquogtrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlm
Conteuacutedo
ltElementogt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
Conteuacutedo
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1gtltElemento2gtltElemento1gt
Um documento XML
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltElementoRaizgt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_1gt
ltElemento1_2gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_2gt
ltElemento1_3gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2_1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento2_1_1gt
ltElemento2_1_2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElementoRaizgt
A Versatilidade do XML para
Dados Semi-Estruturados
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltPessoarlmNome=ldquoJoatildeorlmderlmSouzardquorlmDataDeNascimento=ldquo12061964rdquorlmCPF=ldquo12312312rdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquogtRuarlmArlm23rlm- CentroltEnderecogt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquogtTorrerlmComercialrlm1923rlmSl1011rlmltEnderecogt
ltMalaDiretarlmDestino=ldquoComercialrdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltTelefonesgt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquorlmRamal=ldquo211rdquogt222-8545ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoCelularrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt999-9999ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt444-4444ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonesgt
ltEmailgtjoatildeoemailcombrltEmailgt
ltICQrlmNumero=rlmrdquo127653467654ldquorlmgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltPessoagt
Doc XML para Dados Climaacuteticos (Balanccedilo Hiacutedrico)rlm
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO8859-1gt
ltWaterBal xmlns=httpwwwagricgovbrWaterBalxsd
location=Brotas latitude=-221500 longitude=-475800gt
ltWeatherData Date=ldquo20050823rdquogt
ltTemperaturegt 220 ltTemperaturegt
ltAvgRainFallgt 2013 ltAvgRainFallgt
ltPotETgt 1154 ltPotETgt
ltRealETgt 1154 ltRealETgt
ltStoredgt 1250 ltStoredgt
ltWaterDeficitgt 00 ltWaterDeficitgt
ltWaterExcessgt 860 ltWaterExcessgt
ltWeatherData gt
ltWaterBalgt
Arquivo texto (natildeo XML) com dados pluviomeacutetricos
weather station
year
station
code
end of file
latitude longitude altitude
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
11112010
6
XML-Schema
Um documento XML-Schema descreve os
elementos
atributos
relacionamentos
etc
permitidos em um ou mais documentos XML isto eacute define uma classe de documentos XML que adere a um conjunto de restriccedilotildees estruturais e de dados
XML-Schema tem uma sintaxe XML
XML-Schema eacute mais robusta versaacutetil e poderosa que DTD (Document Type Definition)rlm
Um Documento XML-Schema(WaterBalxsd)rlm
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchema gt
ltelement name=WaterBal type=WaterBalTypegt
ltattribute name=location type=stringgt
ltattribute name=latitude type=Latitudegt
ltattribute name=longitude type=Longitudegt
ltelement name=WeatherData type=AgregValuesgt
ltcomplexType name=AgregValuesgt
ltattribute name=Date type=DateTypegt
ltsequencegt
ltelement name=Temperature type=decimalgt
ltelement name=AvgRainfall type=decimalgt
ltelement name=PotET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=RealET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=Stored type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterDeficit type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterExcess type=decimalgt
ltsequencegt
ltcomplexTypegt
ltelementgt
ltschemagt
Validaccedilatildeo de documentos XML
Documento bem-formado (well-formed) satisfaz as restriccedilotildees
de formaccedilatildeo expressa na especificaccedilatildeo do XML
(httpwwww3orgTR2004REC-xml-20040204)rlm
Documento vaacutelido satisfaz as restriccedilotildees (elementos atributos
aninhamentos tipos etc) expressas em uma especificaccedilatildeo de
esquema XML em DTD ou XSL (XML-Schema) que eacute associada a
esse documento XML
Heterogeneidade semacircntica em XML
ltobject id=ldquoa1rdquo class=ldquoartifactrdquogt
lttuplegt
lttitlegt Nympheas lttitlegt
ltyeargt 1897 ltyeargt
ltcreatorgt Monet ltcreatorgt
ltpricegt 10000000 ltpricegt
ltowners refs=ldquop1p2p3rdquogt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltobject id=ldquop3rdquo class=ldquopersonrdquogt
lttuplegt
ltnamegt Claudia ltnamegt
ltagegt 17 ltagegt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
ltnamegt Nympheas ltnamegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 21 x 61 ltsizegt
ltcplacegt Givern ltcplacegt
ltworkgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
lttitlegt Waterloo Bridge lttitlegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 292 x 464 ltsizegt
lthistorygt
Painted with
lttechgt Oil on canvas lttechgt
in
lthistorygt
ltworkgt
XML como Padratildeo de representaccedilatildeo
de dados
ldquoArtworksrdquorlmStructure
Works works
Work
Work
Field
artist title style size
string string string string
ldquoArtfactrdquorlmSchema
artifacts set
ampArtifact
Artifact class
artifact
tuple
title year creator price owners
ampPerson
string int string float list
YAT Model
YAT Any
YAT
V ampYAT
ODMG Model
Vtuple
Symbol
Type
V(int v
bool v
float v
string)rlm
ampClass
Type
V
Symbol
(set vbag vlist varray)rlm
Class class
Symbol
Type
RDF ndash Resource Description Framework
Uma linguagem e modelo padronizados para expressar conhecimento na Web semacircntica
Um comando (statement) eacute uma tripla da forma
Recurso qualquer coisa referenciada por uma URL
Propriedade qualquer propriedade de um recurso
Valor um literal ou outro recurso
RDF-Schema define classes de recursos suas propriedades (que podem ser relacionamentos com outras classes) e possiacuteveis valores
Os formatos para representar ontologias na Web semacircntica (eg DAML+OIL OWL) satildeo extensotildees do RDF
11112010
7
Sintaxe XML do RDF
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlnsdc httpdublincoreorgdcldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=ldquohttpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabrrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos para a Agricultura ltdctitlegt
ltleadergt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquo
ltleadergt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfDescription
about=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Eduardo D Assad ltdctitlegt
ltemailgt Assadcnptiaembrapabr ltemailgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDF gt
Estrutura do conhecimento em RDF
httpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabr
httpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assad
Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e
Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos
para a Agricultura
assadcnptiaembrapabrEduardo D
Assad
dctitle
dctitleemail
leader
Metadata in RDFWater Balance (same place and institution)rlm
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlns httpagricgovbrDocStdldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=httpwwwagricgovbrpublicWaterBal1234gt
ltSourcegt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcepagriunicampbrrdquo
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwciagroiacgovspbrrdquo
ltSourcegt
ltInitialDategt 28032002 ltInitialDategt
ltFinalDategt 31032002 ltFinalDategt
ltkeywordgt Water available in Soil ltkeyworkgt
ltlocalgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwibgegovbrstate_SPrdquo
ltlocalgt
ltmeasument_unitgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwinmetrogovbrmmrdquo
ltmeasument_unitgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDFgt
httpwwwagricgovbrpublic
WaterBal1234
http
wwwcpaunicampbr
Centro de Pesquisas
Agriacutecolas (CEPAGRI)
name
source
httpwwwciagroiacg
ovspbr
httpwwwunica
mpbr
part_of
CIIAGRO
name
http
wwwiacgovspbr
part_of
InitialDate
28032002
FinalDateWater available in
Soil
http
wwwibgegovbrstate_SP
source
keyword
http
wwwinmetrogovbrmm
31032002
local
measurement_unit
RDF-Schema
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningCountry rdfslabel=Countrygt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningState rdfslabel=ldquoStategt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountry
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=statesOfCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningcountryOfStategt
ltrdfPropertygt
RDF-Schema
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningcountryOfState
amaxCardinality=1
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=countryOfStategt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountrygt
ltrdfPropertygt
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
2
Estrutura da Introduccedilatildeo
Motivaccedilatildeo O que eacute a Web semacircntica
Objetivos
Ontologias anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas inferecircncia
Padrotildees da Web Semacircntica
RDF RDF-Schema OWL SPARQLrlm RIF
Desafios da Web semacircntica
Criaccedilatildeo de ontologias anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas
inferecircncia articulaccedilatildeo de ontologias
Desenvolvimento de aplicaccedilotildees
Buscas semacircnticas
Ontologia na Filosofia
Filosofia grega
Ontos = ser logos = ciecircncia
Conceitualizaccedilatildeo compatilhada de algum universo de discurso ou domiacutenio de interesse
Conjunto de conceitos (eg entities attributes processes) com suas definiccedilotildees e intershyrelacionamentos
Visatildeo unificada para resolver problemas envolvendo significado (eg buscas semacircnticas integraccedilatildeo de dados interoperabilidade de sistemas composiccedilatildeo de serviccedilos)
Carrega uma visatildeo de mundo
Ontologias na Computaccedilatildeo
Ontologia
Conceitualizaccedilatildeo compartilhada
de um domiacutenio
Expliacutecita e formal para permitir o
processamento por maacutequinas
Pode ter diferentes formas
Thesaurus com relaccedilotildees semacircnticas entre termos (eg sinoniacutemia )
Taxonomia
Diagrama de classes
Base de conhecimento
Classes propriedades e suas relaccedilotildees
Instacircncias de classes
Compartilhada e Expliacutecita
Compartilhada um grupo de pessoas em um certo domiacutenio deve concordar sobre o significado de entidades e relaccedilotildees expressas em uma ontologia
Expliacutecita uma ontologia eacute uma representaccedilatildeo concreta e manipulaacutevel de (parte de) uma conceitualizaccedilatildeo
Uma conceitualizaccedilatildeo poderia ser impliacutecita
eg existente somente na cabeccedila de algueacutem ou
embutida em um moacutedulo de software
Formal
Uma ontologia [expliacutecita] pode ter diversas formas mas sempre inclui um vocabulaacuterio de termos e alguma especificaccedilatildeo de seu significado O grau de formalizaccedilatildeo de do vocabulaacuterio e dos significados especificados pode variar consideravelmente
Altamente informal expressa em linguagem natural
Semishyinformal expressa em uma forma restrita e estruturada de linguagem natural
Semishyformal expressa em uma linguagem artificial e formalmente definida
Rigorosamente formal termos meticulosamente definidos com semacircntica formal teoremas e provas de propriedades como consistecircncia (soundness) e completuude
Ontologia de domiacutenio modela um domiacutenio de conhecimento especiacutefico (eg medicina biologia engenharia direito e legislaccedilatildeo)
Ontologia aplicaccedilatildeo modela objetos de uma aplicaccedilatildeo (como um modelo de classes)
Ontologia de alto niacutevel modela objetos comuns que satildeo geralmente aplicaacuteveis a uma grande variedade de situaccedilotildees (eg Dublin Core)
Meta-ontologia define meta-classes que determinam caracteriacutesticas de outras ontologias ou modelos em niacutevel de abstraccedilatildeo mais baixo
Tipos de ontologias
11112010
3
Trecho de ontologia 1
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
PART_OF
Trecho de ontologia 2 Travel
Exemplo de ontologia 3 DeCS(Descritores em Ciecircncias da Sauacutede)
Exemplo de ontologia 3a ndash DeCS(anatomia)
Exemplo de ontologia 3b ndash DeCS(doenccedilas)
Exemplo de ontologia 3c ndash DeCS(doenccedilas)
11112010
4
Aplicaccedilotildees de Ontologias
Buscas semacircnticas
Ex Estado(Satildeo Paulo) Cidade(Satildeo Paulo)rlm
Interoperabilidade
Agentes moacuteveis
Reuso e composiccedilatildeo de recursos
Semantic Learning Objects
Semantic Web Services
Semantically enabled services amp workflows
Uses of ontologies
Comunicaccedilatildeo
entre pessoas e organizaccedilotildees
Interoperabilidade
Entre sistemas
Componentes Reusaacuteveis Confiabilidade
Especificaccedilatildeo
Engenharia de Sistemas
Outras distinccedilotildees pode ser importantes dentro de cada categoria tais como a natureza do software tipo de usuaacuteriosn e domiacutenio de aplicaccedilatildeo
Ontologias como uma IntershyLingua
L1
L3
L2
L4
L1
L3
L2
L4
Interlingua
T1 T2
T3 T4
Ontologias pode ser usadas como suporte na traduccedilatildeo entre diferentes linguagens e representaccedilotildees de informaccedilatildeoconhecimento
Padrotildees da Web semacircntica
Character Encoding
Codificaccedilatildeo de Caracteres
Exemplos de cabeccedilalhos de documentos XML com especificaccedilatildeo do
padratildeo de codificaccedilatildeo de caracteres utilizados nesses documentos
ltxml encoding=UTF-8gt
ltxml encoding=UTF-16gt
ltxml encoding=EUC-JPgt
ltxml version=ldquo10rdquo encoding=ISO-8859-1gt
URIs (Unified Resource Identifiers)rlm
httpwwww3orgAddressing
httpwwww3orgAddressingbackground
httpwwwfoldocorgUniform+Resource+Locator
ftpspysecretftpacmecompubtopsecretweapontgz
mailtofreddocicacuk
newsalthypertext
telnet19202168o
magicabcdef
ldap[2001db87]c=GBobjectClassone
tel+1-816-555-1212
urnoasisnamesspecificationdocbookdtdxml412
exampleabc7Bfoo7D
eXAMPLEabb637bfoo7d
11112010
5
NameSpaces
Exemplos de trechos de documentos XML com especificaccedilotildees e
uso de namespaces
ltx xmlnsedi=httpecommerceorgschemagt
lt-- the edi prefix is bound to httpecommerceorgschema
for the x element and contents --gt
ltxgt
ltbook xmlns=urnlocgovbooks
xmlnsisbn=urnISBN0-395-36341-6gt
lttitlegtCheaper by the Dozenlttitlegt
ltisbnnumbergt1568491379ltisbnnumbergt
ltbookgt
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchemagt
ltschemagt
XML ndash eXtensible Makup Language
Construccedilotildees baacutesicas
ltElementogt Conteuacutedo ltElementogt
ltElemento gt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquo Atributo2=ldquoValorrdquogt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquorlmAtributo2=ldquoValorrdquogtrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlm
Conteuacutedo
ltElementogt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
Conteuacutedo
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1gtltElemento2gtltElemento1gt
Um documento XML
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltElementoRaizgt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_1gt
ltElemento1_2gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_2gt
ltElemento1_3gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2_1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento2_1_1gt
ltElemento2_1_2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElementoRaizgt
A Versatilidade do XML para
Dados Semi-Estruturados
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltPessoarlmNome=ldquoJoatildeorlmderlmSouzardquorlmDataDeNascimento=ldquo12061964rdquorlmCPF=ldquo12312312rdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquogtRuarlmArlm23rlm- CentroltEnderecogt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquogtTorrerlmComercialrlm1923rlmSl1011rlmltEnderecogt
ltMalaDiretarlmDestino=ldquoComercialrdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltTelefonesgt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquorlmRamal=ldquo211rdquogt222-8545ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoCelularrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt999-9999ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt444-4444ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonesgt
ltEmailgtjoatildeoemailcombrltEmailgt
ltICQrlmNumero=rlmrdquo127653467654ldquorlmgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltPessoagt
Doc XML para Dados Climaacuteticos (Balanccedilo Hiacutedrico)rlm
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO8859-1gt
ltWaterBal xmlns=httpwwwagricgovbrWaterBalxsd
location=Brotas latitude=-221500 longitude=-475800gt
ltWeatherData Date=ldquo20050823rdquogt
ltTemperaturegt 220 ltTemperaturegt
ltAvgRainFallgt 2013 ltAvgRainFallgt
ltPotETgt 1154 ltPotETgt
ltRealETgt 1154 ltRealETgt
ltStoredgt 1250 ltStoredgt
ltWaterDeficitgt 00 ltWaterDeficitgt
ltWaterExcessgt 860 ltWaterExcessgt
ltWeatherData gt
ltWaterBalgt
Arquivo texto (natildeo XML) com dados pluviomeacutetricos
weather station
year
station
code
end of file
latitude longitude altitude
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
11112010
6
XML-Schema
Um documento XML-Schema descreve os
elementos
atributos
relacionamentos
etc
permitidos em um ou mais documentos XML isto eacute define uma classe de documentos XML que adere a um conjunto de restriccedilotildees estruturais e de dados
XML-Schema tem uma sintaxe XML
XML-Schema eacute mais robusta versaacutetil e poderosa que DTD (Document Type Definition)rlm
Um Documento XML-Schema(WaterBalxsd)rlm
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchema gt
ltelement name=WaterBal type=WaterBalTypegt
ltattribute name=location type=stringgt
ltattribute name=latitude type=Latitudegt
ltattribute name=longitude type=Longitudegt
ltelement name=WeatherData type=AgregValuesgt
ltcomplexType name=AgregValuesgt
ltattribute name=Date type=DateTypegt
ltsequencegt
ltelement name=Temperature type=decimalgt
ltelement name=AvgRainfall type=decimalgt
ltelement name=PotET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=RealET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=Stored type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterDeficit type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterExcess type=decimalgt
ltsequencegt
ltcomplexTypegt
ltelementgt
ltschemagt
Validaccedilatildeo de documentos XML
Documento bem-formado (well-formed) satisfaz as restriccedilotildees
de formaccedilatildeo expressa na especificaccedilatildeo do XML
(httpwwww3orgTR2004REC-xml-20040204)rlm
Documento vaacutelido satisfaz as restriccedilotildees (elementos atributos
aninhamentos tipos etc) expressas em uma especificaccedilatildeo de
esquema XML em DTD ou XSL (XML-Schema) que eacute associada a
esse documento XML
Heterogeneidade semacircntica em XML
ltobject id=ldquoa1rdquo class=ldquoartifactrdquogt
lttuplegt
lttitlegt Nympheas lttitlegt
ltyeargt 1897 ltyeargt
ltcreatorgt Monet ltcreatorgt
ltpricegt 10000000 ltpricegt
ltowners refs=ldquop1p2p3rdquogt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltobject id=ldquop3rdquo class=ldquopersonrdquogt
lttuplegt
ltnamegt Claudia ltnamegt
ltagegt 17 ltagegt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
ltnamegt Nympheas ltnamegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 21 x 61 ltsizegt
ltcplacegt Givern ltcplacegt
ltworkgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
lttitlegt Waterloo Bridge lttitlegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 292 x 464 ltsizegt
lthistorygt
Painted with
lttechgt Oil on canvas lttechgt
in
lthistorygt
ltworkgt
XML como Padratildeo de representaccedilatildeo
de dados
ldquoArtworksrdquorlmStructure
Works works
Work
Work
Field
artist title style size
string string string string
ldquoArtfactrdquorlmSchema
artifacts set
ampArtifact
Artifact class
artifact
tuple
title year creator price owners
ampPerson
string int string float list
YAT Model
YAT Any
YAT
V ampYAT
ODMG Model
Vtuple
Symbol
Type
V(int v
bool v
float v
string)rlm
ampClass
Type
V
Symbol
(set vbag vlist varray)rlm
Class class
Symbol
Type
RDF ndash Resource Description Framework
Uma linguagem e modelo padronizados para expressar conhecimento na Web semacircntica
Um comando (statement) eacute uma tripla da forma
Recurso qualquer coisa referenciada por uma URL
Propriedade qualquer propriedade de um recurso
Valor um literal ou outro recurso
RDF-Schema define classes de recursos suas propriedades (que podem ser relacionamentos com outras classes) e possiacuteveis valores
Os formatos para representar ontologias na Web semacircntica (eg DAML+OIL OWL) satildeo extensotildees do RDF
11112010
7
Sintaxe XML do RDF
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlnsdc httpdublincoreorgdcldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=ldquohttpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabrrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos para a Agricultura ltdctitlegt
ltleadergt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquo
ltleadergt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfDescription
about=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Eduardo D Assad ltdctitlegt
ltemailgt Assadcnptiaembrapabr ltemailgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDF gt
Estrutura do conhecimento em RDF
httpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabr
httpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assad
Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e
Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos
para a Agricultura
assadcnptiaembrapabrEduardo D
Assad
dctitle
dctitleemail
leader
Metadata in RDFWater Balance (same place and institution)rlm
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlns httpagricgovbrDocStdldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=httpwwwagricgovbrpublicWaterBal1234gt
ltSourcegt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcepagriunicampbrrdquo
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwciagroiacgovspbrrdquo
ltSourcegt
ltInitialDategt 28032002 ltInitialDategt
ltFinalDategt 31032002 ltFinalDategt
ltkeywordgt Water available in Soil ltkeyworkgt
ltlocalgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwibgegovbrstate_SPrdquo
ltlocalgt
ltmeasument_unitgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwinmetrogovbrmmrdquo
ltmeasument_unitgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDFgt
httpwwwagricgovbrpublic
WaterBal1234
http
wwwcpaunicampbr
Centro de Pesquisas
Agriacutecolas (CEPAGRI)
name
source
httpwwwciagroiacg
ovspbr
httpwwwunica
mpbr
part_of
CIIAGRO
name
http
wwwiacgovspbr
part_of
InitialDate
28032002
FinalDateWater available in
Soil
http
wwwibgegovbrstate_SP
source
keyword
http
wwwinmetrogovbrmm
31032002
local
measurement_unit
RDF-Schema
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningCountry rdfslabel=Countrygt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningState rdfslabel=ldquoStategt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountry
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=statesOfCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningcountryOfStategt
ltrdfPropertygt
RDF-Schema
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningcountryOfState
amaxCardinality=1
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=countryOfStategt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountrygt
ltrdfPropertygt
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
3
Trecho de ontologia 1
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
PART_OF
Trecho de ontologia 2 Travel
Exemplo de ontologia 3 DeCS(Descritores em Ciecircncias da Sauacutede)
Exemplo de ontologia 3a ndash DeCS(anatomia)
Exemplo de ontologia 3b ndash DeCS(doenccedilas)
Exemplo de ontologia 3c ndash DeCS(doenccedilas)
11112010
4
Aplicaccedilotildees de Ontologias
Buscas semacircnticas
Ex Estado(Satildeo Paulo) Cidade(Satildeo Paulo)rlm
Interoperabilidade
Agentes moacuteveis
Reuso e composiccedilatildeo de recursos
Semantic Learning Objects
Semantic Web Services
Semantically enabled services amp workflows
Uses of ontologies
Comunicaccedilatildeo
entre pessoas e organizaccedilotildees
Interoperabilidade
Entre sistemas
Componentes Reusaacuteveis Confiabilidade
Especificaccedilatildeo
Engenharia de Sistemas
Outras distinccedilotildees pode ser importantes dentro de cada categoria tais como a natureza do software tipo de usuaacuteriosn e domiacutenio de aplicaccedilatildeo
Ontologias como uma IntershyLingua
L1
L3
L2
L4
L1
L3
L2
L4
Interlingua
T1 T2
T3 T4
Ontologias pode ser usadas como suporte na traduccedilatildeo entre diferentes linguagens e representaccedilotildees de informaccedilatildeoconhecimento
Padrotildees da Web semacircntica
Character Encoding
Codificaccedilatildeo de Caracteres
Exemplos de cabeccedilalhos de documentos XML com especificaccedilatildeo do
padratildeo de codificaccedilatildeo de caracteres utilizados nesses documentos
ltxml encoding=UTF-8gt
ltxml encoding=UTF-16gt
ltxml encoding=EUC-JPgt
ltxml version=ldquo10rdquo encoding=ISO-8859-1gt
URIs (Unified Resource Identifiers)rlm
httpwwww3orgAddressing
httpwwww3orgAddressingbackground
httpwwwfoldocorgUniform+Resource+Locator
ftpspysecretftpacmecompubtopsecretweapontgz
mailtofreddocicacuk
newsalthypertext
telnet19202168o
magicabcdef
ldap[2001db87]c=GBobjectClassone
tel+1-816-555-1212
urnoasisnamesspecificationdocbookdtdxml412
exampleabc7Bfoo7D
eXAMPLEabb637bfoo7d
11112010
5
NameSpaces
Exemplos de trechos de documentos XML com especificaccedilotildees e
uso de namespaces
ltx xmlnsedi=httpecommerceorgschemagt
lt-- the edi prefix is bound to httpecommerceorgschema
for the x element and contents --gt
ltxgt
ltbook xmlns=urnlocgovbooks
xmlnsisbn=urnISBN0-395-36341-6gt
lttitlegtCheaper by the Dozenlttitlegt
ltisbnnumbergt1568491379ltisbnnumbergt
ltbookgt
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchemagt
ltschemagt
XML ndash eXtensible Makup Language
Construccedilotildees baacutesicas
ltElementogt Conteuacutedo ltElementogt
ltElemento gt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquo Atributo2=ldquoValorrdquogt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquorlmAtributo2=ldquoValorrdquogtrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlm
Conteuacutedo
ltElementogt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
Conteuacutedo
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1gtltElemento2gtltElemento1gt
Um documento XML
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltElementoRaizgt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_1gt
ltElemento1_2gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_2gt
ltElemento1_3gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2_1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento2_1_1gt
ltElemento2_1_2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElementoRaizgt
A Versatilidade do XML para
Dados Semi-Estruturados
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltPessoarlmNome=ldquoJoatildeorlmderlmSouzardquorlmDataDeNascimento=ldquo12061964rdquorlmCPF=ldquo12312312rdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquogtRuarlmArlm23rlm- CentroltEnderecogt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquogtTorrerlmComercialrlm1923rlmSl1011rlmltEnderecogt
ltMalaDiretarlmDestino=ldquoComercialrdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltTelefonesgt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquorlmRamal=ldquo211rdquogt222-8545ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoCelularrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt999-9999ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt444-4444ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonesgt
ltEmailgtjoatildeoemailcombrltEmailgt
ltICQrlmNumero=rlmrdquo127653467654ldquorlmgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltPessoagt
Doc XML para Dados Climaacuteticos (Balanccedilo Hiacutedrico)rlm
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO8859-1gt
ltWaterBal xmlns=httpwwwagricgovbrWaterBalxsd
location=Brotas latitude=-221500 longitude=-475800gt
ltWeatherData Date=ldquo20050823rdquogt
ltTemperaturegt 220 ltTemperaturegt
ltAvgRainFallgt 2013 ltAvgRainFallgt
ltPotETgt 1154 ltPotETgt
ltRealETgt 1154 ltRealETgt
ltStoredgt 1250 ltStoredgt
ltWaterDeficitgt 00 ltWaterDeficitgt
ltWaterExcessgt 860 ltWaterExcessgt
ltWeatherData gt
ltWaterBalgt
Arquivo texto (natildeo XML) com dados pluviomeacutetricos
weather station
year
station
code
end of file
latitude longitude altitude
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
11112010
6
XML-Schema
Um documento XML-Schema descreve os
elementos
atributos
relacionamentos
etc
permitidos em um ou mais documentos XML isto eacute define uma classe de documentos XML que adere a um conjunto de restriccedilotildees estruturais e de dados
XML-Schema tem uma sintaxe XML
XML-Schema eacute mais robusta versaacutetil e poderosa que DTD (Document Type Definition)rlm
Um Documento XML-Schema(WaterBalxsd)rlm
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchema gt
ltelement name=WaterBal type=WaterBalTypegt
ltattribute name=location type=stringgt
ltattribute name=latitude type=Latitudegt
ltattribute name=longitude type=Longitudegt
ltelement name=WeatherData type=AgregValuesgt
ltcomplexType name=AgregValuesgt
ltattribute name=Date type=DateTypegt
ltsequencegt
ltelement name=Temperature type=decimalgt
ltelement name=AvgRainfall type=decimalgt
ltelement name=PotET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=RealET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=Stored type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterDeficit type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterExcess type=decimalgt
ltsequencegt
ltcomplexTypegt
ltelementgt
ltschemagt
Validaccedilatildeo de documentos XML
Documento bem-formado (well-formed) satisfaz as restriccedilotildees
de formaccedilatildeo expressa na especificaccedilatildeo do XML
(httpwwww3orgTR2004REC-xml-20040204)rlm
Documento vaacutelido satisfaz as restriccedilotildees (elementos atributos
aninhamentos tipos etc) expressas em uma especificaccedilatildeo de
esquema XML em DTD ou XSL (XML-Schema) que eacute associada a
esse documento XML
Heterogeneidade semacircntica em XML
ltobject id=ldquoa1rdquo class=ldquoartifactrdquogt
lttuplegt
lttitlegt Nympheas lttitlegt
ltyeargt 1897 ltyeargt
ltcreatorgt Monet ltcreatorgt
ltpricegt 10000000 ltpricegt
ltowners refs=ldquop1p2p3rdquogt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltobject id=ldquop3rdquo class=ldquopersonrdquogt
lttuplegt
ltnamegt Claudia ltnamegt
ltagegt 17 ltagegt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
ltnamegt Nympheas ltnamegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 21 x 61 ltsizegt
ltcplacegt Givern ltcplacegt
ltworkgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
lttitlegt Waterloo Bridge lttitlegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 292 x 464 ltsizegt
lthistorygt
Painted with
lttechgt Oil on canvas lttechgt
in
lthistorygt
ltworkgt
XML como Padratildeo de representaccedilatildeo
de dados
ldquoArtworksrdquorlmStructure
Works works
Work
Work
Field
artist title style size
string string string string
ldquoArtfactrdquorlmSchema
artifacts set
ampArtifact
Artifact class
artifact
tuple
title year creator price owners
ampPerson
string int string float list
YAT Model
YAT Any
YAT
V ampYAT
ODMG Model
Vtuple
Symbol
Type
V(int v
bool v
float v
string)rlm
ampClass
Type
V
Symbol
(set vbag vlist varray)rlm
Class class
Symbol
Type
RDF ndash Resource Description Framework
Uma linguagem e modelo padronizados para expressar conhecimento na Web semacircntica
Um comando (statement) eacute uma tripla da forma
Recurso qualquer coisa referenciada por uma URL
Propriedade qualquer propriedade de um recurso
Valor um literal ou outro recurso
RDF-Schema define classes de recursos suas propriedades (que podem ser relacionamentos com outras classes) e possiacuteveis valores
Os formatos para representar ontologias na Web semacircntica (eg DAML+OIL OWL) satildeo extensotildees do RDF
11112010
7
Sintaxe XML do RDF
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlnsdc httpdublincoreorgdcldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=ldquohttpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabrrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos para a Agricultura ltdctitlegt
ltleadergt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquo
ltleadergt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfDescription
about=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Eduardo D Assad ltdctitlegt
ltemailgt Assadcnptiaembrapabr ltemailgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDF gt
Estrutura do conhecimento em RDF
httpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabr
httpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assad
Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e
Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos
para a Agricultura
assadcnptiaembrapabrEduardo D
Assad
dctitle
dctitleemail
leader
Metadata in RDFWater Balance (same place and institution)rlm
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlns httpagricgovbrDocStdldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=httpwwwagricgovbrpublicWaterBal1234gt
ltSourcegt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcepagriunicampbrrdquo
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwciagroiacgovspbrrdquo
ltSourcegt
ltInitialDategt 28032002 ltInitialDategt
ltFinalDategt 31032002 ltFinalDategt
ltkeywordgt Water available in Soil ltkeyworkgt
ltlocalgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwibgegovbrstate_SPrdquo
ltlocalgt
ltmeasument_unitgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwinmetrogovbrmmrdquo
ltmeasument_unitgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDFgt
httpwwwagricgovbrpublic
WaterBal1234
http
wwwcpaunicampbr
Centro de Pesquisas
Agriacutecolas (CEPAGRI)
name
source
httpwwwciagroiacg
ovspbr
httpwwwunica
mpbr
part_of
CIIAGRO
name
http
wwwiacgovspbr
part_of
InitialDate
28032002
FinalDateWater available in
Soil
http
wwwibgegovbrstate_SP
source
keyword
http
wwwinmetrogovbrmm
31032002
local
measurement_unit
RDF-Schema
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningCountry rdfslabel=Countrygt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningState rdfslabel=ldquoStategt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountry
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=statesOfCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningcountryOfStategt
ltrdfPropertygt
RDF-Schema
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningcountryOfState
amaxCardinality=1
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=countryOfStategt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountrygt
ltrdfPropertygt
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
4
Aplicaccedilotildees de Ontologias
Buscas semacircnticas
Ex Estado(Satildeo Paulo) Cidade(Satildeo Paulo)rlm
Interoperabilidade
Agentes moacuteveis
Reuso e composiccedilatildeo de recursos
Semantic Learning Objects
Semantic Web Services
Semantically enabled services amp workflows
Uses of ontologies
Comunicaccedilatildeo
entre pessoas e organizaccedilotildees
Interoperabilidade
Entre sistemas
Componentes Reusaacuteveis Confiabilidade
Especificaccedilatildeo
Engenharia de Sistemas
Outras distinccedilotildees pode ser importantes dentro de cada categoria tais como a natureza do software tipo de usuaacuteriosn e domiacutenio de aplicaccedilatildeo
Ontologias como uma IntershyLingua
L1
L3
L2
L4
L1
L3
L2
L4
Interlingua
T1 T2
T3 T4
Ontologias pode ser usadas como suporte na traduccedilatildeo entre diferentes linguagens e representaccedilotildees de informaccedilatildeoconhecimento
Padrotildees da Web semacircntica
Character Encoding
Codificaccedilatildeo de Caracteres
Exemplos de cabeccedilalhos de documentos XML com especificaccedilatildeo do
padratildeo de codificaccedilatildeo de caracteres utilizados nesses documentos
ltxml encoding=UTF-8gt
ltxml encoding=UTF-16gt
ltxml encoding=EUC-JPgt
ltxml version=ldquo10rdquo encoding=ISO-8859-1gt
URIs (Unified Resource Identifiers)rlm
httpwwww3orgAddressing
httpwwww3orgAddressingbackground
httpwwwfoldocorgUniform+Resource+Locator
ftpspysecretftpacmecompubtopsecretweapontgz
mailtofreddocicacuk
newsalthypertext
telnet19202168o
magicabcdef
ldap[2001db87]c=GBobjectClassone
tel+1-816-555-1212
urnoasisnamesspecificationdocbookdtdxml412
exampleabc7Bfoo7D
eXAMPLEabb637bfoo7d
11112010
5
NameSpaces
Exemplos de trechos de documentos XML com especificaccedilotildees e
uso de namespaces
ltx xmlnsedi=httpecommerceorgschemagt
lt-- the edi prefix is bound to httpecommerceorgschema
for the x element and contents --gt
ltxgt
ltbook xmlns=urnlocgovbooks
xmlnsisbn=urnISBN0-395-36341-6gt
lttitlegtCheaper by the Dozenlttitlegt
ltisbnnumbergt1568491379ltisbnnumbergt
ltbookgt
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchemagt
ltschemagt
XML ndash eXtensible Makup Language
Construccedilotildees baacutesicas
ltElementogt Conteuacutedo ltElementogt
ltElemento gt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquo Atributo2=ldquoValorrdquogt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquorlmAtributo2=ldquoValorrdquogtrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlm
Conteuacutedo
ltElementogt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
Conteuacutedo
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1gtltElemento2gtltElemento1gt
Um documento XML
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltElementoRaizgt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_1gt
ltElemento1_2gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_2gt
ltElemento1_3gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2_1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento2_1_1gt
ltElemento2_1_2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElementoRaizgt
A Versatilidade do XML para
Dados Semi-Estruturados
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltPessoarlmNome=ldquoJoatildeorlmderlmSouzardquorlmDataDeNascimento=ldquo12061964rdquorlmCPF=ldquo12312312rdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquogtRuarlmArlm23rlm- CentroltEnderecogt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquogtTorrerlmComercialrlm1923rlmSl1011rlmltEnderecogt
ltMalaDiretarlmDestino=ldquoComercialrdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltTelefonesgt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquorlmRamal=ldquo211rdquogt222-8545ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoCelularrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt999-9999ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt444-4444ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonesgt
ltEmailgtjoatildeoemailcombrltEmailgt
ltICQrlmNumero=rlmrdquo127653467654ldquorlmgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltPessoagt
Doc XML para Dados Climaacuteticos (Balanccedilo Hiacutedrico)rlm
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO8859-1gt
ltWaterBal xmlns=httpwwwagricgovbrWaterBalxsd
location=Brotas latitude=-221500 longitude=-475800gt
ltWeatherData Date=ldquo20050823rdquogt
ltTemperaturegt 220 ltTemperaturegt
ltAvgRainFallgt 2013 ltAvgRainFallgt
ltPotETgt 1154 ltPotETgt
ltRealETgt 1154 ltRealETgt
ltStoredgt 1250 ltStoredgt
ltWaterDeficitgt 00 ltWaterDeficitgt
ltWaterExcessgt 860 ltWaterExcessgt
ltWeatherData gt
ltWaterBalgt
Arquivo texto (natildeo XML) com dados pluviomeacutetricos
weather station
year
station
code
end of file
latitude longitude altitude
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
11112010
6
XML-Schema
Um documento XML-Schema descreve os
elementos
atributos
relacionamentos
etc
permitidos em um ou mais documentos XML isto eacute define uma classe de documentos XML que adere a um conjunto de restriccedilotildees estruturais e de dados
XML-Schema tem uma sintaxe XML
XML-Schema eacute mais robusta versaacutetil e poderosa que DTD (Document Type Definition)rlm
Um Documento XML-Schema(WaterBalxsd)rlm
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchema gt
ltelement name=WaterBal type=WaterBalTypegt
ltattribute name=location type=stringgt
ltattribute name=latitude type=Latitudegt
ltattribute name=longitude type=Longitudegt
ltelement name=WeatherData type=AgregValuesgt
ltcomplexType name=AgregValuesgt
ltattribute name=Date type=DateTypegt
ltsequencegt
ltelement name=Temperature type=decimalgt
ltelement name=AvgRainfall type=decimalgt
ltelement name=PotET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=RealET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=Stored type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterDeficit type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterExcess type=decimalgt
ltsequencegt
ltcomplexTypegt
ltelementgt
ltschemagt
Validaccedilatildeo de documentos XML
Documento bem-formado (well-formed) satisfaz as restriccedilotildees
de formaccedilatildeo expressa na especificaccedilatildeo do XML
(httpwwww3orgTR2004REC-xml-20040204)rlm
Documento vaacutelido satisfaz as restriccedilotildees (elementos atributos
aninhamentos tipos etc) expressas em uma especificaccedilatildeo de
esquema XML em DTD ou XSL (XML-Schema) que eacute associada a
esse documento XML
Heterogeneidade semacircntica em XML
ltobject id=ldquoa1rdquo class=ldquoartifactrdquogt
lttuplegt
lttitlegt Nympheas lttitlegt
ltyeargt 1897 ltyeargt
ltcreatorgt Monet ltcreatorgt
ltpricegt 10000000 ltpricegt
ltowners refs=ldquop1p2p3rdquogt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltobject id=ldquop3rdquo class=ldquopersonrdquogt
lttuplegt
ltnamegt Claudia ltnamegt
ltagegt 17 ltagegt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
ltnamegt Nympheas ltnamegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 21 x 61 ltsizegt
ltcplacegt Givern ltcplacegt
ltworkgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
lttitlegt Waterloo Bridge lttitlegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 292 x 464 ltsizegt
lthistorygt
Painted with
lttechgt Oil on canvas lttechgt
in
lthistorygt
ltworkgt
XML como Padratildeo de representaccedilatildeo
de dados
ldquoArtworksrdquorlmStructure
Works works
Work
Work
Field
artist title style size
string string string string
ldquoArtfactrdquorlmSchema
artifacts set
ampArtifact
Artifact class
artifact
tuple
title year creator price owners
ampPerson
string int string float list
YAT Model
YAT Any
YAT
V ampYAT
ODMG Model
Vtuple
Symbol
Type
V(int v
bool v
float v
string)rlm
ampClass
Type
V
Symbol
(set vbag vlist varray)rlm
Class class
Symbol
Type
RDF ndash Resource Description Framework
Uma linguagem e modelo padronizados para expressar conhecimento na Web semacircntica
Um comando (statement) eacute uma tripla da forma
Recurso qualquer coisa referenciada por uma URL
Propriedade qualquer propriedade de um recurso
Valor um literal ou outro recurso
RDF-Schema define classes de recursos suas propriedades (que podem ser relacionamentos com outras classes) e possiacuteveis valores
Os formatos para representar ontologias na Web semacircntica (eg DAML+OIL OWL) satildeo extensotildees do RDF
11112010
7
Sintaxe XML do RDF
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlnsdc httpdublincoreorgdcldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=ldquohttpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabrrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos para a Agricultura ltdctitlegt
ltleadergt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquo
ltleadergt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfDescription
about=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Eduardo D Assad ltdctitlegt
ltemailgt Assadcnptiaembrapabr ltemailgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDF gt
Estrutura do conhecimento em RDF
httpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabr
httpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assad
Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e
Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos
para a Agricultura
assadcnptiaembrapabrEduardo D
Assad
dctitle
dctitleemail
leader
Metadata in RDFWater Balance (same place and institution)rlm
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlns httpagricgovbrDocStdldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=httpwwwagricgovbrpublicWaterBal1234gt
ltSourcegt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcepagriunicampbrrdquo
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwciagroiacgovspbrrdquo
ltSourcegt
ltInitialDategt 28032002 ltInitialDategt
ltFinalDategt 31032002 ltFinalDategt
ltkeywordgt Water available in Soil ltkeyworkgt
ltlocalgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwibgegovbrstate_SPrdquo
ltlocalgt
ltmeasument_unitgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwinmetrogovbrmmrdquo
ltmeasument_unitgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDFgt
httpwwwagricgovbrpublic
WaterBal1234
http
wwwcpaunicampbr
Centro de Pesquisas
Agriacutecolas (CEPAGRI)
name
source
httpwwwciagroiacg
ovspbr
httpwwwunica
mpbr
part_of
CIIAGRO
name
http
wwwiacgovspbr
part_of
InitialDate
28032002
FinalDateWater available in
Soil
http
wwwibgegovbrstate_SP
source
keyword
http
wwwinmetrogovbrmm
31032002
local
measurement_unit
RDF-Schema
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningCountry rdfslabel=Countrygt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningState rdfslabel=ldquoStategt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountry
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=statesOfCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningcountryOfStategt
ltrdfPropertygt
RDF-Schema
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningcountryOfState
amaxCardinality=1
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=countryOfStategt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountrygt
ltrdfPropertygt
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
5
NameSpaces
Exemplos de trechos de documentos XML com especificaccedilotildees e
uso de namespaces
ltx xmlnsedi=httpecommerceorgschemagt
lt-- the edi prefix is bound to httpecommerceorgschema
for the x element and contents --gt
ltxgt
ltbook xmlns=urnlocgovbooks
xmlnsisbn=urnISBN0-395-36341-6gt
lttitlegtCheaper by the Dozenlttitlegt
ltisbnnumbergt1568491379ltisbnnumbergt
ltbookgt
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchemagt
ltschemagt
XML ndash eXtensible Makup Language
Construccedilotildees baacutesicas
ltElementogt Conteuacutedo ltElementogt
ltElemento gt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquo Atributo2=ldquoValorrdquogt
ltElemento Atributo1=ldquoValorrdquorlmAtributo2=ldquoValorrdquogtrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlmrlm
Conteuacutedo
ltElementogt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
Conteuacutedo
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1gtltElemento2gtltElemento1gt
Um documento XML
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltElementoRaizgt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_1gt
ltElemento1_2gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento1_2gt
ltElemento1_3gt
ltElemento1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2_1_1gt Conteuacutedo ltElemento2_1_1gt
ltElemento2_1_2gt
ltElemento2_1gt
ltElemento2gt
ltElementoRaizgt
A Versatilidade do XML para
Dados Semi-Estruturados
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO-8859-1 gt
ltPessoarlmNome=ldquoJoatildeorlmderlmSouzardquorlmDataDeNascimento=ldquo12061964rdquorlmCPF=ldquo12312312rdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquogtRuarlmArlm23rlm- CentroltEnderecogt
ltEnderecorlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquogtTorrerlmComercialrlm1923rlmSl1011rlmltEnderecogt
ltMalaDiretarlmDestino=ldquoComercialrdquogt
ltEnderecosgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltTelefonesgt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoComercialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquorlmRamal=ldquo211rdquogt222-8545ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoCelularrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt999-9999ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonerlmTipo=ldquoResidencialrdquorlmDDD=ldquo61rdquogt444-4444ltTelefonegt
ltTelefonesgt
ltEmailgtjoatildeoemailcombrltEmailgt
ltICQrlmNumero=rlmrdquo127653467654ldquorlmgt
ltFormasDeContatogt
ltPessoagt
Doc XML para Dados Climaacuteticos (Balanccedilo Hiacutedrico)rlm
ltxml version=10 encoding=ISO8859-1gt
ltWaterBal xmlns=httpwwwagricgovbrWaterBalxsd
location=Brotas latitude=-221500 longitude=-475800gt
ltWeatherData Date=ldquo20050823rdquogt
ltTemperaturegt 220 ltTemperaturegt
ltAvgRainFallgt 2013 ltAvgRainFallgt
ltPotETgt 1154 ltPotETgt
ltRealETgt 1154 ltRealETgt
ltStoredgt 1250 ltStoredgt
ltWaterDeficitgt 00 ltWaterDeficitgt
ltWaterExcessgt 860 ltWaterExcessgt
ltWeatherData gt
ltWaterBalgt
Arquivo texto (natildeo XML) com dados pluviomeacutetricos
weather station
year
station
code
end of file
latitude longitude altitude
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
11112010
6
XML-Schema
Um documento XML-Schema descreve os
elementos
atributos
relacionamentos
etc
permitidos em um ou mais documentos XML isto eacute define uma classe de documentos XML que adere a um conjunto de restriccedilotildees estruturais e de dados
XML-Schema tem uma sintaxe XML
XML-Schema eacute mais robusta versaacutetil e poderosa que DTD (Document Type Definition)rlm
Um Documento XML-Schema(WaterBalxsd)rlm
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchema gt
ltelement name=WaterBal type=WaterBalTypegt
ltattribute name=location type=stringgt
ltattribute name=latitude type=Latitudegt
ltattribute name=longitude type=Longitudegt
ltelement name=WeatherData type=AgregValuesgt
ltcomplexType name=AgregValuesgt
ltattribute name=Date type=DateTypegt
ltsequencegt
ltelement name=Temperature type=decimalgt
ltelement name=AvgRainfall type=decimalgt
ltelement name=PotET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=RealET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=Stored type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterDeficit type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterExcess type=decimalgt
ltsequencegt
ltcomplexTypegt
ltelementgt
ltschemagt
Validaccedilatildeo de documentos XML
Documento bem-formado (well-formed) satisfaz as restriccedilotildees
de formaccedilatildeo expressa na especificaccedilatildeo do XML
(httpwwww3orgTR2004REC-xml-20040204)rlm
Documento vaacutelido satisfaz as restriccedilotildees (elementos atributos
aninhamentos tipos etc) expressas em uma especificaccedilatildeo de
esquema XML em DTD ou XSL (XML-Schema) que eacute associada a
esse documento XML
Heterogeneidade semacircntica em XML
ltobject id=ldquoa1rdquo class=ldquoartifactrdquogt
lttuplegt
lttitlegt Nympheas lttitlegt
ltyeargt 1897 ltyeargt
ltcreatorgt Monet ltcreatorgt
ltpricegt 10000000 ltpricegt
ltowners refs=ldquop1p2p3rdquogt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltobject id=ldquop3rdquo class=ldquopersonrdquogt
lttuplegt
ltnamegt Claudia ltnamegt
ltagegt 17 ltagegt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
ltnamegt Nympheas ltnamegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 21 x 61 ltsizegt
ltcplacegt Givern ltcplacegt
ltworkgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
lttitlegt Waterloo Bridge lttitlegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 292 x 464 ltsizegt
lthistorygt
Painted with
lttechgt Oil on canvas lttechgt
in
lthistorygt
ltworkgt
XML como Padratildeo de representaccedilatildeo
de dados
ldquoArtworksrdquorlmStructure
Works works
Work
Work
Field
artist title style size
string string string string
ldquoArtfactrdquorlmSchema
artifacts set
ampArtifact
Artifact class
artifact
tuple
title year creator price owners
ampPerson
string int string float list
YAT Model
YAT Any
YAT
V ampYAT
ODMG Model
Vtuple
Symbol
Type
V(int v
bool v
float v
string)rlm
ampClass
Type
V
Symbol
(set vbag vlist varray)rlm
Class class
Symbol
Type
RDF ndash Resource Description Framework
Uma linguagem e modelo padronizados para expressar conhecimento na Web semacircntica
Um comando (statement) eacute uma tripla da forma
Recurso qualquer coisa referenciada por uma URL
Propriedade qualquer propriedade de um recurso
Valor um literal ou outro recurso
RDF-Schema define classes de recursos suas propriedades (que podem ser relacionamentos com outras classes) e possiacuteveis valores
Os formatos para representar ontologias na Web semacircntica (eg DAML+OIL OWL) satildeo extensotildees do RDF
11112010
7
Sintaxe XML do RDF
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlnsdc httpdublincoreorgdcldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=ldquohttpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabrrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos para a Agricultura ltdctitlegt
ltleadergt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquo
ltleadergt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfDescription
about=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Eduardo D Assad ltdctitlegt
ltemailgt Assadcnptiaembrapabr ltemailgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDF gt
Estrutura do conhecimento em RDF
httpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabr
httpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assad
Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e
Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos
para a Agricultura
assadcnptiaembrapabrEduardo D
Assad
dctitle
dctitleemail
leader
Metadata in RDFWater Balance (same place and institution)rlm
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlns httpagricgovbrDocStdldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=httpwwwagricgovbrpublicWaterBal1234gt
ltSourcegt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcepagriunicampbrrdquo
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwciagroiacgovspbrrdquo
ltSourcegt
ltInitialDategt 28032002 ltInitialDategt
ltFinalDategt 31032002 ltFinalDategt
ltkeywordgt Water available in Soil ltkeyworkgt
ltlocalgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwibgegovbrstate_SPrdquo
ltlocalgt
ltmeasument_unitgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwinmetrogovbrmmrdquo
ltmeasument_unitgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDFgt
httpwwwagricgovbrpublic
WaterBal1234
http
wwwcpaunicampbr
Centro de Pesquisas
Agriacutecolas (CEPAGRI)
name
source
httpwwwciagroiacg
ovspbr
httpwwwunica
mpbr
part_of
CIIAGRO
name
http
wwwiacgovspbr
part_of
InitialDate
28032002
FinalDateWater available in
Soil
http
wwwibgegovbrstate_SP
source
keyword
http
wwwinmetrogovbrmm
31032002
local
measurement_unit
RDF-Schema
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningCountry rdfslabel=Countrygt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningState rdfslabel=ldquoStategt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountry
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=statesOfCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningcountryOfStategt
ltrdfPropertygt
RDF-Schema
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningcountryOfState
amaxCardinality=1
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=countryOfStategt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountrygt
ltrdfPropertygt
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
6
XML-Schema
Um documento XML-Schema descreve os
elementos
atributos
relacionamentos
etc
permitidos em um ou mais documentos XML isto eacute define uma classe de documentos XML que adere a um conjunto de restriccedilotildees estruturais e de dados
XML-Schema tem uma sintaxe XML
XML-Schema eacute mais robusta versaacutetil e poderosa que DTD (Document Type Definition)rlm
Um Documento XML-Schema(WaterBalxsd)rlm
ltschema xmlnshttpwwww3org2001XMLSchema gt
ltelement name=WaterBal type=WaterBalTypegt
ltattribute name=location type=stringgt
ltattribute name=latitude type=Latitudegt
ltattribute name=longitude type=Longitudegt
ltelement name=WeatherData type=AgregValuesgt
ltcomplexType name=AgregValuesgt
ltattribute name=Date type=DateTypegt
ltsequencegt
ltelement name=Temperature type=decimalgt
ltelement name=AvgRainfall type=decimalgt
ltelement name=PotET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=RealET type=decimalgt
ltelement name=Stored type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterDeficit type=decimalgt
ltelement name=WaterExcess type=decimalgt
ltsequencegt
ltcomplexTypegt
ltelementgt
ltschemagt
Validaccedilatildeo de documentos XML
Documento bem-formado (well-formed) satisfaz as restriccedilotildees
de formaccedilatildeo expressa na especificaccedilatildeo do XML
(httpwwww3orgTR2004REC-xml-20040204)rlm
Documento vaacutelido satisfaz as restriccedilotildees (elementos atributos
aninhamentos tipos etc) expressas em uma especificaccedilatildeo de
esquema XML em DTD ou XSL (XML-Schema) que eacute associada a
esse documento XML
Heterogeneidade semacircntica em XML
ltobject id=ldquoa1rdquo class=ldquoartifactrdquogt
lttuplegt
lttitlegt Nympheas lttitlegt
ltyeargt 1897 ltyeargt
ltcreatorgt Monet ltcreatorgt
ltpricegt 10000000 ltpricegt
ltowners refs=ldquop1p2p3rdquogt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltobject id=ldquop3rdquo class=ldquopersonrdquogt
lttuplegt
ltnamegt Claudia ltnamegt
ltagegt 17 ltagegt
lttuplegt
ltobjectgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
ltnamegt Nympheas ltnamegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 21 x 61 ltsizegt
ltcplacegt Givern ltcplacegt
ltworkgt
ltworkgt
ltartistgt Monet ltartistgt
lttitlegt Waterloo Bridge lttitlegt
ltstylegt Impressionist ltstylegt
ltsizegt 292 x 464 ltsizegt
lthistorygt
Painted with
lttechgt Oil on canvas lttechgt
in
lthistorygt
ltworkgt
XML como Padratildeo de representaccedilatildeo
de dados
ldquoArtworksrdquorlmStructure
Works works
Work
Work
Field
artist title style size
string string string string
ldquoArtfactrdquorlmSchema
artifacts set
ampArtifact
Artifact class
artifact
tuple
title year creator price owners
ampPerson
string int string float list
YAT Model
YAT Any
YAT
V ampYAT
ODMG Model
Vtuple
Symbol
Type
V(int v
bool v
float v
string)rlm
ampClass
Type
V
Symbol
(set vbag vlist varray)rlm
Class class
Symbol
Type
RDF ndash Resource Description Framework
Uma linguagem e modelo padronizados para expressar conhecimento na Web semacircntica
Um comando (statement) eacute uma tripla da forma
Recurso qualquer coisa referenciada por uma URL
Propriedade qualquer propriedade de um recurso
Valor um literal ou outro recurso
RDF-Schema define classes de recursos suas propriedades (que podem ser relacionamentos com outras classes) e possiacuteveis valores
Os formatos para representar ontologias na Web semacircntica (eg DAML+OIL OWL) satildeo extensotildees do RDF
11112010
7
Sintaxe XML do RDF
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlnsdc httpdublincoreorgdcldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=ldquohttpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabrrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos para a Agricultura ltdctitlegt
ltleadergt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquo
ltleadergt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfDescription
about=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Eduardo D Assad ltdctitlegt
ltemailgt Assadcnptiaembrapabr ltemailgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDF gt
Estrutura do conhecimento em RDF
httpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabr
httpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assad
Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e
Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos
para a Agricultura
assadcnptiaembrapabrEduardo D
Assad
dctitle
dctitleemail
leader
Metadata in RDFWater Balance (same place and institution)rlm
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlns httpagricgovbrDocStdldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=httpwwwagricgovbrpublicWaterBal1234gt
ltSourcegt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcepagriunicampbrrdquo
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwciagroiacgovspbrrdquo
ltSourcegt
ltInitialDategt 28032002 ltInitialDategt
ltFinalDategt 31032002 ltFinalDategt
ltkeywordgt Water available in Soil ltkeyworkgt
ltlocalgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwibgegovbrstate_SPrdquo
ltlocalgt
ltmeasument_unitgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwinmetrogovbrmmrdquo
ltmeasument_unitgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDFgt
httpwwwagricgovbrpublic
WaterBal1234
http
wwwcpaunicampbr
Centro de Pesquisas
Agriacutecolas (CEPAGRI)
name
source
httpwwwciagroiacg
ovspbr
httpwwwunica
mpbr
part_of
CIIAGRO
name
http
wwwiacgovspbr
part_of
InitialDate
28032002
FinalDateWater available in
Soil
http
wwwibgegovbrstate_SP
source
keyword
http
wwwinmetrogovbrmm
31032002
local
measurement_unit
RDF-Schema
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningCountry rdfslabel=Countrygt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningState rdfslabel=ldquoStategt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountry
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=statesOfCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningcountryOfStategt
ltrdfPropertygt
RDF-Schema
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningcountryOfState
amaxCardinality=1
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=countryOfStategt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountrygt
ltrdfPropertygt
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
7
Sintaxe XML do RDF
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlnsdc httpdublincoreorgdcldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=ldquohttpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabrrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos para a Agricultura ltdctitlegt
ltleadergt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquo
ltleadergt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfDescription
about=ldquohttpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assadrdquogt
ltdctitlegt Eduardo D Assad ltdctitlegt
ltemailgt Assadcnptiaembrapabr ltemailgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDF gt
Estrutura do conhecimento em RDF
httpwwwagritempocnptiaembrapabr
httpwwwcnptiaembrapabr~assad
Nuacutecleo de Monitoramento e
Anaacutelise de Dados
Meteoroloacutegicos e Climatoloacutegicos
para a Agricultura
assadcnptiaembrapabrEduardo D
Assad
dctitle
dctitleemail
leader
Metadata in RDFWater Balance (same place and institution)rlm
ltxml version=10gt
ltrdfRDF xmlnsRDF httpwwww3orgRDFRDFldquo
xmlns httpagricgovbrDocStdldquogt
ltrdfDescription about=httpwwwagricgovbrpublicWaterBal1234gt
ltSourcegt
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwcepagriunicampbrrdquo
rdfresource=ldquohttpwwwciagroiacgovspbrrdquo
ltSourcegt
ltInitialDategt 28032002 ltInitialDategt
ltFinalDategt 31032002 ltFinalDategt
ltkeywordgt Water available in Soil ltkeyworkgt
ltlocalgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwibgegovbrstate_SPrdquo
ltlocalgt
ltmeasument_unitgt
rdfresource= ldquohttpwwwinmetrogovbrmmrdquo
ltmeasument_unitgt
ltrdfDescriptiongt
ltrdfRDFgt
httpwwwagricgovbrpublic
WaterBal1234
http
wwwcpaunicampbr
Centro de Pesquisas
Agriacutecolas (CEPAGRI)
name
source
httpwwwciagroiacg
ovspbr
httpwwwunica
mpbr
part_of
CIIAGRO
name
http
wwwiacgovspbr
part_of
InitialDate
28032002
FinalDateWater available in
Soil
http
wwwibgegovbrstate_SP
source
keyword
http
wwwinmetrogovbrmm
31032002
local
measurement_unit
RDF-Schema
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningCountry rdfslabel=Countrygt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfabout=ampAgricZoningState rdfslabel=ldquoStategt
ltrdfssubClassOf dfresource=ampAgricZoningTerritorialDivisiongt
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountry
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=statesOfCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningcountryOfStategt
ltrdfPropertygt
RDF-Schema
ltrdfProperty rdfabout=ampAgricZoningcountryOfState
amaxCardinality=1
aminCardinality=1
rdfslabel=countryOfStategt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=ampAgricZoningCountrygt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=ampAgricZoningStategt
ltainverseProperty rdfresource=ampAgricZoningstatesOfCountrygt
ltrdfPropertygt
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
8
Trecho de RDF
ltAgricZoningCountry rdfabout=ampAgricZoningpais_55
AgricZoningnameBR=BRASIL rdfslabel=BRASILgt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_1gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_2gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_3gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_4gt
ltAgricZoningofficialRegionsOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningregof_5gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_11gt
ltAgricZoningstatesOfCountry rdfresource=ampAgricZoningestado_12gt
ltAgricZoningmetroAreasOfCountry
rdfresource=ampAgricZoningmetro_5201gt
ltAgricZoningCountrygt
Descriccedilotildees em RDF de recursos para a coleta de dados cientiacuteficos
wwwEquipServcombrschema2rdfs
RD
F S
ch
em
aR
DF
Equipment Clienthas
String StringString String
category model name city
wwwAgriTempobrschema1rdfs
WeatherStation
longitude
altitude
LandParcel
CountyState
latitude
inpart_of
ampws1
ampws3
ampws4
Stringname
ampeq1
ampRio
ampUbatuba
ampCampinas
ampws2
ampUnicamp
ampEmbrapa
ampSP
ampRJ
in
in
in
in
part_of
part_of
part_of
has
has
has
has
ampws1 = httpwwwembrapabrWeatherStationX
ampws2 = httpwwwiacbrWeatherStationK
ampws3 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationA
ampws4 = httpwwwunicampbrWheaterStationB
ampeq1 = httpwwwembrapabrCameraZ
subClassOf (isA)rlm
typeOf (instance)rlm
other kind of property
DegreesDecMeters
String
String
value
value
OWL ndash Ontology Web Language
Estende o RDF com vocabulaacuterio padronizado e construccedilotildees para definir
Escopo local de propriedades
Disjunccedilatildeo de classes
Combinaccedilotildees de classes
Restriccedilotildees de cardinalidade
Caracteriacutesticas especiais de propriedades (eg transitividade simetria anti-simetria propriedades inversas)rlm
The 3 flavors of OWL
OWL LiteExpressividade restrita (exclui classes enumeradas disjunccedilatildeo cardinalidade arbitraacuteria )
Faacutecil de entender e usar
OWL DL
Equivalente agrave loacutegica descritiva (DL = Description
Logics)
Ainda permite eficiecircncia e computabilidade
OWL Full
Compatiacutevel sintaacutetica e semanticamente com RDF embora mais poderosaPode ocasionar inferecircncias indecidiacuteveis
Disjunction and Equivalence
of Classes
ltowlClass rdfabout=associateProfessorgt
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource=assistantProfessorgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID=facultygt
ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlClassgt
Inverse properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID=teachesgt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource=coursegt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource=academicStaffMembergt
ltowlinverseOf rdfresource=isTaughtBygt
ltowlObjectPropertygt
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
9
Sintaxe abstrata para OWL
Class(Person partialrestriction (hasChild allValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
Class(Parent completePersonrestriction (hasChild someValuesFrom(Person)))rlm
ObjectProperty(hasChild)rlm
Individual (John type(Person)rlmvalue(hasChild Mary))rlm
Busca em uma ontologia
Pessoa
Santo
S1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
Time
TimeFutebol
TF1
IS_A
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
ParcelaTerritoacuterio
Estado
IS_A
Cidade
E1
TYPE_OF
nome
Satildeo Paulo
C1
nome
Satildeo PauloTricolor Paulista
PART_OF
SPARQL (recomendaccedilatildeo W3C)rlm
Exemplo de expressatildeo em SPARQL
SELECTrlmconceptrlmpropertyrlmldquoSatildeorlmPaulordquo
WHERE
concept propertyhasProperty property
FILTER(property name)rlm
Linguagens de Regras (Prolog)
Rules
parent(x z)rlm - father(x z) v mother(x z)
sibling(x y)rlm- parent(x z) and parent(y z)
Knowledge base
father(_Maria _Joatildeo)
father(_Pedro _Joatildeo)
father(_Ana _Joatildeo)
Query
sibling(_Maria x) rArr Yes rArr x = _PedrorArr x = _Ana
RIF (Rule Interchange Format)
A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells it to the buyer John sells LeRif to Mary The fact Mary buys LeRif from John can be logically derived by a modus ponens argument
Document(
Prefix(cpt lthttpexamplecomconceptsgt)
Prefix(ppl lthttpexamplecompeoplegt)
Prefix(bks lthttpexamplecombooksgt)
Group ( Forall Buyer Item Seller (
cptbuy(Buyer Item Seller)
cptsell(Seller Item Buyer)
)
cptsell(pplJohn bksLeRif pplMary)
)
)
Controveacutersia sobre pilha de padrotildees
Peter F Patel-Schneider A Revised Architecture for Semantic
Web Reasoning Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September 2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Ian Horrocks Bijan Parsia Peter F Patel-Schneider and
James Hendler Semantic Web Architecture Stack or Two
Towers Third Workshop on Principles and Practices of
Semantic Web Reasoning Dagstuhl Germany September
2005 LNCS 3703 Springer Verlag 2005
Peter F Patel-Schneider Building the Semantic Web Tower
from RDF Straw Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Edinburgh Scotland August 2005
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas
11112010
10
Proposta inicial (2000)rlm Proposta regras(2005)rlm
Proposta atualComo estaacute a Web semacircntica hoje
Aacuterea de pesquisa muito ativa
Visa estender o papel dos computadores no
suporte a diversas atividades humanas
Usa ontologias e anotaccedilotildees semacircnticas para
catalogar recuperar e compor dados e serviccedilos
de processamento na Web
Perguntas