Intro to Comp Lec 2 Final

8/2/2019 Intro to Comp Lec 2 Final

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Introduction To Computing

Lecture 2Evolution ofComputing

Marium Jalal Chaudhry


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During the Last Lecture

We learnt about the Analytical Engine - the firstgeneral-purpose, digital computer and itsinventor Charles Babbage

We had a discussion about the key strengths(speed, do not get bored) and weaknesses(innovative ideas) of the modern computer


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Todays Goal

To learn about the evolution of computing

To recount the important milestones and the keyevents

To learn about the steps that took us fromBabbages idea of the Analytical Engine totodays ultra-smart hand held computers


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But first, why should we spend time

on recounting the events of the past

Why not just talk about what is

happening in computing now andwhat is going to happen in the future?

Why?


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If you do not learn from the history,your condemned to repeat it

Recounting the events of the pastprovides an excellent opportunity to: learn lessons

discover patterns of evolution, and

use them in the future

If we learn from history well, we will: neither repeat the mistakes of the past

nor would we waste time re-inventing

what already has been invented


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Babbages Analytical Engine - 1833

Mechanical, digital, general-purpose

Could store instructions

Could perform mathematical calculations

Could store information permanently in

punched cards


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Turing Machine - 1936

Alan Turing of Cambridge University presented hisidea of a theoretically simplified but fully capablecomputer, now known as the Turing Machine

The concept of this machine, which could theoreticallyperform any mathematical computation, was very

important in the future development of the computer

You will learn about the details of the Turing Machinein your advanced Computer Science courses


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Interrogator

Human

Machineon its own

Terminal

Terminal


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Turing Test

An interrogator is connected to one person andone machine via a terminal, therefore can't see

her counterparts

The interrogators task is to find out which of the

two candidates is the machine, and which is thehuman only by asking them questions. If themachine can "fool" the interrogator, it passes

the Turing Test.


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Vacuum Tube - 1904

John Fleming, an English Physicist, developed thevery first one

These electronic devices consist of 2 or moreelectrodes encased in a glass or metal tube

They along with electric relays were used in the

construction of earlier computers

These tubes have now been almost completelyreplaced by more reliable and less costly transistors


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ABC - 1939

Attanasoff-Berry Computer

John Attanasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State College

Worlds first electronic computer

The first computer that used binary numbers instead

of decimal

Helped grad students in solving simultaneous linearequations


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Harvard Mark 1 - 1943

Howard Aiken of Harvard University

The first program controlled machine

Included all the ideas proposed by Babbage for the

Analytical Engine

The last famous electromechanical computer


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ENIAC 1946

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Worlds first large-scale, general-purpose

electronic computer

Built by John Mauchly & John Echert at theUniversity of Pennsylvania

Developed for military applications

5,000 operations/sec,19000 tubes, 30 ton 9 x 80

150 kilowatts: Used to dim the lights in the City

of Philadelphia down when it ran


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Transistor - 1947

Invented by Shockly, Bardeen, and Brattain atthe Bell Labs in the US

Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered: much smaller size

better reliability

much lower power consumption much lower cost

All modern computers are made of

miniaturized transistors


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Tubes replaced mechanicals

Transistors replaced tubes

What is going to replace the transistors?


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EDVAC 1948

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

Built by Echert & Mauchly and included many designideas proposed by Von Neumann

The first electronic computer design to incorporate aprogram stored entirely within its memory

First computer to use Magnetic Tapefor storingprograms. Before this, computers needed to be re-wired each time a new program was to be run


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Floppy Disk - 1950

Invented at the Imperial University in Tokyoby Yoshiro Nakamats

Provided faster access to programs and dataas compared with magnetic tape


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Compiler - 1951

Grace Hopper of US Navy develops the veryfirst high-level language compiler

Before the invention of this compiler,developing a computer program was tediousand prone to errors

A compiler translates a high-level language(that is easy to understand for humans) into alanguage that the computer can understand


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UNIVAC 1 - 1951

UNIVersal Automatic Computer Echert & Mauchly Computer Company

First computer designed for commercial apps

First computer that could not only manipulatenumbers but text data as well

Max speed: 1905operations/sec

Cost: US$1,000,000 5000 tubes. 943 cu ft. 8 tons. 100 kilowatts

Between 1951-57, 48 were sold


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Computer Generations

Generation in computer talk is a step intechnology.

Used to distinguish between varyinghardware and software technologies.

Total five generations until today.


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First Generation Vacuum tube computers ENIAC,EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC1, IBM et all. Fastest calculating devices of their time. Too bulky, requiring large room for installation. Thousand of vacuum tubes, heated and burnt out

frequently. Air condition required. Power consumption too high. Thousands of vacuum tubes used making one pc,

hardware failure causes large loss. Constant maintenance required. Limited commercial use.


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Second Generation(1955-1964)

Used transistors, already discussed.

Invented by Bell labs, by john bardeen te all.

Easier to use than tubes.

Highly reliable

Switch much faster (ten time faster)

Consumed ten times less power.

Much smaller.

Less expensive.

Despite less heat.

FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, etc langugeimplemnented.


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Third Generation (1964-1975)

Invented in 1958 by Jack st. Clair calledIC ???

Contains of several electronic componentslaike transistor, resistor, capacitor.

Ic also called microelectronics technology.

SSI contains ten or twenty components.

MSI contains hundreds components.

LSI contains thousands components.


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Much powerful than second gen,performing about 1 million instructions per

second. Much smaller.

Consumed less power.

Reliable, faster, high storage, memory. High level languages support.

Timesharing

Operating system

Affordable prices.


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Fourth Generation(1975- 989)

LSI

VLSI contains million components.

Microprocessor

Contains all the ckts needed to perform arithmetic,logic, and control functions on single chip.

LAN

WAN

GUI

Printers, fax, games, music. CD, Languages.


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Fifth Generation( 1989-present)

ULSI contains more than 10 millioncomponents on single chip.

Portable Pcs, notebook, Laptops, PDAS.

Powerful servers, supercomputers. DVD

WWW

High multimedia applications. Smaller size, more powerful


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Atanasoff Berry Computer(1939-42)

Electroinc machine developed by Dr. johnatnasoff .

Solve certain mathematical equations.


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Computer Mouse - 1965

Invented by Douglas Englebart

Did not become popular until 1983, whenApple Computers adopted the concept


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ARPANET - 1969

A network of networks

The grand-daddy of the todays global Internet

A network of around 60,000 computers

developed by the US Dept of Defense tofacilitate communications between researchorganizations and universities


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World Wide Web -1989

Tim Berners Lee British physicist

1989 At the European Center for NuclearEnergy Research (CERN) in Geneva

1993 - The 1stmajor browser Mosaic wasdeveloped at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications at the University

of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign


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Mobile Phone-Computer

A small computer, no bigger than the hand setof desktop phone

Can do whatever an Internet-capable computercan plus can function as a regular phone

First consumer device formed by the fusion ofcomputing and wireless telecommunication


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What have we learnt today?


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Questions ??????

Documents

Intro to Comp Lec 2 Final