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Intro to biology videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgTPg99V_JM

Lab safety videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJG0ir9nDtc

Lab Safety:A list of lab safety rules are found:• Attached to your syllabus (to be signed by you and a parent/guardian)

• In green note packet (page 5-6)

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Lab #1 “Recognizing lab safety”

1.Complete the map of the classroom on the second page.

2.Finish the rest of the lab at home.

Classroom door (life skills)

* Not to be used

Classroom door (222 to hallway)

Science prep. NO ENTRY

Classroom door (O’Handley)

* Not to be used

Windows

Use this to start Lab #1. Page 2 of the lab wants you to draw the classroom and label the location of important lab safety equipment.

In Honors Bio what are we going to learn about?

• Scientific method• Biochemistry• The Life of Cells• Photosynthesis• Cellular Respiration• Genetics/DNA• Evolution• Plants• Reproduction

• Animal Form and Function

• Ecology

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Chapter 1Introduction: The Scientific

Study of Life• Adaptations• Biology• Cell• Community• Control• Ecosystem• Hypothesis• Inference• Molecule

• Natural selection• Observation• Organ systems• Organism• Organs• Population• Species• Theory• Tissues

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• Biology- study of life• Biology is organized

into levels

Life starts here

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Scientists have 2 main ways to learn about the world around them:

• 1- Discovery science– Observing and measuring data– Inductive reasoning- creates a general principle

from large amounts of specific data (specific to general)

• 2- Hypothesis-driven science– Discovery science often leads to hypothesis-driven

science– Scientific method– Deductive reasoning- using general principles to

reach specific data (general to specific) 10

Observations:• Description of objects, events• May include data from all five senses

(touch, smell, taste, sight, sound)• Could be drawings, diagrams, written

words• Do not include opinions.

Inferences• Drawing conclusions based on

observations• Often provide a reason for the

event/object being observed.• An inference is when you make an

assumption or prediction about something that you observe

Let’s practice making inferences!

The next three slides show some fossil imprints that were found during a archeological dig. We’re going to record some observations and then make some inferences about what may have happened millions of years ago….

What do you think happened?

In layman’s terms, if something is said to be “just a theory,” it usually means that it is a mere guess, or is unproved. It might even lack credibility. But in scientific terms, a theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true.

Theories

• A theory may be formed after many related hypotheses have been tested and supported with experimental evidence

• A broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true

• Supported by considerable evidence

• Ties together related hypotheses

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• Explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses.

• Verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers.

• One scientist cannot create a theory, he/she can only create a hypothesis.

• Examples: The theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the theory of plate tectonics.

Laws• A Statement of fact that concisely explains

an action or group of actionse.g. Law of Gravity

• Accepted to be true• Universal• May be expressed as a math equation

e.g. E=mc2

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• Both a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole.

• Both are used to make predictions of events.

• Both are used to advance technology.

• A theory is much more complex and dynamic.

• A law governs a single action, whereas a theory explains a whole series of related phenomena.

• An analogy can be made using a slingshot and an automobile.

• A scientific law is like a slingshot. A slingshot has but one moving part--the rubber band. If you put a rock in it and draw it back, the rock will fly out at a predictable speed, depending upon the distance the band is drawn back.

• An automobile has many moving parts, all working in unison to perform the chore of transporting someone from one point to another point. An automobile is a complex piece of machinery. Sometimes, improvements are made to one or more component parts. A new set of spark plugs that are composed of a better alloy that can withstand heat better, for example, might replace the existing set. But the function of the automobile as a whole remains unchanged.

• A theory is like the automobile. Components of it can be changed or improved upon, without changing the overall truth of the theory as a whole.

Scientific Method

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Observation • Employing your five senses to perceive

objects or events

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Asking a Question• Based on observations; one or more questions

are generated

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Forming a Hypothesis • A statement is testable if evidence can be collected

that either does or doesn’t support it• It can never be proven beyond doubt• Often must be refined and revised or discarded

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The Hypothesis ---

• Is a statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesis

• Often written in the form of an “if-then” statement

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Experimenting • Testing a hypothesis or prediction by gathering data

under controlled conditions – conducting a controlled experiment– Based on a comparison of a control group with

an experimental group

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– Both groups are identical except for one factor (independent variable)

– Observations and measurements are taken for a particular factor (dependent variable) in both groups• Driven by or results from independent variable

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– Measuring• Involves quantitative data that can be

measured in numbers &/or qualitative data information that isn’t numbers

– Sampling• Technique of using a sample – a small part

– to represent the entire population

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Organizing Data • Involves placing observations and measurement

(data) in order– Graphs, charts, tables, or maps

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Analyzing Data • Collected and organized data must be analyzed

– Process of determining whether data are reliable or whether they support or do not support a hypothesis or prediction

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Conclusion • Conclusions are made on the basis of

facts, not observations– Often drawn from data gathered

from a study or experiment– Should support the hypothesis– Should be re-testable

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Communication • Scientists must share the results of their studies

with other scientists (peers)• Publish findings in journals• Present their findings at scientific meetings• Scientists must be unbiased

– Should not tamper with their data– Only publish & report tested & proven ideas

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Communication• Sharing of information is essential to scientific

process• Subject to examination and verification by other

scientists• Allows scientists to build on the work of others

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Only one variable is being tested a one time

• Variables are parts of an experiment

Controlled variables (constants):

• factors in an experiment that are NOT changed.

• same for all groups being tested

Manipulated (independent) variable:

factors in an experiment that are changed.• Always the “if” part of the “if-then” hypothesis

Responding (dependent) variable:

the factor that you are measuring.

•Always the “then” part of the “if-then” hypothesis

Experiment: The affect of temperature on goldfish respiration.What are all the variables?

There are two groups in a controlled experiment:

1) Experimental Group: the part of the experiment in which a factor or variable is changed.

2) Control Group: the part of the experiment that is left alone or “natural”. Used to compare back to.

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Graphing

Diversity of life• Scientists classify organisms to bring unity to

the vast diversity of life• 3 domains:

– Bacteria- prokaryotes– Archaea- prokaryotes– Eukarya- eukaryotes

• These are then arranged into kingdoms K P C O F G S Kings play cards on fat green stools

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Unity in diversity: DNA• Genetic Information in all cells• Deoxyribonucleic Acid• DNA is coded in the same way in ALL

organisms! * Makes for interesting debatable issue in genetic engineering chapter

• DNA contains instructions for traits GENES

• Make the structures and complex chemicals necessary for life PROTEINS

• DNA in every body cell (SOMATIC CELLS) is exactly alike

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What are the characteristics of life?

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a)-All Organisms are made of Cells

What types of cells are these?67

a continued…) – and living things have different levels of organization

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b)- Regulation – organisms need to maintain a stable internal environment

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c)- Living things grow

• Cells grow (enlarge)- when they reach a certain size:

• Cells divide: form new cells

What is this process called?71

d)- Living things require energy

What are these processes called?72

e)- They respond to the environment

• Respond to stimuli (water, food, temperature, supplies)

• To maintain HOMEOSTASIS

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f)- Living things reproduce

• Not essential for individual survival• Necessary for survival of a species• Asexual- no gamete fusion• Sexual- fusion of gametes

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g)- Evolution: They adapt to their environment

• Adaptations are traits giving an organism an advantage in a certain environment

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