Intro Swift

8/12/2019 Intro Swift

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2014 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Redistribution or public display not permitted without written permission from Apple.

#WWD

Introduction to Swift

Session 402

Tim IstedDeveloper Publications Engineer

Tools

Dave AddeyDeveloper Publications Engineer


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370,000iBooks Store downloads


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#include

int main()

{

printf("hello,world\n");return 0;

}


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println("hello,WWDC")


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What You Will Learn


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What You Will Learn


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What You Will Learn


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What You Will Learn


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The Basics



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Variables


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Variables

var


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var languageName:

Variables


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var languageName: String

Variables


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var languageName: String = "Swift"

Variables


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letlanguageName: String = "Swift"

Variables


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Constants and


Variables


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Constants and


var version: Double = 1.0

Variables


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Constants and



var introduced: Int = 2014

Variables


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Constants and



var introduced: Int = 2014

var isAwesome: Bool = true

Variables


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Constants and



letintroduced: Int = 2014

letisAwesome: Bool = true

Variables


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Constants and Variables

let languageName: String= "Swift"

var version: Double= 1.0

let introduced: Int= 2014

let isAwesome: Bool= true


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Constants and Variables

let languageName: String = "Swift"


let introduced: Int = 2014

let isAwesome: Bool = true

f


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Type Inference

let languageName = "Swift" // inferred as String

var version = 1.0 // inferred as Double

let introduced = 2014 // inferred as Int

let isAwesome = true // inferred as Bool

U i d N


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let languageName = "Swift"

var version = 1.0

let introduced = 2014

let isAwesome = true

let "= 3.1415927

Unicode Names

U i d N


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let languageName = "Swift"

var version = 1.0

let introduced = 2014

let isAwesome = true

let "= 3.1415927

let !"= "dogcow"

Unicode Names

St i


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String

St i


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let someString = "I appear to be a string"

String

St i


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// inferred to be of type String

String

St i


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// inferred to be of type String

urlRequest.HTTPMethod = "POST"

String

String


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let someString = "I appear to be a string"// inferred to be of type String


let components = "~/Documents/Swift".pathComponents

String

String


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let someString = "I appear to be a string"// inferred to be of type String


let components = "~/Documents/Swift".pathComponents// ["~", "Documents", "Swift"]

String

Character


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Character

Character


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for character in "mouse"{println(character)

}

Character

Character


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for character in "mouse"{println(character)

}

Character

m

o

u

s

e

Character


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for character in "ms"{println(character)

}

Character

m

s

Character


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for character in "#$%&"{println(character)

}

Character

#

$

%

&

Character


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for character in ""{

Character

println(character)

}

Character


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println(character)

}

for character in "#####"{

Character

#

#

#

#

#

Combining Strings and Characters


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let dog: Character = "!"




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let cow: Character = """




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let dogCow = dog + cow

// dogCow is "!""




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let dogCow = dog + cow

// dogCow is "!""

let instruction = "Beware of the " + dog

// instruction is "Beware of the !"


Building Complex Strings


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let a = 3, b = 5



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let a = 3, b = 5

// "3 times 5 is 15"

g p g

String Interpolation


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let a = 3, b = 5

// "3 times 5 is 15"

let mathResult = "\(a)times \(b)is \(a * b)"

g p



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let a = 3, b = 5

// "3 times 5 is 15"


// "3 times 5 is 15"

g p



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let a = 7, b = 4

// "7 times 4 is 28"


// "7 times 4 is 28"

g p

String Mutability


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g y

String Mutability


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var variableString = "Horse"

g y

String Mutability


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var variableString = "Horse"variableString += " and carriage"

g y

String Mutability


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// variableString is now "Horse and carriage"

String Mutability


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let constantString = "Highlander"

String Mutability


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constantString += " and another Highlander"

String Mutability


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constantString += " and another Highlander"// error - constantString cannot be changed

Array and Dictionary


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let components = "~/Documents/Swift".pathComponents



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let components = "~/Documents/Swift".pathComponents// ["~", "Documents", "Swift"]

// returns an Array, not an NSArray

Array and Dictionary Literals


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var names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]



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var numberOfLegs = ["ant": 6, "snake": 0, "cheetah": 4]



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Arrays and Dictionaries


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Arrays and Dictionaries


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var numberOfLegs = ["ant":6, "snake":0, "cheetah":4]

Typed Collections


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Typed Collections


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Typed Collections


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var names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack", 42]

Typed Collections


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var names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack", true]

Typed Collections


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var names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack", Bicycle()

Typed Collections


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Typed Collections


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var names: String[]= ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]

Typed Collections


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var names: String[] = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]

Typed Collections


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var names:String[]= ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]

Typed Collections


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var names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]// an array of String values

Typed Collections


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Typed Collections


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Typed Collections


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// a Dictionary with String keys and Int values

Typed Collections


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// a Dictionary with String keys and Int values

Loops


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Loops


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while !sated {

eatCake()

}

for var doctor = 1; doctor


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#

#

#

#

#

for character in "#####"{

println(character)

}


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For-In: Ranges


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for number in 0..5{

println("\(number) times 4 is \(number * 4)")

}

0 times 4 is 0

1 times 4 is 4

2 times 4 is 8

3 times 4 is 12

4 times 4 is 16

For-In: Arrays


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for name in ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]{

println("Hello, \(name)!")

}

Hello, Anna!

Hello, Alex!

Hello, Brian!

Hello, Jack!

For-In: Dictionaries


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let numberOfLegs = ["ant": 6, "snake": 0, "cheetah": 4]

for (animalName, legCount)in numberOfLegs {

println("\(animalName)s have \(legCount) legs")

}

ants have 6 legs

snakes have 0 legs

cheetahs have 4 legs

For-In: Dictionaries


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}

ants have 6 legs

snakes have 0 legs


Modifying an Array


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Modifying an Array


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var shoppingList = ["Eggs", "Milk"]

Modifying an Array


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["Eggs", "Milk"]

Modifying an Array


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println(shoppingList[0])

Modifying an Array


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"Eggs"

Modifying an Array


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shoppingList += "Flour"


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Modifying an Array


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shoppingList += ["Cheese", "Butter", "Chocolate Spread"

Modifying an Array


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["Eggs", "Milk", "Flour", "Cheese", "Butter",

"Chocolate Spread"]

Modifying an Array


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shoppingList[0] = "Six eggs"

["Eggs", "Milk", "Flour", "Cheese", "Butter",

"Chocolate Spread"]


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Modifying an Array


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shoppingList[3...5] = ["Bananas", "Apples"]

["Six eggs", "Milk", "Flour", "Cheese", "Butter",

"Chocolate Spread"]

Modifying an Array


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shoppingList[3...5] = ["Bananas", "Apples"]

["Six eggs", "Milk", "Flour", "Bananas", "Apples"]

Modifying a Dictionary


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numberOfLegs["spider"] = 273


["ant": 6, "snake": 0, "cheetah": 4, "spider": 273]



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["ant": 6, "snake": 0, "cheetah": 4, "spider": 8]


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Retrieving a Value from a Dictionary


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// aardvark?

Retrieving a Value from a Dictionary


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// aardvark?// dugong?


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Beyond the Basics



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Optionals


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let possibleLegCount: Int?= numberOfLegs["aardvark"]

Querying an Optional


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let possibleLegCount: Int? = numberOfLegs["aardvark"]

if possibleLegCount == nil{

println("Aardvark wasn't found")

}


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if ibl L C t {

Querying an Optional


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if possibleLegCount{

let legCount = possibleLegCount!

println("An aardvark has \(legCount) legs")

}


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if let legCo nt possibleLegCo nt {

Unwrapping an Optional


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if let legCount = possibleLegCount{

println("An aardvark has \(legCount) legs")}


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If Statements

if legCount == 0 {


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if legCount == 0 {

println("It slithers and slides around")} else {

println("It walks")

}

If Statements

if legCount == 0 {


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if legCount == 0 {

println("It slithers and slides around")}else {

println("It walks")

}

More Complex If Statements

if legCount == 0 {


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iflegCount == 0 {

println("It slithers and slides around")} else if legCount == 1{

println("It hops")

} else {

println("It walks")

}


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Switch

switch legCount {


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switch legCount {

case 0:println("It slithers and slides around")

case 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13:

println("It limps")

case 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14:

println("It walks")

}


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Matching Value Ranges

switch legCount {


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case 0:println("It has no legs")

case 1...8:

println("It has a few legs")

default:

println("It has lots of legs")

}


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Functions with Parameters

func sayHello(name: String) {


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println("Hello \(name)!")}

sayHello("WWDC")

Functions with Parameters

func sayHello(name: String) {


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sayHello("WWDC")

Hello WWDC!


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Default Parameter Values

func sayHello(name: String = "World") {


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sayHello()


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Default Parameter Values

func sayHello(name: String = "World") {


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sayHello()

sayHello(name: "WWDC")

Hello World!


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Returning Values

func buildGreeting(name: String = "World") -> String {


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return "Hello " + name}

let greeting = buildGreeting()


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Tuples

(3.79, 3.99, 4.19)


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(404, "Not found")

(2, "banana", 0.72)

Tuples

(3.79, 3.99, 4.19) // (Double, Double, Double)


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(404, "Not found") // (Int, String)

(2, "banana", 0.72) // (Int, String, Double)


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Tuple Decomposition for Enumeration


( ) {


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}

ants have 6 legs

snakes have 0 legs


Named Values in a Tuple

func refreshWebPage() -> (Int, String) {

// ...try to refresh...

(200 "S ")


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return (200, "Success")

}


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Named Values in a Tuple

func refreshWebPage() -> (code: Int, message: String) {

// ...try to refresh...

return (200 "Success")


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return (200, "Success")

}

let status = refreshWebPage()

println("Received \(status.code): \(status.message)")

Received 200: Success


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Closures

let greetingPrinter: () -> ()= {

println("Hello World!")

}


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}

func greetingPrinter() -> (){

println("Hello World!")

}


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Closures as Parameters

func repeat(count: Int, task: () -> ()) {

for i in 0..count {

task()}


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()}

}


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Closures as Parameters


for i in 0..count {

task()}


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}

}

repeat(2, {

println("Hello!")

})Hello!

Hello!


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Trailing Closures


for i in 0..count {

task()}


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}

}

repeat(2) {

println("Hello!")

}Hello!

Hello!

Cl


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Classes



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Classes

class Vehicle{


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}

Classes

class Vehicle {


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}

Classes

class Vehicle {

// properties


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}


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Classes

import "Vehicle.h"

class Vehicle {


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}

Classes

import "Vehicle.h"

class Vehicle {


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}


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Classes

class Vehicle: ????????{

}


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Classes

class Vehicle: NSObject{

}


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Classes

class Vehicle {

}


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Class Inheritance

class Vehicle {

}


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class Bicycle: Vehicle {

}

Class Inheritance

class Vehicle {

}


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}

Class Inheritance

class Vehicle {

}


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class Bicycle: Vehicle{

}

Class Inheritance

class Vehicle {

}


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Properties

class Vehicle {

var numberOfWheels = 0

}


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Properties

class Vehicle {

varnumberOfWheels = 0

}


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Properties

class Vehicle {

letnumberOfWheels = 0

}


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Properties

class Vehicle {

varnumberOfWheels = 0

}


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Properties

class Vehicle {


}


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Properties

class Vehicle {


}


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PropertiesStored

class Vehicle {


}


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Computed Properties


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Computed Properties

class Vehicle {


var description: String {get {


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return "\(numberOfWheels) wheels"

}

}

}

Computed Properties

class Vehicle {


var description: String{get {

( )


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}

}

}

Computed Properties

class Vehicle {



" ( b f h l ) h l "


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}

}

}


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Computed Properties

class Vehicle {



t "\( b OfWh l ) h l "


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}

set {

}}

}

Computed Properties

class Vehicle {



ret rn "\(n mberOfWheels) heels"


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}

}

}

Computed Properties

class Vehicle {


var description: String {return "\(numberOfWheels) wheels"

}


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}

}

Computed Properties

class Vehicle {



}


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}

}

Initializer Syntax

class Vehicle {



}


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}

}

let someVehicle = Vehicle()

class Vehicle {



}

Initializer Syntax


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}

}


class Vehicle {



}

Automatic Memory Allocation


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}

}


Type Inference

class Vehicle {



}


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}

}

let someVehicle: Vehicle= Vehicle()

Default Values

class Vehicle {



}


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}

}


Dot Syntax



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Dot Syntax


println(someVehicle.description)


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Dot Syntax


println(someVehicle.description)// 0 wheels


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Dot Syntax




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someVehicle.numberOfWheels = 2

Dot Syntax




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println(someVehicle.description)

Dot Syntax




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Class Initialization


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}



init() {

}


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}



init(){

}


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}



init() {

super.init()

}


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}



init() {

super.init()numberOfWheels = 2

}


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}



init() {


}

}


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}



init() {


}

}


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}

let myBicycle = Bicycle()



init() {


}

}


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}

let myBicycle = Bicycle()println(myBicycle.description)



init() {


}

}


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}

let myBicycle = Bicycle()println(myBicycle.description)

// 2 wheels

Overriding a Property


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class Car: Vehicle {


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}



var speed = 0.0 // inferred as Double


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}



var speed = 0.0

init() {super.init()

numberOfWheels = 4

}


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}

}



var speed = 0.0


numberOfWheels = 4

}


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}

var description: String {

}

}



var speed = 0.0


numberOfWheels = 4

}


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}

overridevar description: String {

}

}



var speed = 0.0


numberOfWheels = 4

}


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}

overridevar description: String {

}

}



var speed = 0.0


numberOfWheels = 4

}


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}

override var description: String {

return super.description+ ", \(speed) mph"}

}



var speed = 0.0

init() {

super.init()

numberOfWheels = 4

}


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}

override var description: String {

return super.description+ ", \(speed) mph"}

}


let myCar = Car()


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let myCar = Car()

println(myCar.description)

// 4 wheels, 0.0 mph


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let myCar = Car()



myCar.speed = 35.0


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y p


let myCar = Car()



myCar.speed = 35.0


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Property Observers


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Property Observers

class ParentsCar: Car {


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}

Property Observers


override var speed: Double {


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}

}

Property Observers



willSet {

}

didSet {


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}

}

}

Property Observers



willSet {

// newValue is available here

}

didSet {


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}

}

}

Property Observers



willSet {

}

didSet {


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// oldValue is available here

}

}

}

Property Observers



willSet {

}


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}

}

}

Property Observers



willSet {

if newValue > 65.0 {

}

}


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}

}

}

Property Observers



willSet {

if newValue > 65.0 {

println("Careful now.")

}

}


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}

}

}

Methods


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Methods

class Counter {

var count = 0

}


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Methods

class Counter {

var count = 0

}


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Methods

class Counter {

var count = 0

func increment() {

count++

}

}


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Methods

class Counter {

var count = 0

func incrementBy(amount: Int) {

count += amount

}

}


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Methods

class Counter {

var count= 0


count+= amount

}

}


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Methods

class Counter {

var count= 0


count += amount

}

func resetToCount(count: Int) {

self.count = count


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self.count count

}

}

Beyond Classes


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Structures in Swift


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Structures in Swift

structPoint {

var x, y: Double

}

struct Size{var width, height: Double

}

R {


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struct Rect{

var origin: Pointvar size: Size

}


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Structures in Swift

var point = Point(x: 0.0, y: 0.0)

var size = Size(width: 640.0, height: 480.0)

var rect = Rect(origin: point, size: size)


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Structures in Swift

struct Rect{

var origin: Point

var size: Size

}


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Structures in Swift

struct Rect {

var origin: Point

var size: Size

var area: Double {return size.width * size.height

}

}


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Structures in Swift

struct Rect {

var origin: Point

var size: Size


}

func isBiggerThanRect(other: Rect) -> Bool {


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func isBiggerThanRect(other: Rect) -> Bool {

return self.area > other.area}

}

Structures and Classes

structRect {

var origin: Point

var size: Size


}

}


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classWindow {var frame: Rect

...

}

var window

Structure or Class?

= Window(frame: frame)


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var window =

Structure or Class?

Window

Window(frame: frame)


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var window

Structure or Class?

Window



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var window

setup(window)

What if

Window


Window



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var window

setup(window)

What if

Window


Window

Window(frame: frame


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var window

setup(window)

What if

Window



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var window

setup(window)

func setup(window: Window) {

// d

Class Instances are Passed by Reference

Window



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// do some setup

}

What if

Window

var newFrame= window.frame


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What if

var newFrame = window.frame

newFrame.origin.x = 20.0

Window


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What if



Window


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Structures are Passed by Value



Window


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letwindow

Constants and Variables: Reference Types

= Window(frame: frame)


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letwindow =


Window



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letwindow


Window



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letwindow

window.title = "Hello!"


Window


Window



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letwindow



Window


Hello!



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letwindow



Window


Hello!



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window = Window(frame: frame)

letwindow



Window


Hello!



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window = Window(frame: frame)// error: Cannot mutate a constant!

Constants and Variables: Value Types

varpoint1 = Point(x: 0.0, y: 0.0)


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x: 0.0

y: 0.0




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x: 0.0

y: 0.0



point1.x = 5


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x: 5.0

y: 0.0



point1.x = 5


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x: 0.0

y: 0.0

x: 5.0

y: 0.0



point1.x = 5

letpoint2 = Point(x: 0.0, y: 0.0)


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x: 0.0

y: 0.0

x: 5.0

y: 0.0



point1.x = 5



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point2.x = 5

x: 0.0

y: 0.0

x: 5.0

y: 0.0



point1.x = 5



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point2.x = 5

// error: Cannot mutate a constant!

Mutating a Structure

struct Point {

var x, y: Double

}


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struct Point {

var x, y: Double

mutating func moveToTheRightBy(dx: Double) {

x += dx

}

}


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struct Point {

var x, y: Double

mutatingfunc moveToTheRightBy(dx: Double) {

x += dx

}

}

letpoint = Point(x: 0.0, y: 0.0)

point.moveToTheRightBy(200.0)


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p g y

// Error: Cannot mutate a constant!

Enumerations: Raw Values

enum Planet: Int{

case Mercury = 1, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Satur

Uranus, Neptune

}


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enum Planet: Int{

case Mercury = 1, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Satur

Uranus, Neptune

}

let earthNumber = Planet.Earth.toRaw()

// earthNumber is 3


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enum ControlCharacter: Character{

case Tab= "\t"

case Linefeed= "\n"

case CarriageReturn= "\r"}


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Enumerations

enum CompassPoint{

case North, South, East, West

}


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Enumerations

enum CompassPoint {


}

var directionToHead = CompassPoint.West

// directionToHead is inferred to be a CompassPoint


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Enumerations

enum CompassPoint {


}



directionToHead = .East


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Enumerations

enum CompassPoint {


}



directionToHead = .East


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let label = UILabel()label.textAlignment = .Right

Enumerations: Associated Values

enum TrainStatus {

case OnTime

case Delayed(Int)

}


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enum TrainStatus {

case OnTime

case Delayed(Int)

}


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enum TrainStatus {

case OnTime

case Delayed(Int)

}

var status = TrainStatus.OnTime

// status is inferred to be a TrainStatus


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enum TrainStatus {

case OnTime

case Delayed(Int)

}

var status = TrainStatus.OnTime

// status is inferred to be a TrainStatus

t t D l d(42)


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status = .Delayed(42)

Enumerations

enum TrainStatus {

case OnTime, Delayed(Int)


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}

Enumerations: Initializers

enum TrainStatus {


init() {

self = OnTime

}


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}

Enumerations: Properties

enum TrainStatus {


init() {

self = OnTime

}

var description: String {

switch self {

case OnTime:

return "on time"

case Delayed(let minutes):

return "delayed by \(minutes) minute(s)"

}

}


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}

}

Enumerations

var status = TrainStatus()


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Enumerations


println("The train is \(status.description)")

// The train is on time


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Enumerations






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Enumerations





println("The train is now \(status.description)")

// The train is now delayed by 42 minute(s)


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// The train is now delayed by 42 minute(s)

Nested Types

class Train {

enum Status{


init() {self = OnTime

}

var description: String { ... }

}

var status = Status()}


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var status = Status()}

Extensions


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Extensions

extensionSize {mutating func increaseByFactor(factor: Int) {

width *= factor

height *= factor

}

}


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Extensions

extension CGSize{mutating func increaseByFactor(factor: Int) {

width *= factor

height *= factor

}

}


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Extensions

extension Int{

}


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Extensions

extension Int {func repetitions(task: () -> ()) {

for i in 0..self {

task()

}

}}


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Extensions


for i in 0..self {

task()

}

}}

500.repetitions({

println("Hello!")

})


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})

Extensions


for i in 0..self {

task()

}

}}

500.repetitions {

println("Hello!")

}


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}

A Non-Generic Stack Structure

struct IntStack{var elements = Int[]()

mutating func push(element: Int) {

elements.append(element)

}

mutating func pop() -> Int {

return elements.removeLast()

}

}


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}

A Non-Generic Stack Structure

struct IntStack {var elements = Int[]()

mutating func push(element: Int) {


}

mutating func pop() -> Int{


}

}


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A Generic Stack Structure

struct Stack{var elements = T[]()

mutating func push(element: T) {


}

mutating func pop() -> T {


}

}


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struct Stack{var elements = T[]()

mutating func push(element: T) {


}

mutating func pop() -> T {


}

}


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struct Stack {...

}

var intStack = Stack()

intStack.push(50)let lastIn = intStack.pop()


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struct Stack {...

}



var stringStack = Stack()

stringStack.push("Hello")

println(stringStack.pop())


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struct Stack {...

}



var stringStack = Stack()

stringStack.push("Hello")

println(stringStack.pop())


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Resources


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Resources


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Resources


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Resources


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Resources


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More Information

Dave DeLongDeveloper Tools Evangelist

[email protected]

Documentation

The Swift Programming LanguageUsing Swift with Cocoa and Objective-C

http://developer.apple.com

Apple Developer Forumshttp://devforums.apple.com
http://devforums.apple.com/http://devforums.apple.com/


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