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7/28/2019 Intro Bt101
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Introduction to Biotechnology- BT101
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Cell biology occupies a central position in the life sciences
Cell biology will borrow from physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology
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Fundamentally there are two basic types of cells
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Fundamental differences
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
size small (microns) Large (10-50x)
membrane bound nucleus No Yes
internal membrane No Yes/organelles
microtubules No Yesmicrofilaments No Yes
intermediate filaments No Yes
Exocytosis/endocytosis No Yes
cell division Cell fission mitosis & meiosis
DNA complexed with only few proteins histones
gene expression little RNA processing Much processingRibosomes small (70S) Large (80S)
Our course in Microbiology will stress prokaryotic cells (including viruses)
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A brief overview of prokaryotic cells
In addition, genetic structure is compact (efficiency is key),
capable of rapid generation times, come in different shapes,
can be motile, can live in other cells, and gave rise to some
eukaryotic organelles.
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Prokaryotic cells and humans
Useful tools in the laboratory
Source of unique biochemical activities
Important factors in human health
Share many features with eukaryotic cells
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Viruses, viroids and prions: cellular parasites?
Viruses - DNA or RNA core surrounded by proteinViroids - small circular RNAs, crop problem
Prions - proteinaceous infective material, mad cow!
Are these living organisms? Why or why not?
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Prions - Mad Cow disease
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Eukaryotic cellular structure is more complex due to organelles
Organelles segregate functions, allows cell size to increase
A typical eukaryotic cell
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Membranes define cellular and organelle boundaries
How does chemistry dictate function?
Why are there different lipid types?
How does material get across membranes?
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A quick review of the animal cell and its organelles
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The cytoskeleton
What are the different components and their roles?
How is the cytoskeleton organized?How does it organize the cell?
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The extracellular matrix helps cells work together
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Vesicle trafficking and the endomembrane complex
How does it occur?What are the components?How does it stay organized?
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Mitochondria provide energy for the cell
Where do different reactions
take place?
How is chemical energycaptured as gradient energy?
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Glycolysis
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Make sure youunderstand
the basics of gene
expression
Genetics covers this in more detail
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